I-Los ama-pulsars ziyizindikimba zasezulwini ezatholwa kuphela ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, zakha ilukuluku emphakathini wesayensi kubalandeli besihloko, ukwazi ukuthi zinjani nokuthi zihluke kanjani kwezinye izinkanyezi. Sikutshela okwengeziwe lapha.
Ukufunda ngama-pulsars
Khomba ukuthi i-RAE, i- púlsar noma i- pulsar, ngeSpanishi, ivela ekuhlanganiseni amagama amabili esiNgisi - isifinyezo se-puls (ating st) ar-, okusho ukuthi:
"Inkanyezi ekhipha imisebe enamandla kakhulu ngezikhathi ezimfushane nezijwayelekile",
Incazelo yalo ngolimi lwesiSpanishi ingagcizelelwa ngezindlela ezimbili ezibucayi nezinzima "Enkabeni yokuqhuma kwakhiwa i-pulsar" "Ezinye i-supernovae zenze i-pulsar" futhi ingasetshenziselwa ubuningi; ama-pulsars nama-pulsars.
Leli hlelo elithi "pulsating star", elamukelwa, lasetshenziswa lingenye izinhlobonhlobo zezinkanyezi.
Uma amagama e-orthographic acacisiwe, ake sidlulele kwelesayensi, silichaza, ngokukaJocelyn Bell (Diario El País, 1999)
“I-pulsar, noma i-radio pulsar, ifana nendlu yesibani. Iwumzimba ohlangene ngendlela engavamile ozishintshayo okhipha amaza omsakazo. Sibala ukuthi isisindo sawo singamathani ayinkulungwane yama-quadrillion ngosayizi ongeqi ngokulambisa amakhilomitha ayi-10 engaba. Ngokuqondene nemvelaphi yayo, iwumphumela wokuqhuma okuyinhlekelele nokugcina kwenkanyezi enkulu enobukhulu obuphindwe kashumi kuneLanga lethu.”
I-Pulsars yizindikimba zasezulwini ezinensimu kazibuthe enamandla kakhulu ezozivumela njalo ukuthi zikhanyise.
Akhiwe ngama-neutron, okuholela ekutheni akhiphe la ma-pulses "emisebe kagesi kagesi" ngesikhathi sokuzungeza esinqunywa ijubane lenkanyezi uqobo.
Wonke ama-pulsars atholakele ayizinkanyezi ze-neutron, kodwa ingabe i-pulsar kufanele ibe inkanyezi ye-neutron? Cha, kuvela ukuthi izinkanyezi ezincane ezimhlophe nazo zingaba ama-pulsars.
Izimpawu ze-Pulsars
- Ziyakwazi ukuzungeza kuzo, kuze kufike izikhathi ezingamakhulu ambalwa ngomzuzwana.
- Zihamba ngesivinini esifinyelela ku-60.000 XNUMX km/s, zifike endaweni ethile phezu kwayo.
- Bakha isivinini esikhulu esivumela ukuthi inwebe isuka enkabazwe.
- Amandla e-centrifugal akhiqizwa ngalesi sivinini esikhulu, kanye nenkundla yawo yamandla adonsela phansi enamandla ngenxa yokuminyana kwawo okukhulu, ayayivimbela ekuqhekekeni.
- Izinkanyezi ziyahlukahluka ngobukhulu, ukusuka kumamitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuya cishe kumakhilomitha angama-20.
- Izinkanyezi ze-Neutron zenza ama-pulsar amahle ngoba aminyene ngendlela emangalisayo.
Ahlanganiswa kanjani ama-pulsars?
Ngokuhlanganisa:
- Kusuka endaweni esheshayo kazibuthe lapho ama-electron nama-proton azungeza ngesivinini esikhulu kakhulu kusukela ngaphandle kwawo ngokuhamba okusheshayo okudalwe phakathi nendawo yawo.
- Ugqinsi oluqinile oludaleka enkanyezini ngezinye izinhlayiya ezisesigabeni se-galactic "njengama-molecule egesi" noma "i-interstellar dust", enza ijubane lama-pulsars lisebenze nakakhulu futhi lisheshe lifinyelele ekuxazululeni okudlulele, lidale ukuya ezigxotsheni zawo kazibuthe. njengama-spirals avaliwe.
Inkanyezi ye-neutron cishe kabili ubukhulu beLanga lethu ingaba cishe amakhilomitha angama-20 ububanzi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkambu kazibuthe yenkanyezi ye-neutron ingaba namandla ngendlela emangalisayo.
Akwaziwa namanje kososayensi, ababejwayele ukubuka izimbazo eziphendukayo njengoMhlaba, ophakathi nendawo neplanethi futhi usuka esigxotsheni uye kwelinye. Ngabe umsebenzi osheshisiwe we-pulsar usebenza kanjani usuwonke?
Umhlaba wawufundwe ngemibono enjengokuthi; Kepler's Laws -XNUMXth century, Newton's Law of Gravitation kanye ne I-Atomic Theory ye-Democritus, ubambe:
"Zonke izinhlayiya ezibonakalayo ziheha noma iyiphi enye izinhlayiya ezibonakalayo, ngamandla alingana ngokuqondile nomkhiqizo wobuningi bakho kokubili futhi ngokuphambene ngokulinganayo nesikwele sebanga elizihlukanisayo."
Izazi zezinkanyezi ziye zaphawula ukuthi “izibhamu ezikhipha imisebe” zizungeza nenkanyezi, okwenza izigxobo kazibuthe zingabhekiseli ngaso sonke isikhathi ohlangothini olufanayo.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, umbuzo olandelayo uyabuzwa: kungani ama-pulsar amaningi eveza isici sokuthi "izigxobo zazo ezizibuthe" zingaphandle kwe-eksisi yazo yokuzungezisa?
Amajethi kazibuthe
Kungenzeka ukuthi abantu bavame ukuthola "amajethi kazibuthe". Nganoma isiphi isikhathi, lapho ubheka umkhathi wezinkanyezi, uma ngaleso sikhathi esiqondile, inkanyezi ine "pole magnetic" ibheke eMhlabeni, izokwethula inganono yayo bese, ngamasekhondi amancane okujikeleza kwayo, izokhomba indawo yayo. "i-magnetic pole" futhi. ” futhi izokhombisa enye ijethi nokunye ngomjikelezo.
Cabanga ngendlu yesibani, ukukhanya kwayo kuzungeza amatilosi ekudeni. Indawo ethile, lokhu kungaba yilawa magagasi emisebe esingayibona, ngesikhathi esiqondile futhi ukusuka kulelo phuzu esibhakabhakeni liziphindaphinda kaninginingi, isikhathi ngasinye lapho indiza ibheke emhlabeni wethu.
Ngezibonakude ezikhethekile, ama-pulsar angakwazi ukuhlaziya isivinini sawo. Kudingeka kuphela ukuthi iqondiswe endaweni ethile.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi basebenza njengokusekela imisebenzi yocwaningo lomuntu, ngoba ukushaya kwenhliziyo yabo kunembile kakhulu.
Bheka lesi sithombe:
- Imigqa yenkambu kazibuthe kokumhlophe
- i-eksisi yokuphenduka ibe luhlaza okotshani
- Amajethi emisebe ye-polar aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
ukutholakala kwama-pulsars
UJocelyn Bell ngo-1967, waqala ukuwathola futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi angaphezulu kuka-1,500 awo atholakele. Nakuba imvelaphi yawo yayiyimfihlakalo, manje sesiyazi ngama-pulsars.
Lezi zinkanyezi ezigcwele "ama-neutron" zinomsebenzi osheshiswe unomphela. Konke lokhu kwenza "izigxobo kazibuthe" lapho ikhipha imisebe yayo kagesi kushube kakhulu.
"I-PSR B1919+21, bekuyi-pulsar yokuqala etholwe, yayinesikhathi esingu-1,33730113 s"
Ngesibonakude somsakazo, u-Jocelyn Bell no-Antony Hewish bathole lezi zimpawu zomsakazo ezihlala isikhathi esifushane, eziphindaphinda njalo: Bacabanga ukuthi kungenzeka baxhumane nempucuko yangaphandle, ngakho baqamba igama lomthombo wabo ngokuthi LGM - Little Green Men. .
UJocelyn Bell uzwakalise ngo-1999 ephephandabeni i-El País
“I-pulsar, noma i-radio pulsar, ifana nendlu yesibani. Iwumzimba ohlangene ngendlela engavamile ozishintshayo okhipha amaza omsakazo. Sibala ukuthi isisindo sawo singamathani ayinkulungwane yama-quadrillion ngosayizi ongeqi ngokulambisa amakhilomitha ayi-10 engaba. Ngokuqondene nemvelaphi yayo, iwumphumela wokuqhuma okuyinhlekelele nokugcina kwenkanyezi enkulu enobukhulu obuphindwe kashumi kuneLanga lethu.”
Beqhubeka nophenyo lwabo, bathole amanye ama-pulsar ekhipha amaza ahlukene. Ngalokhu kutholakala, u-Anthony Hewish uthole uMklomelo KaNobel kuPhysics we-1974. Nokho-ke uJocelyn Bell, obe ngowokuqala ukuzwa leli zwi, uthole indondo yokuhlonishwa kuphela.
Ngo-1899, usosayensi uNicola Tesla wehluleka ukuhumusha la maza omsakazo avamile, ayewathole ekhulwini leminyaka ngaphambili phakathi nokuhlola kwakhe.
Ngo-1995, u-Alexander Wolszczan, usosayensi waseNyuvesi yasePennsylvania, wasebenza ngezibonakude zomsakazo futhi wathola i-"pulsar PSR B1257+12", eyichaza njengento yasezulwini encane neyasendulo, eminyene kakhulu, ezungeza ngokushesha, futhi ibukeka njenge Isibani esivela eMhlabeni, kwakukhona iplanethi.
Leyo pulsar ikude kakhulu ne- ukwakheka komhlaba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi futhi banombono wokuthi eduze kwale pulsar kukhona amaplanethi ayizungezile nokuthi ubukhulu bayo buphindwe kathathu kunoMhlaba:
"Lawa maplanethi ku-pulsar asivumela ukuba siqale ukutadisha amandla ezinhlelo zamaplanethi, lapho avela khona."
Ukutholwa kwe-pulsar RX J0806.4-4123 kwamenyezelwa ngo-2018, ngokungafani namanye ama-pulsars atholakele, ikhiphe imisebe ye-infrared, into eyingqayizivele ezinkanyezini zalolu hlobo ezibonwe kuze kube manje.
Njengamanje, ama-pulsars angaphezu kuka-500 afakwe ohlwini futhi ahlukaniswa, anenkathi yokuzungeza ukusuka kuma-milliseconds ukuya kumasekhondi, isilinganiso samasekhondi angu-0,65.
Ngesinye isikhathi, izazi zezinkanyezi eNtshonalanga Asia zaqopha i-supernova emangalisayo. Okuthi kamuva okwaqashelwa kakhulu kuwo wonke ama-pulsars anenkathi yokuzungeza engu-0,033 s, yi-"Crab Nebula", ngo-1952 yaqanjwa ngokuthi "PSR0531+121".
Khona-ke isithombe se-Crab pulsar enamandla.
Izazi zezinkanyezi zomsakazo u-Aleksander Wolszczan no-Dale A. Frail zimangaze ososayensi ngocwaningo lwabo, ngoba bathole inombolo ye-pulsar ethi «PSR B1257+12», isikhathi sayo sokuzungeza esingu-6,22 millisecond.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, emalini ebanjwayo bayaqinisekisa ukuthi kunenqwaba yamaplanethi "e-extrasolar" "anemizila ecishe ibe yindilinga ku-0,2, 0,36 kanye no-0,47 AU ukusuka ku-pulsar emaphakathi kanye nezixuku ezingu-0,02, 4,3 kanye nezi-3,9 .XNUMX zomhlaba ngokulandelanayo" .
Ayini ama-X-ray pulsars?
Lawa ma-pulsar awajwayelekile ngenxa yesigaba somsakazo akhipha “ama-X-ray noma ama-gamma ray” awachaza sengathi yizibhamu ezikhipha imisebe.
Okunye ukutholakala okukhulu ezingeni eliphakathi kwezinkanyezi ososayensi kwakuyi-"X-ray pulsar", bayithola futhi isenkanyezi ehlangene ebizwa ngokuthi "i-Cen X-3 system".
Baphinde bathola, ngendlela emangalisa kakhulu, ukuthi lezi zinkanyezi “ze-x-ray” zingezeqembu lezinkanyezi ezimbaxambili ezakhiwe “i-pulsar kanye nenkanyezi evame ukuba yintsha yohlobo O noma B”.
Kusukela ebusweni bayo nasemisebeni, inkanyezi eyizibulo ikhipha umoya wenkanyezi futhi lokhu kucutshungulwa yinkanyezi engumngane futhi kukhiqiza ama-x-ray.
I-Pulsar yokugcina etholakele
U-Vikram S. Dhillon, isazi sezinkanyezi e-University of Sheffield, nethimba lakhe labacwaningi futhi esebenzisa iGran Telescopio Canarias (GTC), ngonyaka wezi-2020, bathola izindikimba zasezulwini abaziqamba ngokuthi "AR Scorpii".
Kuwuhlelo olunambambili oluqukethe inkanyezi encane ebomvu engaba uhhafu wesisindo seLanga lethu kanye nenkanyezi encane emhlophe engaba yisisindo esisodwa selanga.
Zihlukaniswe ibanga lezikhathi ezi-3 kuphela, ukusuka eMhlabeni ukuya eNyangeni futhi zizungezana njalo emahoreni angu-3.6. Lolu hlobo lwesistimu kanambambili luvamile, kodwa ithimba laqaphela ukuthi i-dwarf ebomvu iziphatha ngendlela engavamile.
I-dwarf ebomvu ishaya njalo ngemizuzu emibili. Lokhu kushesha kakhulu ukuthi ukuhluka kube ngenxa yefiziksi yefiziksi ebomvu.
Ngesikhathi ithimba lihlaziya ama-pulsations, lithole ukuthi i-polarized kakhulu, okuwuhlobo lwento eyenzekayo uma izinto zikhanyiswa yimishayo enamandla amakhulu. Uhlobo lwemishayo yamandla edalwe ama-pulsars.