UGalileo Galilei nguyena owathola le I-Jupiter Satellites, iplanethi izungezwe izinyanga ezingaphezu kuka-60, phakathi kwazo kukhona 4 eyaziwa kakhulu Io, Europa, Ganymede futhi Callisto. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizofunda okwengeziwe mayelana nemvelaphi yazo, ukuthi zenziwa kanjani nokunye okuningi.
amasathelayithi e-jupiter
Amasathelayithi e-Jupiter kukhona ezingaphezu kuka-60, okuyizinyanga ezinkulu zaseGalile nezinyanga ezincane zisakazwa ngamaqembu amabili. Kukhona futhi amasathelayithi e-Mars.
Izinyanga zaseGalile ziyizinyanga ezivamile ngoba ubukhulu bazo nomthamo wazo kukhulu ngokwanele ukuba zakhe inqaba yamandla adonsela phansi ngendlela yokuthi avumelane nenyanga nokubukeka okuyindilinga.
Izinyanga zeJupiter eziyisishiyagalombili zingamasathelayithi avamile anemizila eyindilinga eqondile engagwegwile ngokwendawo yenkabazwe yeplanethi.
Ezinye izinyanga ezine ezivamile zincane ngosayizi, zisondelene kakhulu neJupiter; lezi zisebenza njengemithombo yama-molecule akha izindandatho ze-Jupiter.
Ezinye izinyanga zisemaceleni, izindlela zazo eziqondile zikude kakhulu neplanethi futhi zinemithambeka eyimiqansa kanye nezinto ezingavamile. Lezi zinyanga zakhangwa yi-Jupiter nemizila yazo yelanga.
Kukhona okungenani amasathelayithi ayi-17 angalingani asanda kutholwa kodwa angakaqanjwa amagama.
Umsuka nokuziphendukela kwemvelo
Kucatshangwa ukuthi ijupiter nezinyanga zayo idalwe kusuka kudiski ye-circumplanetary, indandatho ye-accretion (ukukhula) kwegesi kanye nezingxenye eziqinile ezifana ne-proto-planetary disk. Lezi ziwumphumela wezinsalela zenani elikhulu lamasathelayithi anomthamo wenyanga yaseGalile eyasungulwa emlandweni wokuqala weJupiter.
Ukuhumusha kusikisela ukuthi nakuba idiski yayinevolumu ephansi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ingxenye enkulu yesisindo se-Jupiter ezuzwe yi-solar nebula yagijima kuyo.
Nokho, ivolumu yediski engu-2% kuphela yaleyo ye-Jupiter inomthwalo wemfanelo wokuchaza ukuthi yiziphi izinyanga ezikhona.
Ngale ndlela kungenzeka ukuthi kwakunezizukulwane ezithile zezinkanyezi ezinobukhulu beGalile phakathi nomlando wokuqala weJupiter.
Ukuzala ngakunye kwezinyanga bekungaxoshwa ku-Jupiter ngokushintsha kwesiyingi, nezinyanga ezisanda kwakheka ngemva kokuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu yakamuva evela kuyi-solar nebula.
Umthamo omkhulu walokhu wakamuva umelela ukuthi uhanjiswe phakathi nezwe ngenani eliphakeme kunalawa amabili okuqala.
Izinyanga ezingaphandle, ezivamile kukholakala ukuthi zadalwa ama-asteroid ahambayo, nakuba idiski ye-proto-lunar yayiqine ngokwanele ukuba ikwazi ukumunca okuningi kwesisusa sazo futhi ngaleyo ndlela izithwebule ku-orbit.
Ngonyaka ka-1979, ama-Voyager probes amabili athumela eMhlabeni izibalo zokuqala nezimangalisayo zethrekhi encane yeplanethi uJupiter anayo. Ikhomishana kaGalileo yango-1995 ikwazile ukufinyelela emzileni weJupiter, yathumela amakhulu ezithombe nolwazi oluvelele ngamakhemikhali nokwakheka kweJupiter nezinyanga zayo.
Izici
Izici zomzimba ne-orbital ezinezinyanga zazithuthuka kakhulu. Ngamunye kwabane baseGalile inamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-3000, i-Ganymede iyisici sesishiyagalolunye ngobukhulu kuwo wonke isimiso sonozungezilanga ngemva kweLanga futhi inenombolo eyisikhombisa yamaplanethi, isusa iMercury.
Zonke ezinye izidumbu zeJupiter okungenani zingamakhilomitha angama-200 ububanzi, eziningi zazo azifinyeleli kumakhilomitha ayisi-6.
Ukubukeka okuyisiyingi cishe kunomumo ogobile oxakile noma onemithambeka, iningi lazo liphenduka ngendlela ehlukile kunokuzungezisa kwe-Jupiter, le nqubo yaziwa ngokuthi ukugudluka okuphambene.
Imijikelezo ye-orbital ayilingani kangangokuthi isukela emahoreni ayisikhombisa (inesikhathi esincane kuneJupiter sokuzungeza i-eksisi yayo), ukuya cishe izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane ezine ngaphezulu (cishe iminyaka emine yoMhlaba).
Amagama amasathelayithi eJupiter
UGalileo waqamba igama lezinyanga ezine zeJupiter azithola ngonyaka ka-1611, ngenxa yosizo lwe-periscope yakhe wakwazi ukubona amaplanethi uMedici akhuluma ngawo ngezinombolo I, II, III, kanye ne-IV.
Lokhu kuqokwa kwasetshenziswa okungenani amakhulu amabili eminyaka, kwaze kwaba phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX amagama e-Io, Europa, Ganymede kanye neCallisto amukelwa njengagunyaziwe.
Njengoba iziphuphutheki zamuva zitholwa ngenxa yokubamba iqhaza kokuhlolwa komkhathi, zabizwa ngamagama ezithandwa zeJupiter.
Io
Lena inyanga yesithathu iJupiter enayo ngobukhulu bayo kanye neyesihlanu ngebanga layo. Ingenye yezinyanga ebizwa ngokuthi yizinyanga zikaGalileo ukuhlonipha umhloli wayo uGalileo Galilei. I-Io iyisathelayithi enemisebenzi eminingi yentaba-mlilo.
Iqukethe izintaba-mlilo eziqhuma kakhulu kulo lonke iSolar System, lezi zibizwa ngePelé neLoki.
Imibala ekhona ebusweni be-Io iqala kokubomvu iye kokumhlophe, ishintsha ibe phuzi iye koluhlaza.
Umbala we-Io usekelwe ekubeni khona okuchichimayo kwesibabule, esishintsha umbala kuye ngokuthi izinga lokushisa: ku-113 ° (izinga lokushisa elincibilikayo) liphuzi, ngo-150 ° liphenduka libe orange, ngo-180 ° libe bomvu futhi ngo-250 ° lishintshe libe nsundu futhi. mnyama.
Emathafeni izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ngu-Ío -150 ° C. Lawa amazinga okushisa ezindaweni eziseduze nezintaba-mlilo.
I-Io into eseduze kakhulu nombono wendabuko wesihogo. Izinga lokushisa elikhona kulezi zintaba-mlilo lifinyelela okungenani ku-1700 degrees Celsius, kuyilapho ukuqhuma kwakhipha umhwamuko nodaba lwentaba-mlilo ngesivinini esiphindwe kashumi kunezintaba-mlilo ezitholakala eMhlabeni.
Izakhi zingafinyelela amakhilomitha amaningi ubude futhi njengoba kukhona amandla adonsela phansi amancane kakhulu, ingxenye ethile yale nto yentaba-mlilo ishiya isikhala iwe phezu kweJupiter.
I-Io incane kuneNyanga yethu. Igama lakhe lanikezwa ukumela inyozi uZeus ayishintsha yaba ithole ukuze imvikele ekusoleni umkakhe uHera.
UHera wathuma u-Argos, lowo onamehlo ayi-100, ukuba ambheke, kodwa uZeus wathumela indodana yakhe uHermes ukuba imbulale. Ngokuhlonishwa kwakhe, uHera uthole amehlo akhe ayi-100 wawabeka ezimpapheni zesilwane asithanda kakhulu, ipigogo.
Amalthea
Ngaphakathi komjikelezo kunezinyanga ezine ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi i-Metis, i-Adrastea, i-Amalthea, ne-Thebe. Zonke lezi zinomumo oyinqaba, azinayo ivolumu noma uketshezi ukuze zakhe ukubukeka okuyindilinga.
I-Amalthea iyona enobukhulu obukhulu kakhulu, ngaphandle kokuthi iyingxenye ebomvu kakhulu kuyo yonke indlela yeSolar. Iwumthombo wokushisa, njengoba ibonisa ukushisa okukhulu kunalokho ekubona eLangeni naseJupiter.
I-Amalthea iqukethe okungenani i-180 km ububanzi kanye nokubukeka okungavamile. Ubuso bayo bugcwele ama-craters nezintaba ezinkulu.
Iyisathelayithi yesithathu ye-Jupiter ngenhlangano yebanga, eyesihlanu neyokugcina etholakala ngosizo lwe-periscope. Yaphenywa ngonyaka we-1892.
Europa
I-Europa ingenye yezinyanga zeJupiter ezitholwe uGalileo. Inobubanzi obungu-1600 km, okungaphansi kancane kweNyanga yethu, futhi kuthatha izinsuku ezingu-4,55 zoMhlaba ukuhamba nge-oval yayo ezungeze i-Jupiter.
I-Europa imbozwe ngokuphelele yiqhwa eliphakathi kuka-60 no-200 km ubukhulu. Ukunwetshwa kwayo akubonisi noma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-crater nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokukhululeka olungaphezu kwamamitha angu-100 ubude. Kungenzeka ukuthi ama-icebergs akhiwe i-ammonia neqhwa.
Kukholakala ukuthi i-Europa iyindawo yolwandle ezungezwe iqhwa leqhwa, lapho ukuphila kungaba khona ekujuleni kwayo, njengoba kwenzeka emiseleni yoMhlaba, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kukhona ukusakazwa okuphezulu okuvela kuJupiter futhi okwenza akunakwenzeka ukuphila komuntu, futhi kubonakala sengathi le planethi inomkhathi lapho kukhona umoya-mpilo.
Iqiniso liwukuthi ingaphakathi laseYurophu lakhiwe ngama-silicates.
Enye yezimfanelo ezingavamile kakhulu eziqukethwe yi-Europa umugqa wemigqa etholakala ezimpandeni ezisatshalaliswa kuyo yonke isathelayithi, eminye yayo ifinyelela ku-1200 km ubude. Le migqa ikhumbuza izingcezu zeqhwa olwandle olunaso, okubonisa ukuthi kukhona izilwandle eziwuketshezi ngaphansi kwalo.
I-Europa ithola igama layo kumfazi waseFenike uZeus athandana naye. Ukuze amthumbe waphenduka inkunzi emhlophe wathi ebona ukuthi uzothile wamhlobisa ngoxhaxha lwezimbali wagibela emhlane.
UZeus wawela ulwandle naye emhlane wakhe waze wafika esiqhingini saseKrethe. Khona-ke uZeyusi wathatha inkunzi emhlophe wayiyisa emazulwini ngokuphazima kwezinkanyezi ukuze akhe umlaza weTaurus.
UGanymede
I-Ganymede, iyisathelayithi eyinhloko ye-Jupiter, futhi iyisathelayithi ephakeme kunazo zonke ku-Solar System, inkulu nakakhulu kuneplanethi iMercury, ngokusho kwe I-athikili Yokudalulwa Kwesayensi Yesistimu Yelanga.
Iqukethe ububanzi obungu-5300 km. Kuthatha izinsuku ezingu-8 Zomhlaba ukuqedela yonke i-orbit yayo ezungeze i-Jupiter.
Iwukuphela kwesathelayithi ye-Jupiter enegama labesilisa. UGanymede wayephethe izinkomishi konkulunkulu, owayephethe amajusi notshwala.
Indaba isitshela ukuthi kwakungumfana weTrojan owayethandwa ngobuhle bakhe obukhulu uZeus-Jupiter athandana naye. Wathatha isimo sokhozi ukuze amthumbe futhi amyise e-Olympus.
I-Ganymede inendawo yayo yokulutha ingqondo nendawo ye-oksijini, nakuba izacile ngokwanele ukusekela amasistimu okuphila njengoba sizazi.
Ubuso bawo baziwa ngokuthi busabalaliswa ezindaweni ezimbili, enye emnyama nendala kanti enye ingukukhanya okuphambana nokuqhekeka okuthile. Lokhu kungalingani kungenxa yomsebenzi wokwakheka komhlaba. E-Ganymede azikho izintaba. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo liyi-160°C kanti izinga lokushisa elingaphansi komhlaba lingama-9°C.
UCallisto
Inobuso obumnyama kakhulu bezinyanga ezine zikaGalileo, nakuba ikhanya ngokuphindwe kabili kuneplanethi yoMhlaba.
I-Callisto iyisici senkanyezi esinama-crater amaningi ku-Solar System. Kubonakala sengathi yafa kudala, ngenxa yokuthi ayibonisi noma yimuphi umsebenzi wokwakheka komhlaba endaweni yayo embozwe yiqhwa. Lesi siqeshana setshe elifile kulinganiselwa ukuthi okungenani sineminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ubudala.
Izindawo zokuhlala e-Callisto
Lena isathelayithi ebandayo enokuminyana okuncane kakhulu. Njengoba iqhelelene ne-Jupiter, ukukhanya okuncane okuvela enkanyezini enkulu kuyafika kuyo, yingakho kucatshangwa ukuthi kuyofaneleka kakhulu ukuhlola okungenzeka komuntu kunokwe-Europa.
Udumo lwakhe lwenziwa omunye wezintombi ezingabangane baka-Arthemisi, unkulunkulukazi wokuzingela. UZeus wamhlukumeza futhi wamkhulelisa ngakho u-Arthemisi wamenqaba.
UZeus wamguqula waba ibhere ukuze amvikele ekusoleni umkakhe wesifazane uHera, lapho ambeka khona yena nendodana yakhe esibhakabhakeni, evulela imilaza ye-Great Bear ne-Little Bear.
