El umbuso wamaProtist yiyona eyaziwa njengenye ye imibuso emi-5 futhi iqukethe wonke lawo ma-eukaryote akhiwe ngamaseli angeke ahlukaniswe njengezilwane, isikhunta noma izitshalo. Woza ufunde okwengeziwe ngalo mbuso ngalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo!
Iyini i-Kingdom Protista?
El umbuso wamaProtist Kuyiqembu elikhulu lemvelo elifihla inani elingenakubalwa lezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinhlobo zazo ezihlukene, konke okungaqondakali futhi okuthakazelisayo, naphezu kokutholwe kwesayensi kokuqala mayelana nokutholwe kulo mbuso, okwamanje kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-protists awawona amalungu ezilwane. , noma izitshalo futhi kancane kancane ayinhlanganisela yalokhu.
Iyingxenye yeqembu le-Paraphyletic, okungukuthi, aliqukethe okhokho abavamile, kulezi zilwane ezihlukahlukene kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene ezingavamile ziqoqwe, okwenza kube nzima ukuzibonakalisa. Kuthiwa ubukhona balobu bukhosi kwahlongozwa ngonyaka ka-1969, ngokombono wokuthi imibuso emi-5 yemvelo, ngaleso sikhathi zazibhekwa njengezasendulo, ezokuqala futhi zazibizwa nangokuthi izidalwa zokuqala.
I-Kingdom Protista ebizwa nangokuthi i-Protoctista, yaziwa njengombuso wesithathu kwemibuso emi-5 emikhulu ekhona yezinhlobo eziphilayo ze-ecosystem. phakathi kwemihlanu imibuso yemvelo singathola i-Kingdom Animalia noma yezilwane, i-Kingdom Plantae noma yemifino, i-Kingdom Protista, i-Kingdom Fungi noma yesikhunta futhi ekugcineni sibe ne-Kingdom Monera
Njengamanje lombuso unezidalwa ezicishe zibe yi-120.000 zalezi zinhlobo ezingavamile nezihehayo, esingazithola phakathi kwazo; i-protozoa, isikhunta, ulwelwe kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlobo eziphilayo, ezingaziwa kahle futhi ezitholakala ngobuningi.
Ama-Protists anezici ezingavamile nezikhethekile, kanye nemijikelezo yabo yokuphila kanye nemikhuba yabo, bazimisele kahle. Lo Mbuso uhlanganisa zonke izinto eziphilayo kanye nezinhlobo zama-eukaryote unicellular kanye nama-multicellular anezici ezisebenzayo kanye ne-anatomical, ezibhekwa njengeziphakathi phakathi kwezilwane nezitshalo.
Embusweni wamaProthesthi akukho okuningi okufanayo, phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene ezifanayo, ziveza izinhlobo ezahlukene zokukhiqiza, izinhlobo ezahlukene zokudla, izinhlobo ezahlukene zokunyakaza kanye nezakhiwo ezahlukene zamaselula.
Bangaba ne-heterotrophic noma i-autotrophic metabolisms, kuye ngokuthi bane-chlorophyll yokwenza i-photosynthesis, noma ngokuphambene nalokho, uma bengenayo, kufanele badle izinto eziphilayo ngokusebenzisa i-osmosis, ukungenisa noma i-phagocytosis. Kodwa-ke, abaculi ekuqaleni bangama-aerobic, okungukuthi, basebenzisa umoya-mpilo ukwenza izinqubo zabo ze-metabolic, ngaphandle kwalabo abahlala endaweni ezungezile.
Ama-Protists ayizidalwa eziphilayo okuthi, ngenxa yokungaziwa okukhulu kubantu abanezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezifihla imvelo, zikwazi ukungabonakali, kodwa zigcwalisa izindawo eziningi emhlabeni ngempilo encane kanye ne-macroscopic, isibonelo umhlaba omswakama, endaweni yokuhlala emanzini. kanye namanzi ahlanzekile ngisho nanjengezilokazane zezilwane.
Izici
Izici ze-Kingdom Protista esingaziqokomisa yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Ziyi-unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic organisms, azinayo izicubu zezitshalo, zihlukile, ngaphandle kwenqubo yokuzala.
- Ubukhulu bawo buyahlukahluka kakhulu, bangaba namafomu e-unicellular microscopic noma izinto eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, ezinamamitha ahlukene ubude.
- Angatholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene njengasenhlabathini emanzi, emanzini ahlanzekile, ezintweni ezibolayo, olwandle kanye nokunye.
- EMbusweni wamaProtestanti, wonke amamodeli okudla angafakazelwa; Ayini ama-phototrophs, ama-autotrophs, nama-heterotrophs?
- Banezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlobo zokunyakaza ngokusebenzisa i-cilia, ama-pseudopods kanye ne-flagella, ngendlela efanayo kunezinhlobo ezingenakho ukuhamba okuningi. Ezinye zalezi zinhlobo ziphila ngokukhululeka, ngokungafani nezinye ezihlala ebudlelwaneni be-symbiotic, okungukuthi, uhlobo lokuhlangana nezinye, noma ngaphakathi kwezinye izinto eziphilayo, isibonelo ama-parasites, ama-commensal noma ama-mutualists.
- Embusweni wamaProtista kunezidalwa ezinekhono elimangalisayo lokwakha izakhiwo ezimelana kakhulu nezibizwa ngokuthi ama-cysts, ngezikhathi zonyaka lapho izimo zemvelo zingazivuni, njengalapho zingenamanzi noma ukudla, kufanele zisebenzise izinyathelo ukuze ziqhubeke. ukusinda, kulapho benza kusebenze isimo sokubambezeleka, okungukuthi, bamisa imisebenzi yabo ye-metabolic, kuze kube inkathi lapho izimo zemvelo ziba ngcono futhi yonke into ilungele ukusinda nokukhiqiza kwabo, nakulezo zikhathi ezingafanelekile kangako kubo. ziyakwazi ukwakha izinhlamvu zomjikelezo wempilo ezivumela kamuva ukuthi zisakazeke futhi ziphindaphindeke.
- Ama-Protists anezindlela ezihlukene zokuzalanisa, kungaba yi-asexual by mitosis, bipartition, multiple division kanye nokuhluma, njengoba nje ucansi kuyizinqubo zokuzala ze-meiotic kanye ne-miotic.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Kingdom Protista
I-Las Izici zezinto eziphilayo ahlukene kakhulu ngokwawo, kakhulu uma sikhuluma ngokukhethekile ngamaProtisti, njengoba sengeza ukuthi ahlukene kakhulu futhi ayinkimbinkimbi ngesikhathi esisodwa, yingakho ukuhlukaniswa kwawo kungaba okunye okunzima kakhulu ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo. izinto eziphilayo.
Kukhona ososayensi abaningi emlandweni wesintu abaye bazama ukwenza isigaba se umbuso wamaProtist, njalo ngifuna eyodwa efana neqiniso ngangokunokwenzeka.
Njengamanje izigaba ezenziwe yilezi ezilandelayo:
- I-Archaeplastida: Ziyi-algae ebomvu.
- I-Amoebozoa: Ziyi-amoeba, isikhunta, i-mucilaginous kanye ne-myxomycete.
- ama-stramenopiles; Ziyi-algae ensundu, i-diatoms, i-cyanophyceae chlorophyceae.
- I-Excavata: Izilwane ezifuywayo zeqembu le-Euglenozoa ne-Percolozoa.
- I-Alveolata: Ziyizinto eziphilayo ezi-ciliated, ama-dinoflagellate nama-apicomplexans.
- I-Opisthokonta: Zingama-metazoan anezicubu ezihlukene kanye ne-mesomycetozoea.
- I-Rhizaria: Ziyi-foraminiferous, i-radiolarian kanye ne-cercozoan microorganisms.
Ukubaluleka
Umbuso wamaProtisti, kusukela ekuqaleni wawubaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-taxonomy yesayensi namagatsha awo.
Njengamanje ungowesithathu kwabangu-5 imibuso yemvelo futhi ibizwa ngokuthi i-Kingdom Protista, okusho ukuthi eyasendulo, ebizwa nangokuthi ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo. Igama elithi Protoctista livela kwelesiLatini ezidalweni zokuqala, elibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwaso sonke isintu.
Ngamanye amazwi, ama-Protists abaluleke kakhulu endaweni yonke, kanye nasemhlabeni wezokwelapha, njengoba eziningi zalezi ziphilayo ziyimbangela yezinye zezifo eziyingozi kakhulu futhi ezibulalayo kubantu emhlabeni.
Isibonelo, singabala ezinye zalezo ezikhiqiza izifo eziyingozi kakhulu nezibulalayo, njenge:
- I-Trypanosoma cruzi: ibangela isifo se-Chagas.
- I-Entamoeba histolytica: lokhu kukhiqiza i-parasite yamathumbu.
- I-Balantidium coli: iyimbangela ye-balantidian dysentery.
- I-Plasmodium vivax: lokhu kubangela umalaleveva.
- I-Giardia lamblia: iyingxenye yesinye isilokazane samathumbu.
- I-Trichomonas vaginalis: i-parasite yangasese.