I-Hubble Space Telescope kwakuyithuluzi elalizoshintsha nakanjani indlela thina bantu esingabuka ngayo umkhathi ongaphandle.
Ngesikhathi sayo, yayibhekwa njengesibonakude esikhulu kunazo zonke nesizwela kakhulu kwesake sakhiwa, futhi sasizokwazi ukwenza intuthuko enkulu ekuhloleni izinto ezingaphakathi nangaphandle komthala wethu.
I-Hubble Telescope yethulwa ku-orbit ngo-April 24, 1990, ngenxa yemizamo engakaze ibonwe phakathi kwe-NASA kanye I-European Space Agency. I-Hubble ingaba ngeyokuqala kwezibonakude ezimbalwa zasemkhathini ezizungeza iplanethi yethu ezikwazile ukuthatha amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezithombe zezinto zasemkhathini ngemininingwane emangalisayo ngempela.
Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo okungenakubalwa ezifundweni zesimanje zezinkanyezi, isibonakude i-Hubble saqanjwa ngokuhlonipha U-Edwin hubble, esinye sezazi zezinkanyezi ezibaluleke kakhulu zekhulu lama-XNUMX, esiqashelwa ukuthola izakhi zasemkhathini ngale kwe-Milky Way, okuhlanganisa umthala i-Andromeda, amakhulu ezinkanyezi, i-nebulae nama-asteroids.
Uma ungumuntu othanda ukuhlola izinkanyezi, ngeke ufune ukuphuthelwa yilesi sihloko, lapho sikhuluma ngakho konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nesibonakude i-Hubble futhi sikubonisa nezithombe ezinhle kakhulu zokutholwe kwayo.
I-Hubble Telescope iye yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukubona eduze ama-nebula athakazelisa kakhulu, njengePistol Nebula, i-Eagle Nebula ne-Sombrero Nebula. Ungaphuthelwa isihloko sethu esikhethekile I-Nebulae kanye nobudlelwane babo nokuzalwa kwezinkanyezi ezintsha.
Iyini i-telescope ye-Hubble?
I-Hubble isibonakude sasemkhathini esinebanga elide, okungukuthi, isisetshenziswa sokubuka umkhathi esibekwe ku-Earth orbit, cishe amakhilomitha angama-600 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
U-Hubble ube yisinyathelo sokuqala ohlelweni lokubuka indawo Ama-Observatories Amakhulu, uhlelo lwe-NASA oluzogcina lubeke izibonakude ezi-4 zanamuhla ezinamandla kakhulu ngaphandle komkhathi womhlaba: i-Hubble, i-Gamma-Ray Space Observatory, i-Chandra X-Ray Telescope, kanye ne-Spitzer Space Telescope.
Isibonakude esibizwa ngokuthi i-hubble telescope sitholakala ngaphansi kwengubo yomthunzi eklanywa wumhlaba, ukuze ujabulele izimo ezikahle ongamukela ngazo ukukhanya kwezigidi zezinto ngaphakathi nangaphandle komthala wethu kalula kakhudlwana (into engeke izuzwe eLa Land).
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba ingaphandle komkhathi woMhlaba, ilensi yesibonakude ayiphazanyiswa ukuhlukahluka kokunyakaza kwethu komkhathi, okudalwe amaza kagesi kagesi akhishwa iplanethi yethu futhi okungaba nomthelela ekubanjweni nasekusetshenzweni kwemisebe ye-Gamma Ray kanye nama-X ray. kukhiqizwa izinkanyezi ezikude, ikakhulukazi uma ubheka ku-spectrum ye-infrared.
Okokugcina, ilensi yesibonakude sasemkhathini nayo ikhululiwe emikhawulweni yesimo sezulu ehambisana nomkhathi woMhlaba njengokungcoliswa kokukhanya kwangaphakathi kanye nokwakheka kwamafu.
Sikuphi isibonakude se-hubble?
I-Hubble okwamanje iku-orbit ye-geocentric, endaweni eyisilinganiso yokuphakama engu-547 km ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.
Isibonakude se-Hubble asimile endaweni eyi-orbital, ngokuphambene nalokho, sihamba ngesivinini esimaphakathi esingaba ngu-7 km/s ukuze sihlale sitholakala ezindaweni ezizungezile ezimbozwe umthunzi owenziwe nguMhlaba, ukusuka lapho ungakhona. Thola izithombe ngaphandle kokungcola kokukhanya.
Izici zobuchwepheshe zesibonakude se-Hubble
I-Hubble Space Telescope iwumdondoshiya wangempela wezibonakude. Inomzimba onamamitha angu-13.24 ubude kanye nobubanzi obungamamitha angu-4 endaweni ewugqinsi. Ngayo yonke imishini yayo eyengeziwe, i-hubble inesisindo esiphelele samakhilogremu angu-11.000 amangalisayo.
Inelensi enkulukazi enezibuko ezimbili, enye ingamamitha angu-2 ububanzi futhi enye engu-4. Ilensi yesibonakude iyakwazi ukuthwebula, ngokugxila kokubona, izithombe ezitholakala endaweni eqhele ngezigidi zamakhilomitha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyakwazi ukuthwebula izithombe ngokulungiswa kwe-optical kwamasekhondi angu-0.04 we-arc.
I-Optical resolution ibhekisela emandleni elensi yesibonakude ukuze ahlukanise izinto ezihlukene phakathi kwesithombe esifanayo esingadidaniswa umthelela wokuphazamiseka wokukhanya okuhambe iminyaka yokukhanya.
Ngaphezu kwamalensi ayo anamandla, iHubble Telescope ifakwe amathuluzi akhethekile ahlukahlukene akwazi ukuskena isikhala ukuze kutholakale imikhondo kagesi noma enemisebe.
Sisebenza kanjani isibonakude se-Hubble?
Izinsimbi eziyinhloko:
Ikhamera ye-infrared yezinto eziningi kanye ne-Spectrometer (NICMOS)
Yafakwa kusibonakude ngesikhathi semishini yokusevisa i-Hubble ngo-1997 futhi iklanyelwe ukuveza isithombe se-spectrum esiseduze ne-infrared space (iminyaka eminingana yokukhanya).
Le mishini iyakwazi ukuthwebula ngokuphambene ukukhishwa kwamandla kwezinhlayiya ezine-ionized, ikakhulukazi ezinkanyezini ezinegesi kanye nokunqwabelana kwama-nebulae.
Okukodwa kokutholwa kokuqala kwenziwa ngenxa ye- I-NICMOS ye-telescope ye-Hubble, kwakuyi- isibhamu nebula, ukunqwabelana ngokweqile kwegesi yendawo yonke ezungeze inkanyezi Isibhamu, inkanyezi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eyi-hypergiant, ngokungangabazeki ingenye ekhanya kakhulu emthaleni wethu.
Kamuva, iphrosesa yedatha ye-spectrometer yashintshwa ukuze kutholwe izithombe ezivumela ukutadisha umkhathi wama-exoplanets angu-4 atholwe ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-130 yokukhanya kusistimu yethu, enezimo ezifanayo nezoMhlaba.
Ikhamera Ethuthukisiwe Yezinhlolovo Zemkhathi (ACS)
I-ACS kwaba ukuthuthukiswa okwenziwe kusibonakude ngesikhathi kuseviswa i-mission 3B ngoMashi 2002. Eqinisweni, i-Advanced Camera for Space Survey kwakuyithuluzi elathatha indawo yethuluzi lokuqala kusukela ngo-1990: i-Faint Object Camera (FOC).
Nakuba okwamanje ingasebenzi ngokwengxenye, i-ACS ngokushesha yaba i Iqembu eliqaphile likaHubble sibonga ukuguquguquka kwayo okumangalisayo.
Okokuqala, inezithungatha ezimbalwa ezizimele ezimboza yonke imikhakha ye-spectrum ye-electromagnetic, ngakho ingathatha izithombe ngokugqama kwe-ultraviolet kanye ne-infrared ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Iphinde ibe nendawo enkulu yokubona ukusebenza kahle kwe-quantum kanye nezihlungi ezihlukahlukene ezikuvumela ukuthi uthwebule izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto ezikude kakhulu zasemkhathini njenge-nebulae, izinkanyezi ezinomsila, ama-asteroids, amaplanethi nezinkanyezi zazo zonke izinhlobo.
I-ACS cishe kube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu yokubuka indawo emlandweni kuze kube manje. Ngenxa yokuzwela kwayo okuphezulu kakhulu sikwazile ukuthola izithombe zendawo yonke okwakucatshangwa ukuthi ayinakwenzeka ngaphambili, okuhlanganisa ne I-Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
Isithombe esithathwe "ukuzalwa" kwendawo yonke, njengoba ilensi yayikwazi ukuthatha umkhondo wokukhanya okudala kunanoma iyiphi irekhodi, eyakhishwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-13.000 edlule. Ngenxa yalesi sithombe, sikwazile ukubala iminyaka elinganiselwe yokudalwa kwendawo yonke.
I-Wide Angle Camera 3 (WFC3)
Ikhamera ye-WFC3 ithathe indawo ye-WFC2, iqembu elifinyelele impilo yalo ewusizo e-Hubble ngonyaka ka-2008.
Ikhamera ye-WFC3 ibe ngcono kakhulu ekhonweni le-Hubble lokuthwebula izithombe ku-spectrum ebonakalayo, ngenxa yezinzwa zayo zokutholwa kwe-UV, ezinganikeza izithombe ezinemibala enokucaca kwamaphikseli angu-2048 x 4096.
Kusukela kwafakwa i-Wide Angle 3 e-Hubble, ikhwalithi yemininingwane ekuthwebuleni okubalulekile, njengokuzalwa kwenkanyezi entsha ku-Carina Nebula ngo-2012, iye yaba ngcono kakhulu.
Isithombe esithwetshuliwe sibonisa isikhathi esiqondile sokufiphala ngokweqile kwezinhlayiya zegesi ye-cosmic, zize ziminyene ngokwanele ukwenza inkanyezi.
I-Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS)
Okunye ukuthuthukiswa kwakamuva kwe-Hubble kwenzeka ngo-2009, ngesikhathi se-B4 service mission, lapho i-NASA ifaka i-COS kusibonakude.
I-COS yakhelwe i-spectrography ebangeni le-ultraviolet lesikhala. Leli thuluzi liyakwazi ukubona iminonjana yemisebe kagesi ngendlela ebucayi kakhulu, yingakho likhiphe ulwazi oluningi mayelana nenqubo yokwakhiwa kwemithala emisha emikhulu namanebula.
I-COS isize ukuphendula eminye yemibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu kusayensi yezinkanyezi yesimanje njenge:
- Injani inqubo yokwakheka kwemithala?
- Ukubuka ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-halos emithala
- Izinkanyezi zakha kanjani ekunqwabeleni kwamagesi asendaweni yonke?
- Tadisha ngomkhathi wamaplanethi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga.
- Ukutadisha ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwezenzakalo ze-cosmic ezifana ne-supernovae
5 Okutholakele Okwenziwe Ngenxa Yezithombe Zesibonakude se-Hubble
Umphakathi wesayensi ngeminyaka yama-90s wawazi kahle kamhlophe ukuthi ukwethulwa kwe-Hubble Space Telescope kwakuzoshintsha ngokuphelele futhi unomphela imithetho yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi, kodwa ababengakwazi kwakuwububanzi bokutholwa ababezokufeza ngenxa yamandla ayo. ilensi..
Ngenxa yokulungiswa okuphezulu kwe hubble telescope izithombe, siye sakwazi ukuqonda ukumakhenika kwendawo yonke kunanini ngaphambili futhi sibone ezinye zezinto zemvelo ezimangalisa kakhulu endaweni yonke yethu; njengokufa kwezinkanyezi.
Lapha unokutholwa kwesayensi okungu-5 okuzuzwe ngenxa yezithombe zesibonakude i-Hubble
Izimbobo ezimnyama kanye nokubulawa kwe-cosmic
Nakuba kwakuhlongozwa ukuba khona kwezimbobo ezimnyama kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-1990, asikwazanga ukufakazela lokho kwaze kwaba ngemva kuka-XNUMX, ngenxa yokwethulwa kwe-Hubble Space Telescope.
Ngenxa yokuthi zimunca ukukhanya endaweni ezizungezile, izimbobo ezimnyama cishe azikwazi ukubonwa ngezibonakude eMhlabeni, ngakho kwaba ngu-Hubble owathola izithombe zokuqala ezicace ngempela zembobo emnyama.
Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ilensi yesibonakude iyakwazi ukuthwebula ukukhishwa kwemisebe okuvezwa ukunqwabelana kwamagesi ane-ionized aqoqana azungeze isikhungo esinamandla adonsela phansi sezimbobo ezimnyama.
Eqinisweni, eminyakeni yakhe yokubuka kwakhe, safunda ukuthi imithala eminingi ezungezayo igcwele izimbobo ezimnyama ezinkulu ezikhungweni zayo. Esimweni sethu, i-Milky Way izungeza imbobo emnyama enkulukazi ebizwa ngokuthi Sagittarius a.
Ekugcineni, izithombe zesibonakude se-Hubble zikwazile ukuthwebula ngokuningiliziwe esinye sezehlakalo ze-cosmic ezithakazelisa kakhulu ezihlobene nobunjiniyela bezimbobo ezimnyama: imbobo emnyama eshwabadela inkanyezi yenutroni. Kubizwe izazi zezinkanyezi ukubulawa kwe-cosmic.
Ukuqinisekiswa kwemodeli ye-inflation ye-cosmic
Ucwaningo lwezenzakalo ze-cosmic ezingabonwa kuphela ngezibonakude ezifana ne-Hubble, luye lwavumela umphakathi wesayensi ukuthi uthole ubufakazi kulokho kuze kube yiminyaka edlule kwakuyinkolelo-mbono nje: umkhathi wethu ukhula njalo.
Ukubuka okuvamile kwe-supernovae, njengalokhu okuchazwe esithombeni, kubonise ukuthi ziya ngokuya ziqhelelana neplanethi yethu, okusho ukuthi indawo yonke ayikayeki ukwanda kusukela kuBig Bang eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-13.000 edlule.
Ngokuqondana nje, umuntu wokuqala owaphakamisa umbono wokuthi zonke izakhi ze-galaxy zihlezi ziqhela komunye nomunye ngenxa yokwanda kwenkundla yesikhathi sasemkhathini kwakungu-Edwin Hubble, kulokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi. Ithiyori ye-Hubble.
Kuyiphutha elimangalisayo ukuthi okutholwe kuqala okukwazi ukuqinisekisa i- Ithiyori ye-Hubble ziqoqwe yisibonakude esibizwa ngegama lakhe.
ubukhona bendaba emnyama
Uma sikhuluma kabanzi ngendaba emnyama, sizobe singena emhlabathini onodaka, njengoba lesi ngesinye sezihloko okuxoxwa ngazo kakhulu kusayensi yezinkanyezi futhi iqiniso liwukuthi kunedatha encane ngayo ukuze siqonde imvelo noma injongo yayo endaweni yonke. Isikhala.
Ukucatshangelwa kokuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezingaqondwa kahle eziphunyuke ekubonweni kuwo wonke ama-electromagnetic spectrum akukusha. Eqinisweni, igama elithi "into emnyama" Yasungulwa ngo-1933 isazi sezinkanyezi saseSwitzerland uFritz Zwicky.
Nokho, kwakungenxa yezithombe zesibonakude i-Hubble ukuthi ekugcineni kwaqinisekiswa ukuba khona kwezinhlayiyana ezimnyama ezingaqondakali, njengoba ilensi yayo ezwela kakhulu ikwazi ukubona ukuguga okucashile kokukhipha ukukhanya endaweni ebonakalayo.
Umthelela wokubukwayo ofana nokujika kokukhanya uma kungqubuzana nezinhlayiya zento. Lo mphumela we-cosmic waziwa ngokuthi i-gravitational lens.
Into emnyama kucatshangwa ukuthi isebenza njengezicubu "ezingabonakali", ezikwazi ukubamba ndawonye izingxenye ze-cosmic ezingabuswa imikhakha yamandla adonsela phansi ezinhlayiya.
Ngokwesibonelo, kucatshangwa ukuthi iqoqo le-galactic mega i-Abell 2029, ehlanganisa izinkulungwane zemithala ebangeni leminyaka yokukhanya eyizigidi ezimbalwa, "isongwe" ngendwangu yento emnyama eyibambayo. Lo mbono ungaqinisekiswa ngokubheka ukuhlanekezela ekukhanyeni okubangelwa i-gravitational lensing uma ubheka i-Abell 2029.
Ukubheka imvelaphi yendawo yonke
Cishe ukutholwa okubaluleke kakhulu okwenziwe ilensi yeHubble Telescope isithombe esazi namuhla njenge hubble ultra deep space
Lesi sithombe esiyimpikiswano sithathwe kulandela umzila wokukhanya omdala kunayo yonke erekhodiwe. Ukukhanya okubonakalayo esithombeni kwakhishwa amakhulu ezigidi zezinkanyezi eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13.000 edlule, phakathi nezigaba zokunwetshwa kwendawo yonke ngemva Kokuqhuma Okukhulu.
Ukuze kuzuzwe lesi sithombe, wonke amathuluzi okubona ngeso we-Hubble Telescope asetshenzisiwe, ngenhloso yokuqoqa ulwazi olubukwayo lwazo zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo ze-electromagnetic spectrum.
Inkundla ejule kakhulu injengokungathi u-Hubble angasenza sibheke esikhathini esedlule, sibone ukukhishwa kokukhanya okuvela emithaleni ezalwe ekuqaleni kwezigaba zokudala, phakathi kweminyaka engama-600 kanye nengama-800 ngemva kweBig Bang.
Lesi sithombe sasiza kakhulu ekuqondeni kangcono inqubo yokwakheka kwemithala nezinkanyezi ngemva kokupholisa izinto.
Ukutholwa kwezinsika zendalo
U-Hubble uthole amakhulu ezinto ze-cosmic ezithakazelisayo, kodwa ezimbalwa kuzo ezidonse ukunaka okuningi "njengezinsika zendalo," ingxenye ye-nebula ekhishwayo ebhalwe njengesifunda se-H II.
I-Pillars of Creation iyinto ye-cosmic etholwe engxenyeni ye-Eagle Nebula (ephinde yatholwa u-Hubble), kodwa okuthakazelisayo ngalesi sifunda se-H II izinga elimangalisayo lokuzalwa kwenkanyezi entsha okwenzeka ngenxa yalokho. yezinhlayiya ze-hydrogen ezikhona kumagesi e-cosmic.
Kumakholomu amathathu egesi eminyene ebonakalayo esithombeni, enkulu kunazo zonke ikala isamba seminyaka yokukhanya engu-9.5 ububanzi, okusenza sibe nkulu ngempela. Kukholakala ukuthi le ndawo ihlala izinkanyezi ezingaphezu kuka-8500, okuzoyenza ibe isifunda se-cosmic esinezinkanyezi eziningi kakhulu ezaziwa emkhathini.
Ukubhekwa njalo ku- izinsika zendalo Baye bavumela ukuqonda kangcono uhlelo lokugaywa kabusha kwezinto okwenzeka emkhathini, lapho i-supernovae ikhipha izinhlayiya, ezibe sezifingqiwe ngaphakathi kwamafu egesi ye-cosmic ngenxa yomphumela wezindawo zazo zamandla adonsela phansi, lapho ziba yingxenye yezindikimba ezintsha zasemkhathini.