I-Quercetin (3,3,4,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) ingenye ye-metabolites yesibili etholakala kabanzi embusweni wezitshalo. I-quercetin ye-flavonoid iyi-polyphenol yakhiwe izindandatho ezintathu ze-benzene namaqembu amahlanu e-hydroxyl.
I-Quercetin yaqala ukuhlukaniswa futhi yaqashelwa ngu-Szent-Gyorgyi ngonyaka we-1936. I-chemical formula ye-quercetin yi-C15H10O7. Isakhiwo sinomgogodla we-flavonic owakhiwe izindandatho ezimbili ze-benzene futhi uxhunywe indandatho ye-heterocyclic pyronic; i-aglycone
Le flavonoid iyaziwa ine-antioxidant futhi inomsebenzi wokuzivikela ekugugeni. Nakuba iyi-aglycone futhi ingabandakanyi izingxenye ze-carbohydrate, itholakala ngokwemvelo kokubili esimweni samahhala nesihlanganisiwe. Isibonelo, itholakala ngesimo se-glycoside ekudleni. Lapho ingenisiwe, i-glycoside ifakwa nge-hydrolyzed ukuze ikhulule i-aglycone, emuncwa futhi igaywe imetabolism kwamanye amafomu e-glucuronidated, sulfated, kanye ne-methylated.
Izakhiwo izakhiwo ze-physicochemical
Igama elithi "quercetum" liyigama lesiLatini elithi quercetin kusho inhlanganisela yombala ophuzi. Le nhlanganisela iyinhlanganisela ebabayo yekristalu. Kulula ukuncibilika ku-lipid notshwala, ayincibiliki emanzini abandayo, futhi ayincibiliki kahle emanzini ashisayo.
Emvelweni ikhiqizwa ikakhulukazi ngendlela ye-phenylpropanoid, ene-amino acid phenylalanine njengesandulela sayo. Izinyathelo zokuqala zibandakanya ukuhlanganiswa kwe-cinnamic acid nge-phenylalanine. I-Phenylalanine ammonia lyase idlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni ukusabela. I-Quercetin inamandla okunikela ngama-athomu ayo e-hydrogen futhi imise umsebenzi wezinhlobo zomoya-mpilo osebenzayo. Isebenzisana ngokuqondile nezindlela zokusayina ze-intracellular ezibhekene nomsebenzi we-antioxidant. Ucwaningo oluningana ku-vivo luphakamisa ukuthi i-quercetin inamandla okuvimbela i-xanthine oxidase ngokunciphisa ukwakheka kwama-radical mahhala futhi ngenxa yalokho ithathwa njenge-antioxidant engaba namandla. Eqinisweni, ama-polyphenols afana ne-quercetin asevele aziwa kakhulu ngendima yawo vikela iseli ekucindezelekeni okwenziwe nge-oxidative.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-quercetin i-lipophilic ngokwemvelo, ngakho-ke inqamula kalula umgoqo wegazi nobuchopho futhi inomsebenzi we-neuroprotective. Idlala indima yokuvikela ngokumelene ne-neurodegeneration. I-molecule yaziwa ngokwehlisa amazinga kashukela egazini futhi igcine ukusebenza kwamaseli e-β kumagundane esifo sikashukela namagundane. Ibonisa umthelela omuhle ekwelashweni kanye ukuvimbela isifo sikashukela. Ucwaningo oluningi lwe-in vitro kanye ne-vivo lubonise ukuthi i-quercetin inakho umsebenzi wokulwa nomdlavuza futhi ingasetshenziswa njengesidakamizwa esithembekile ekwelapheni umdlavuza. I-Quercetin inendima ebalulekile okufanele iyidlale njenge-molecule elwa nokuvuvukala.
Ungayithola kuphi ekudleni
Imindeni yezitshalo ithanda I-Solanaceae, i-Asteraceae, i-Passifloraceae ne-Rhamnaceae Zicebile ngokuqukethwe kwe-quercetin. I-Quercetin ivame ukutholakala ngamanani amakhulu ezithelweni nemifino ehlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ama-apula, amajikijolo, ama-cherry, ulethisi obomvu, u-anyanisi, i-asparagus futhi ngamanani amancane ku upelepele, i-broccoli, uphizi notamatisi. Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi kukhona izithelo ezisawolintshi, imbewu namantongomane, namagilebhisi abomvu. U-anyanisi unenani eliphakeme kakhulu le-quercetin. I-Quercetin yaziwa nangokuthi ikhona kumakhambi afana ne-dill, ezinye izinhlobo zetiye, newayini. Ezitshalweni libuye libe khona I-Gingko, i-American elderberry ne-Hypericum. Ifomu le-glycoside le-quercetin lihlanganisa i-hyperoside, i-rutin, ne-isoquercetrin. I-Glycosidase inesibopho sokuphula izibopho ze-glycosidic ngemva kokuthatha ngomlomo.
I-pharmacokinetics ye-quercetin
Ngemva kokuyidla, i-quercetin ingahlangana namaprotheni angamathe ukuze yakhe i-protein-quercetin aggregates kanambambili ancibilikayo. Lapho ifika emathunjini amancane, i-quercetin ikhishwa nge-lactate phlorizin hydrolase. I-Quercetin ingamuncwa kumaseli e-epithelial ngokuhlakazeka kuncike kwi-lipophilicity. Ngaphambi kokungena ohlelweni lokujikeleza kwegazi, iningi le-quercetin liguqulwa libe yi-metabolites ehlanganisiwe. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luphakamisa ukuthi i-microbiota yamathumbu ibamba iqhaza ekukhiqizeni ama-glycosidase nama-enzyme aguqula i-quercetin ibe ama-molecule amuncwa kalula.
Cishe u-60% kuya ku-81% we-quercetin uthunyelwa esibindini nge-epithelium, lapho igaywa khona futhi iguqulwa ibe yifomu le-bioavailable. Iningi le-quercetin kanye nama-metabolites ayo akhishwa ngamathumbu, kodwa amanani amancane akhishwa yizinso emchameni. Ukukhishwa kwe-quercetin emzimbeni kuyashesha kakhulu futhi kukholakala ukuthi kunegazi elifushane kakhulu lesigamu sempilo.
Ngezansi ngichaza izakhiwo ezihlukene ze-quercetin kanye nendlela yokusebenza kwayo:
Izakhiwo kanye nendlela yokwenza
- izakhiwo ezilwa nokuvuvukala: kwandisa ukubonakaliswa kwamaseli e-IFN-γ (nge-IFN sisho i-interferon) futhi kunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kweselula okuhle kwe-IL-4 (nge-IL sisho i-interleukin);
- izakhiwo ezilwa nomdlavuza: idala izindlela zangaphandle nezangaphakathi ze-apoptosis, i-autophagy, futhi ibophe umjikelezo weseli;
- antioxidants: ilawula izinga le-GSH (i-GSH imele i-glutathione); yehlisa izinga le-MDA (i-MDA imele i-malondialdehyde, omunye wemikhiqizo yokugcina ye-polyunsaturated fatty peroxidation kumaseli) futhi iphakamisa umsebenzi we-SOD (SOD= superoxide dismutase). I-Quercetin iyi-scavenger yamahhala;
- antihypertensive: kunciphisa ubunzima be-hypertension ngokunciphisa amazinga e-nitric oxide, i-TNF-α (i-TNF imele i-tumor necrosis factor), ne-IL-6;
- elwa nesifo sikashukela: I-Quercetin yehlisa ukugcwala kwamazinga kashukela egazini, igcina ukusebenza kwe-islet cell, inani lamaseli e-β kumagundane anesifo sikashukela.
- i-neurodegenerative: Inciphisa ukulimala kwe-neuronal oxidative kanye ne-neuroinflammation futhi ibonise i-antidementia nemiphumela ye-neuroprotective.
Izici ze-antioxidant
Ngenxa yeqembu le-phenolic hydroxyl kanye nokuba khona kwesibopho esiphindwe kabili, i-quercetin inemisebenzi engaba khona ye-antioxidant. Izakhiwo ze-antioxidant ze-quercetin zihlotshaniswa nayo ukuvimbela nokwelashwa komdlavuza kanye nesifo senhliziyo. Iqembu le-hydroxyl esakhiweni se-quercetin lisebenza njenge-scavenger yamahhala. Iqembu le-molecule ye-hydroxyl lenza kusebenze ama-radicals mahhala ngokunikeza i-hydrogen esebenzayo kuyilapho livimbela ukukhishwa kwe-oxidation yama-acid angagcwele amafutha.
Ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo samakhemikhali, i-quercetin inamandla okukhipha ama-radicals mahhala ahlukahlukene okuhlanganisa i-hydrogen peroxide, i-superoxide ne-hydroxyl radicals. Iqembu le-catechol elikhona kwendandatho B kanye neqembu le-OH elikhona endaweni yesi-3 yendandatho A lifaka isandla endaweni yokulwa ne-antioxidant ye-quercetin.
I-Quercetin igcina ibhalansi ye-oxidative ngakho-ke iyi-antioxidant enamandla. Ilawula izinga le-GSH emzimbeni. Akukacaci ukuthi i-quercetin iyayilungisa yini i-DNA noma iyayivikela ekulimaleni kwe-oxidative. Umphumela we-antioxidant we-quercetin-DNA utholakale umkhulu kunalowo we-quercetin kuphela.
Izakhiwo eziphikisana nokuphazamiseka kwenhliziyo
I-Quercetin iyi-flavonoid eyaziwayo ukuthi, uma ikhona ekujikelezeni, kuthuthukisa impilo yemithambo yegazi futhi uma ikhona ngendlela ehlanganisiwe, inciphisa ukuvela kokuphazamiseka kwenhliziyo. I-Quercetin nezinye izinto eziphuma kuyo vimbela ukujiya kwegazi futhi unciphise ukuvela kwemivimbo, ngaphezu kokuba nesenzo se-antioxidant ngakho-ke sivikela umzimba ekucindezelekeni kwe-oxidative. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kunomthelela ekuzinzeni nasekuzinzeni kwe-lipid bilayer futhi kunomthelela ekusebenzeni kwesithuthi sephrotheni esincike ku-ATP.
Iphinde ibe nemiphumela ama-antihypertensive kanye nama-vasodilators avula imithambo, okubonisa ukugeleza kwegazi okungcono. Ukwelashwa kwayo kulawula ushukela wegazi kanye namazinga e-lipid ngesikhathi sokuzila ukudla, kunciphisa inani lokufakwa kwamafutha esibindini, kunciphisa ukuqina kwe-renal fibrosis, futhi kudlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni ye-autophagy encike ku-AMPK. Amagundane akhuluphele lapho ephakelwa i-quercetin abangela ukuncipha kwesisindo futhi anciphisa izinga le-plasma triglyceride kanye nezinga le-cholesterol futhi ngaleyo ndlela athuthukisa izimo ze-metabolic. Imibiko iphakamisa ukuhlanganiswa kabusha kwama-adipocyte amhlophe abe ama-adipocyte ansundu.
Lokhu kunendlela yokuzivikela ngokumelene ne-osteoporosis, ukuphazamiseka kwamaphaphu kanye nezifo ze-venous.
izakhiwo ze-antiviral
Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-quercetin, ngenxa yayo izakhiwo ezilwa namagciwane, ivimbela i-polymerase, i-reverse transcriptase, i-protease, umsebenzi we-DNA gyrase futhi ibophezela kumaprotheni e-viral capsid.
Ku ucwaningo olushicilelwe ku-pubmed lapha, i-quercetin idlala indima yokuvimbela kanye nenzuzo futhi ngokumelene ne-SARS-Covid, ngenxa yamandla ayo okulwa nokuvuvukala, kanye nezinye izinto zemvelo. Eqinisweni, phakathi nobhubhane olusha lweCoronavirus, i-quercetin isiphinde yadonsa ukunaka kwabacwaningi abaningana njengoba izingxenye zayo zisebenza njengama-inhibitors egciwane ngokwalo.
Ucwaningo lwamazwe ngamazwe lapho iqembu labacwaningi abavela ku-Nanotechnology Institute of the National Research Council, i-Cnr-Nanotec yaseCosenza, babambe iqhaza liphakamisa ukuthi i-quercetin isebenza njengesivimbeli esithile se-SARS CoV-2. I-Quercetin, ngokwalolu cwaningo, ibonakala inesenzo esiphazamisayo ku-3CLpro, okungenye yamaprotheni ayisisekelo wokuphindaphinda kwegciwane, inciphisa umsebenzi wayo we-enzymatic. Ngamanye amazwi, ngokuphazamisa ukuphindaphindeka kwegciwane kanye nokunciphisa ukunamathela kwamaseli kumsingathi, kungabonakala kunesenzo sokuvimbela amagciwane.
Isenzo ngokumelene nezifo ze-autoimmune
Kubikwa ukuthi i-Quercetin iyasebenza imiphumela enamandla yokulwa nokuvuvukala, ikakhulukazi ngokuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kwe-cytokine, ukuncishiswa kwe-cyclooxygenase kanye ne-lipoxygenase expression, nokugcinwa kokuqina kwe-mast cell.
Umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu we-antioxidant we-quercetin wenziwa ikakhulukazi ngemiphumela yawo ku- umsebenzi we-glutathione, ama-enzyme, nezinhlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo (ROS) nangokulawula izindlela zokudlulisa isignali, njenge-heme-related factor oxygenase 1/nuclear erythroid factor 2 (Nrf2), i-protein kinase e-activated mitogen, i-toll-like receptor 4/phosphatidylinositol-3- kinase ne-adenosine monophosphate 5′-activated protein kinase.
I-Quercetin inganciphisa i-iron enenani eliphakeme, evimbela i-lipid oxidation futhi icime i-ROS, okuyinto isiza ukucindezela ukuvuvukala nokuvimbela izifo ezihlobene. Kalantari et al. ibike ukuthi i-quercetin inciphise kakhulu ukulimala kwesibindi kumagundane ngokucindezela ama-radicals mahhala kanye namazinga okulawula ama-enzyme e-antioxidant, okuhlanganisa i-glutathione peroxidase, i-superoxide dismutase, ne-catalase. Ekugcineni, i-quercetin kubikwe ukuthi inemiphumela ye-neuroprotective kanye nomsebenzi we-antitumor.
Izimpawu ze-metabolic syndrome
I-Metabolic syndrome (MetS) iyinkimbinkimbi yezifo eziholela ekufeni ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwezinkinga zenhliziyo. I-Quercetin, njenge-flavonoid ebalulekile, ine izici ezihlukahlukene, njengokunciphisa umfutho wegazi, i-antihyperlipidemia, i-antihyperglycemia, i-antioxidant, i-antiviral, i-anti-cancer, i-anti-inflammatory, i-antimicrobial, i-neuroprotective, ne-cardioprotective.. Kulesi sihloko sokubuyekeza (LAPHA), izindatshana zangempela zaqoqwa emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-Google Scholar, i-Medline, i-Scopus, ne-Pubmed, ehlobanisa umphumela we-quercetin ekuthuthukiseni izimpawu ze-MetS, okuhlanganisa i-glucose ephakeme, i-hyperlipidemia, ukukhuluphala, nomfutho wegazi.
Ngokusekelwe kule datha, i-quercetin ingase futhi ibambe iqhaza ekwelapheni ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic ngokusebenzisa izindlela eziningana, ezifana nokwanda kwe-adiponectin, ukuncipha kwe-leptin, umsebenzi we-antioxidant, ukunciphisa ukumelana ne-insulin, ukwanda kwezinga le-insulin nokuvinjelwa kweziteshi ze-calcium.
Kufanele ithathwe nini futhi kanjani?
Uyithatha nini i-Quercetin? ezimeni:
- I-Hypoimmunity.
- Ukutheleleka nge-viral epidemic yesizini.
- Umkhuhlane
- Isinusitis.
- Ama-radicals wamahhala.
- I-capillary ebuthakathaka.
I-Synergistic Partnerships: Kungani Kungcono
Isenzo esizuzisayo se-quercetin singathuthukiswa ngalokhu:
Amavithamini C no-D
Ukuhlangana ne-vitamin C kungabonakala khuphula I-Quercetin bioavailability, ukuphazamisa ukungena, ukuphindaphinda kanye nomsebenzi we-enzymatic wegciwane futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukusekela nokuqinisa impendulo yokuzivikela komzimba. Ukuphathwa okuhlangene kwe-Quercetin novithamini C kuyisu lokuhlola lokuvimbela nokwelashwa kwamagciwane ahlukahlukene okuphefumula. I-Vitamin D iwusizo kakhulu ekuvimbeleni nasekwelapheni izifo eziphezulu zokuphefumula, kanye nomkhuhlane wendabuko.. Siyazi ukuthi iyakwazi ukusekela amasosha omzimba futhi ngenxa yalokho iwenza asebenze kahle ngokumelene negciwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubonakala sengathi i-quercetin iyakwazi ukwenza i-vitamin D receptor isebenze, yingakho ihlotshaniswa.
I-Zinc ne-bromelain
I-Zinc ingabhidliza ukuvuvukala futhi inciphise isibopho phakathi kwegciwane kanye nesamukeli salo; futhi kunciphisa ukuphindaphinda kwegciwane. Kodwa ngakho, i-zinc idinga ama-ionophore avumela ukungena okukhulu kumaseli: i-quercetin iyi-zinc ionophore.. Ngakho-ke le nhlangano ivumela i-Zinc ukuthi ithuthukise isenzo sayo se-antiviral. Ucwaningo luphinde lubonise ukuthi i-quercetin ihambisana ne-bromelain ngoba iqinisa umsebenzi wokulwa nokuvuvukala ngokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-prostaglandin. Zihlanganiswe ndawonye, ngakho-ke ziwumthombo obalulekile wokusekela amasosha omzimba.