I-Papyrus isitshalo esisetshenziswe iminyaka eyinkulungwane ukwenza iphepha, phakathi kokunye ukusetshenziswa. Yayisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi empucukweni yaseGibhithe lasendulo. Nakuba ithathelwe indawo yizinto zesimanjemanje neziqinile, le nto isaziswa ngobuhle bayo, ukuguquguquka kanye nokubukeka okuhlukile ekunikezayo kunoma iyiphi into noma idokhumenti eyisebenzisa njengesisekelo. Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi kuyaziwa, Ungasho ukuthi iyini ngempela i-papyrus?
Uma kungenjalo, ungakhathazeki. Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa umlando we-papyrus, izici zayo kanye nokubaluleka kwayo ezikhathini zasendulo, kanye nokusetshenziswa nokubaluleka kwayo namuhla. Ngakho-ke ungangabazi ukuqhubeka ufunda uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngale ndaba ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni.
Iyini i-papyrus futhi ingeyani?
I-Papyrus iwumthombo wemifino owatholwa esitshalweni samanzi esibizwa ngokuthi ICyperus papyrus. Lokhu kwakuvame ukukhula e-Nile River Delta e-Egypt. Yayisetshenziswa amakhulu eminyaka njengendlela yokubhala emhlabeni wasendulo, ikakhulukazi eGibhithe lasendulo. Lapho yaba isikhungo sokubhala esivame kakhulu kusukela cishe ngo-3000 BC.
Inqubo yokwenza i-papyrus yayikhandla futhi idinga izigaba eziningana. Okokuqala, amaqabunga esitshalo anqunywa abe yimichilo yobude. Zabe sezibekwa zibe izingqimba eziphambanayo bese zicindezelwa ndawonye ukuze zenze iphepha. I-blade yayiyekwa ukuze yome elangeni futhi ibushelelezi ngethuluzi elikhethekile ukuze kutholakale indawo elinganayo futhi ebushelelezi.
Umlando we-papyrus uhlehlela emuva empucukweni yaseGibhithe lasendulo, lapho yaba enye yezinto zokubhala ezisetshenziswa kakhulu. Ngokuyinhloko yayisetshenziselwa ukubhala zonke izinhlobo zemibhalo, kusukela kuma-akhawunti namarekhodi ebhizinisi kuya ezincwadini, imibhalo yezenkolo neyokufundisa. Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo njengendawo yokubhala, yayisetshenziselwa nokwenza obhasikidi, izimbadada nezinye izinto, kanye nokwakha izikebhe nezindlu eGibhithe lasendulo.
Lezi zinto zasakazekela ngaphesheya kweGibhithe, zafinyelela eGrisi naseRoma. Lapho yaba enye yezinto zokubhala eziyinhloko. Yaziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokuqina kwayo nokumelana nokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngenxa yalesi sici, imibhalo eminingi yasendulo iye yagcinwa isesimweni esihle kuze kube namuhla. Nokho, ngokusungulwa kwephepha le-wood-pulp ekhulwini le-XNUMX, ukukhiqizwa kwe-papyrus kwehla kakhulu.
Namuhla le nto isaziswa njengophawu lwesiko nomlando waseGibhithe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izinto zobuciko nemisebenzi yezandla. Ibuye yasetshenziswa ekucwaningeni nasekubuyiselweni kwemibhalo yasendulo, njengoba iye yenza ukuba kutholakale imibhalo ebingalahleka.
Yayibhalwe kanjani kuyi-papyrus?
Ezikhathini zasendulo, ukubhala kwasetshenziswa ipeni ku-papyrus. Iwuhlobo lwepeni elenziwe ngomoba noma ngoqalo elacwiliswa kuyinki futhi lalisetshenziselwa ukulandelela izinhlamvu ephepheni. Kwezinye izimo, ipeni lensimbi noma ibhulashi lalisetshenziselwa ukubhala kuyi-papyrus.
Inqubo yokubhala i-papyrus yayidinga ikhono nesineke, njengoba iphepha lalintekenteke kunezinto zesimanje futhi uyinki wawungasakazeka ebusweni be-papyrus, okwenza umbhalo ube nzima ukuwufunda. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ababhali basendulo baqeqeshwa kanzima ukuze bathuthukise indlela efanele yokubhala futhi bagweme amaphutha noma amabala epapyrus.
Lapho umbhalo usubhaliwe, i-papyrus yagoqwa noma yagoqwa ukuze igcinwe noma ithuthwe, okwakudinga ukunakekelwa ukuze kugwenywe ukulimaza iphepha. Kwezinye izimo, i-papyrus yayihlotshiswe noma ipendwe ngezithombe neminye imiklamo ukuze ihlobise idokhumenti. Ngokuvamile, ukubhala i-papyrus kwakuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi kodwa obalulekile ezikhathini zasendulo, futhi ifa lawo lisaziswa namuhla ngenxa yobuhle balo nokubaluleka kwalo ngokomlando.
Yiziphi izici ze-papyrus?
Manje njengoba sesiyazi ukuthi i-papyrus iyini, ake sibone ukuthi ziyini izici zayo:
- Ukuvumelana nezimo: Ivumelana nezimo kakhulu, okwenza ilungele ukubhala nokudala imibhalo.
- Ukuqina: Naphezu kokuthi i-papyrus iyimpahla ebuthakathaka, iqinile futhi ingahlala amakhulu eminyaka, ikakhulukazi uma igcinwe kahle.
- Ukulungiswa: Isikhumba se-papyrus simahhadlahhadla futhi sinezimbotshana, okusenza sibukeke sihluke futhi sikhange.
- ukumuncwa uyinki: Iyakwazi ukumunca uyinki ngokulinganayo, ivumele ukubhala okucacile nokufundekayo.
- I-Tonality: Inombala ophuzi noma onsundu ngokukhanyayo oba mnyama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okuwunikeza ukubukeka kwakudala okuhlukile.
- Manzi: Ayingeni manzi, okuyenza ilungele ukudala imibhalo namarekhodi adinga ukuqina okukhulu.
Yiziphi izinzuzo nezingozi ze-papyrus?
Njengoba sesishilo kakade, i-papyrus iyinto eqinile futhi ehlala isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyimpahla elula futhi kulula ukuyihambisa, eyenza ibe ilungele ukubhala nokuhweba ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngenxa yokuthungwa kwayo okubushelelezi, i-papyrus yayithandwa kakhulu ngokudala ubuciko nezinye izinto zokuhlobisa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, Kuyinto evumelana kalula nezimo nemiklamo ehlukene, ikuvumela ukuthi udale izinto eziyingqayizivele nezenziwe ngezifiso
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo eziningi, i-papyrus nayo inezinye izinto ezimbi okufanele zicatshangelwe:
- ukukhiqizwa okunzima: Ukukhiqizwa kwe-papyrus kuyinqubo ejulile futhi ebizayo, edinga umsebenzi omkhulu nesikhathi.
- Izinto ezithambile: I-Papyrus ishwabene kunezinto zesimanje njengephepha, okwenza kube lula ekulimaleni nasekuwohlokeni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Iphinde ibe sengozini yokulimala kwamanzi kanye nomswakama, ngakho ukuvikela ngokucophelela kulezi zakhi kuyadingeka.
- Ukuhlakazeka: Ingahlakazeka noma inyamalale ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uma ingalondolozwanga kahle.
Ngokuvamile, nakuba i-papyrus inezinkinga ezithile, iseyinto ebalulekile futhi yaziswa ngobuhle bayo nefa elingokomlando. Ngethemba ukuthi lolu lwazi lube mnandi kuwe!