I-gamusino a isilwane esicatshangelwayo okuyingxenye yenganekwane yamasiko amaningi: Spain, Portugal, Latin America, England... Kunezinhlobonhlobo zesifunda zalesi silwane sasenganekwaneni kodwa kuzo zonke izimo kunesici esivamile esisizungezile: ukuzingela i-gamusinos, umkhuba wendabuko ISpain namanye amazwe Kuyihlaya nje lokuzijabulisa.
Kodwa kuningi esingakusho ngalesi silwane esiqanjiwe kanye nomlando osizungezile. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe yini i-gamusino kanye namasiko anelukuluku elizungezile, hlala futhi uzokuthola kulokhu okuthunyelwe.
I-gamusino: indaba yesilwane esidumile
I-gamusino iyisilwane esingekho esihlala emcabangweni ohlangene wezifunda eziningi ngenxa yenganekwane kanye nesiko elitshalwe eduze kwayo. Njengesidalwa senganekwane ukuthi uyiso, ayinakho ukubukeka okuchazwe ngokucacile noma indawo yokuhlala. Kuye kwenziwa izincazelo ezihlukene: kwabanye isilwane sasemhlabeni, kwabanye inyoni, ngisho nesilwane sasemanzini... kodwa kubonakala sengathi inguqulo esabalele kakhulu yileyo yasemhlabeni, efana ne martens o martensOkungenani yindlela aziwa ngayo cishe kulo lonke elaseSpain naseLatin America.
Ngisho ne-RAE idale isikhala salesi sidalwa esiyinganekwane, esichaza ngokuthi "isilwane esicatshangelwayo, esigama laso lisetshenziselwa ukwenza imigilingwane yabazingeli abasaqalayo". Bhala phansi amagama afanayo ngokwesifunda saseSpain, ngakho i-RAE iyawabona okuhlukile kwesifunda: umkhovu (e-Extremadura), gambusino (E-Andalucia), gambozin (ePortugal), donyet, gambosi o gambuzi (eCatalonia naseValencia) okusho ukuthi "mncane kakhulu awubonakali". Futhi okuhlukile kokugcina kwe-Catalan - okuqoqwe emsebenzini i-costumemari català (1950) nguJoan Amades- kuphi gambosi o gabouzo kusho "inkohliso".
Naphezu kwazo zonke izinhlobo nezincazelo zayo, okukhona ngokufanayo kuwo wonke amazwe isiko elizungezile: isetshenziselwa ukudlala imigilingwane yezingane, abantu abangabazi noma abazingeli ngokugubha ukuzingela kwabo, abadumile. "ukuzingela i-gamusino".
Ngokwezinguqulo ezindala kakhulu zaleli gama, lawa amahlaya ekuqaleni ayenziwa kubahambi nakubantu abangabazi. Ivela kanjena kusichazamazwi se UGabriel Garcia Vergara kusukela ngo-1929, enye yezinqolobane ezindala kakhulu ze-RAE. Kodwa okwamanje - eSpain - umkhuba wokuzingela i-gamusinos ihlaya elenziwa kuphela nezingane emakamu ehlobo kanye nemikhosi ehlukahlukene njengomdlalo nokuzijabulisa.
Nakuba siye sabona ukuthi umlando we-gamusino uvela ikakhulukazi eSpain naseLatin America, le nganekwane iye yeqa imingcele futhi yahlala kwamanye amazwe. Kunjalo, i-gamusino nokuzingela kwayo sekuphenduke amazwe ngamazwe: eJalimane bazama ukubamba i elwetritsch, eFrance naseSwitzerland baya kofuna dahu futhi e-United States bayozingela snipe. Ubufakazi balokhu sibuthola efilimini ethi I-Pixar, "Phezulu": enguqulweni yeSpanishi, ikhehla uCarl fredricks uthumela inhloli uRussell ukuthi "azingele ama-gamusinos" ukuze amqede, kuyilapho enguqulweni yesiNgisi emthumela ukuba akwenze ukuzingela nge-snipe. Siyabona ukuthi i-gamusino isize yafinyelela esikrinini esikhulu.
ukuzingela kwe-gamusino
Njengamanje useSpain ukuzingela i-gamusinos unomkhuba oqondile futhi kungumdlalo ogxile ezinganeni. I-animator ye-sociocultural Ngibone uPaulino Velasco isho ukuthi ihlanganisani. UVelasco usechithe iminyaka ehlela ukuzingela kwe-gamusino eVillanubla (Valladolid), lapho kubanjelwa khona njalo ehlobo. Ngokusho kwakhe “Abantu abasha abakhempe sebehlale lapha amashumi eminyaka futhi, kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, saqala ukukuhlela njengomsebenzi edolobheni.” I-animator isitshela ukuthi ukuzingela kwe-gamusinos kwenzeka kanjani:
- Umsebenzi uhlelwa nezingane ezincane lapho ukuzingela kwenziwa sengathi ngobusuku behlobo. Ukuze benze lokhu bathatha izibani nesaka lapho kuzogcinwa khona ama-gamusinos abazingelwayo. Iqembu lezingane liholelwa osebeni lomfudlana, okuyilapho kuthiwa kulula ukuzithola. Lapho benziwa ukuba bacule iculo elizobaheha: “gamusinos al morral” noma “kungene ugamusino esikhwameni, one, two, three, four”, kunezinguqulo ezahlukene. Kusenjalo omunye wabadala uzosondela ehlozini lapho ebone khona iminyakazo ekhombisa ukuthi kukhona ama-gamusino acashile lapho. Khona-ke omunye wabaqaphi wenza sengathi ubamba eyodwa ngokufaka amatshe esikhwameni nanoma iyiphi enye into ethatha isikhala.
- Izingane zimangele futhi yilapho kuvuka khona ugqozi lokuzingela. Kodwa lapha kumele ubathulise kancane ubachazele ukuthi kumele ulinde izilwane zilale ukuze uzikhiphe esakeni. Ukwenza ukulinda kujabulise kakhudlwana kuyilapho belondoloza inkohliso yokubamba isifanekiso esisodwa noma ezimbalwa, imidlalo ehlukene ihlelwa ukuze ibaphazamise. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho isetshenziselwa ukwenza imbobo esikhwameni futhi isuse amatshe noma izinto ezifakwe kuso. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izingane ziyabikelwa ngokwenzekile, okuzenza zikholelwe ukuthi ngesikhathi zidlala, ama-gamusino aphule isaka abaleka.
I-Velasco ichaza ukuthi manje isiko "linobungane" futhi selisuse noma iyiphi into enobudlova, ngoba ihloselwe izingane: "Ngaphambili, naye wahamba nezinduku, isibonelo". Izinguqulo ze i-"caza de gamusinos" yeminyaka edlule yenziwa inhlekisa ngabantu bangaphandle futhi babenokhahlo futhi benonya kakhulu.
Ukubonakaliswa kwalokhu kutholakala encwadini Isiko elidumile lomphakathi waseCalatayud (Zaragoza) eqoqa isiko lesifunda: ilandisa ukuthi okwafakwa esakeni ukuze kukhohlise abangaphandle kwakuyinja. Oweta bakholisa isihambi ngokumchazela ngasese ukuthi babezozingela isilwane esiyigugu nesinzima kakhulu ukusibamba. Basakazekela emaphandleni futhi balingisa ukuzingela kwabo ngokufaka inja enokuthula esakeni okwakudingeka isisulu siyithwale emahlombe siyiyise esigcawini sedolobha. Lapho isaka lavulwa esidlangalaleni futhi ukugconwa komuntu angamazi kwabonakala phakathi kokuhleka nokuncokola okuvamile phakathi kwabantu basedolobheni.
I-Etymology yegama elithi "gamusino"
isazi sezilimi Jose G. Moreno de Alba Wayeyilungu le-Mexican Academy of Language futhi wanikeza isahluko sencwadi yakhe "Isamba seminutiae yolimi" kuma gamusinos, lapho ehlaziya khona umsuka we-etymological wamagama amaningi, elinye lawo okungenzeka ukuthi lingumsuka wegama elithi "gamusino".
Chaza ukuthi igama elithi "gamusino" lingaba nobudlelwano netemu lesi-Mexican "gambusino", eyayisetshenziswa ngekhulu le-XNUMX ukuze kubhekiselwe kubahloli begolide. Ongoti bezilimi basungule ubudlelwano baleli gama namagama esiNgisi Ukugembula (dlala noma ukubheja) kanye ibhizinisi (ibhizinisi). Kunengqondo, ngoba ukuzingela kwe-gamusinos kuqukethe okuthile okufana nokubheja noma inselele yokuzingela isilwane esingatholakali kalula ngokuhlela noma ukuxoxisana ngokuzingela kwaso.
Kulo mugqa, u-Moreno ulandisa emsebenzini wakhe lokho “Ukuzingela noma ukudoba ama-gamusino kungaba yinto enje landela isikhathi esingenakwenzeka noma esimoshayo”. “Ukufana kwephimbo elithi gamusino ne-gambusino kuyabonakala […], futhi akubonakali kunesibindi kakhulu ukubona ukufana okuthile kwe-semantic phakathi kokudoba noma ukuzingela ama-gamusino (ukulandela izilwane ezingekho, ukulandela into engenakwenzeka) kanye nomsebenzi. we-gambusino, njengoba Sazi kahle kamhlophe ukuthi uhlale ephishekela igolide.”
Ku ifayela elijwayelekile le-RAE, kunamavoti angu-16 ku-“gamusino”. Omunye wabo uvikela omunye umsuka okungenzeka, ukuhluka "inyamazane efuyile: "Inyamazane efuyiwe kunzima ukuyizingela futhi kuyaqondakala ukuthi inyamazane efuyiwe, okungase kubizwe ngayo ngokuthi yinyamazane efuyile, iyinto ekhohlisayo ukuthi izingelwa umzingeli ongenalwazi noma oqalayo."
Njengoba sisanda kubona, umlando walesi silwane esiqanjiwe uhlukahlukene futhi usakazekile. Sithemba ukuthi ngale migqa ukwazile ukucacisa ilukuluku lakho mayelana yini i-gamusino kanye nomlando wayo oyinganekwane.