Ikholi I-Democritus 'Atomic Theory ichaza ukuthi i-matter iyinhlanganisela yama-athomu, lezi ziyiziphelelisi ezingashintshi futhi ezingapheli zobukhulu obufushane, ngakho-ke azibonakali ezinzwa. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizofunda ngalo mbono othokozisayo, awukwazi ukuwuphuthelwa!
Wayengubani uDemocritus?
Wayengumcabango ongumGreki kanye nesazi sezibalo owazalwa phakathi kwekhulu le-V-IV ngaphambi kukaKristu, wayengumfundi weLeucippus, owaziwa ngokuthi umcabango ohlekayo.
Isazi sefilosofi esinezinga elibanzi lokuthatheka, sikhunjulwa ngaphezu kwanoma yini ngenxa yekhono lakhe le-athomu lendaba. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi wayengumdali we-physics noma umdali wesayensi yamanje.
UDemocritus wathola ukuthi lapho itshe lisikwa libe phakathi, ingxenye ngayinye iqukethe inani elifanayo lezakhiwo njengetshe lokuqala.
Zaziningana Iminikelo evela ku- Democritus lokho kwaphawula umlando kwazise wayecabanga ukuthi uma itshe liqhubeka nokunqunywa libe izingcezu ezincane, liyofinyelela ezingeni elincane lapho lingeke lisanqunywa khona. Kanye ne- Iminikelo kaBlaise Pascal.
Kuthiwa lowo owabhula ikusasa naphakathi kwendalo yakhe ebalulekile ukhuluma nge-Great Diacosmos yakhe, lapho abambe khona i-plebiscite ethandwayo, umklomelo onikezwe okungenani izihlakaniphi ezingama-600.
Kuthiwa wahamba ezindaweni ezahlukene okubalwa kuzo i-Egypt lapho ahlala khona iminyaka eyisi-6 waze wathola ulwazi olufanele nge-geometry, ukwenza isibonelo, wafika e-India efuna ukuhlakanipha okwengeziwe.
Imali ayekwazi ukuhamba ngayo yashiywa nguyise ngesikhathi eshona, yanikezwa abafowabo naye, maqede wenza iDiacosmos ukuze azivikele ezinsolweni ezisheshayo ezenziwa abanye abasebenzisa ukulandelana kwakhe. abazali.
Izazi zefiziksi ezihlonishwayo uDalton, uBohr, u-Einstein kanye noRutherford akuzona kuphela ezakhuluma nge-athomu, njengoba igama elithi molecule ladalwa umcabango uLeucippus waseMiletus nomfundi wakhe uDemocritus eminyakeni engu-460 ngaphambi kukaKristu.
Iminikelo ye-Democritus
Wayengumuntu ophethe ukuklama isayensi yamangqamuzana eyakhuthazwa ikakhulukazi yiLeucippus eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambili.
Kukhona ongqondongqondo abambalwa abangamaGreki ababa negalelo elikhulu kwisayensi yamanje njengoba betshala imbewu yenkolelo ye-athomu. UDemocritus waphawula ukuthi indawo yonke nakho konke okuzungezile kwakhiwa ama-molecule analezi zimfanelo ezilandelayo:
- Ukuqala kohlobo lwe-athomu ye-Democritus.
- La ma-molecule ahlukile ngokomzimba.
- Ama-molecule awakwazi ukubhujiswa.
- Ama-molecule ahamba ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Ngenxa yazo zonke lezi ziqinisekiso, ongqondongqondo babazi ukuthi amandla ento azoxhomeka kuphela ohlotsheni lwe-molecule eyakhiwe kuyo kanye nokuhlangana kwama-athomu amaningana.
i-athomu
UDemocritus wayephethe isayensi yamangqamuzana yendawo yonke, eyaqalwa uthisha wakhe uLeucippus. Le sayensi njengazo zonke ezinye izinkolelo-mbono zamaGreki ayizisekeli izimangalo ngokuhlola, kodwa kunalokho izichaza ngokwazo ngezimpikiswano zemvelo.
Uqinisekisa ukuthi yonke into ayiyona into engaphezu kwenhlanganisela yezinsimbi zangempela eziqukethe izimfanelo zokuzinza nobude besikhathi, ezitholwe njengezinto ezincane futhi ngenxa yalokho azibonakali kuzo zonke izinzwa, i-Democritus eyithatha njengama-molecule anencazelo "akukho ukuhlukana."
Isayensi ye-athomu yeDemocritus neLeucippus ingahlelwa ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- Ama-athomu aqinile, awabonakali, ahlangene, awabhubhi.
- Ama-athomu aziwa kuphela ngesimo nobukhulu bawo, kodwa hhayi ngezimfanelo zangaphakathi.
- Izimfanelo zento ziyashintsha kuye ngeqembu lama-athomu.
I-vacuum
Izazi zefilosofi zazicabanga ngendlela ehluke kakhulu kunama-Eleatians, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ama-Eleatians ayengathandi ukunyakaza njengengxenye yeqiniso, kodwa kunalokho kwakuwuhlobo oluthile lwezenzakalo, njengoba uLeucippus noDemocritus bechaza ukuthi ukunyakaza kukhona. Wachaza ngethuba lokuqala mayelana namandla e-inertia. Ngokulandelayo, iqiniso eliyinhloko lama-athomu kanye nekhala lifana nokuba khona hhayi ukuthi ama-Eleatians abonisa.
Ukungabaza kukaPlato
U-Plato mhlawumbe wayenenkinga yomuntu siqu noDemocritus njengoba wayefuna ukuthi yonke imibhalo yakhe iqedwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ifilosofi yayibonisa kanjani.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umfundi kaPlato u-Aristotle wayehlakaniphile ekudalweni kukaDemocritus nakuba ayengajabule kakhulu ngakho. Isibonelo salokhu kungaba ukuthi u-Aristotle waqinisekisa ukuthi izakhi eziyisisekelo ezifana nalezi: umhlaba, umlilo, umoya namanzi, zazingakhiwanga ama-athomu.
Nakuba imibukiso yakhe ibonise ukuphikisana okukhulu ne-athomu ye-Democritus, kufakwe phakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe kubonisa ukuthi i-athomu yayiqondwa ngokujulile ngokukhethwa kwabacabangi baseGreece.
Ngemva kwesikhashana, ongqondongqondo abahlukene njengo-Epicurus nabafundi abafana no-Lucretius bathatha i-athomu ngoshintsho oluthile.
U-Democritus washona eneminyaka engu-90 ubudala, okwathi ngokusho kwezibalo ezicacile cishe ngonyaka wama-372 BC. Nakuba abanye ochwepheshe bethi abavumelani futhi bamemezela ukuthi waphila kwaze kwaba ngu-104 noma ngisho no-109 BC.
Kungakhathalekile ukuthi uDemocritus washona ngaluphi usuku ososayensi abahlukahlukene bangekhulu le-19 nelama-20, bamazisa kakhulu ngenxa yakho konke akuthola kufilosofi, bethola ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-athomu okuthi uma zihlangene zakhe izinto ezikhona ezihlukene.
Iziphetho zikaDemocritus nabanye abacabangi abanjengo I-Quantum Planck Theory mayelana nalokho abakutholayo abakwenzile kusukela ekucabangeni. Wabeka ukubaluleka kweqiniso ngemuva futhi wayenokholo oluncane ekusebenzeni kwezinzwa, lokhu kusho ukuthi wayezazisa zonke izinzwa.
Isazi sefilosofi esihlekayo
Kunezindaba ezikhuluma ngoDemocritus ehleka ngokubhuqa ngaso sonke isikhathi kulo mnyakazo emhlabeni, bathi wuhleko lwenhlakanipho enkulu.