El I-Völuspá (AmaNorse amadala: I-Vǫluspá) iyinkondlo yenkathi ephakathi evela ezinkondlweni ze-Edda, echaza ukuthi umhlaba wawuyokwakhiwa futhi ubhujiswe kanjani, ngokusho kwezinganekwane zamaNorse. Indaba, enezigaba ezingaba ngu-60, ixoxwa umboni noma i-völva (i-Old Norse: i-valve, obizwa nangokuthi i-spakona, 'owesifazane umboni'), ebizwe unkulunkulu u-Odin, umpetha womlingo nolwazi. Ngokwalo mbhalo wemibhalo, ekuqaleni komhlaba kwakungekho lutho, kuze kube yilapho onkulunkulu bedala imibuso eyisishiyagalolunye ye-cosmology yaseNorse, exhunywe ngandlela-thile ngesihlahla somhlaba, i-Yggdrasil.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isiphetho senkimbinkimbi sasiqoshwe etsheni yiqembu lababoni. Ekuqaleni, imindeni emibili yonkulunkulu yayihileleke empini, eyaphetha ngesivumelwano sokuthula nodonga oluzungeze inqaba yabo yaphezulu yase-Asgard. Nokho, babengeke bahlale ngokuthula phakade, njengoba indawo yonke yabhujiswa kusukela lapho idalwa. Unkulunkulu ngamunye unesitha esithile, azolwa nalo, futhi abaningi babo bayonqotshwa, kuhlanganise no-Odin, unkulunkulu oyinhloko.
Umqondo
Inkondlo yokuqala, eqoqweni le-Edda lezinkondlo
Yaziwa ngokuthi iVöluspá, okusho ukuthi: "Isiprofetho sikaVölva". AbaseNyakatho bangekhulu lesi-XNUMX noma lesi-XNUMX, esivame ukubabiza ngokuthi amaViking, babengenayo ngempela imithombo ebhaliwe yenkolo yabo. Baqopha izithombe etsheni, benza izithombe zokhuni, futhi basho izinkondlo ngalokho ababecabanga ukuthi umhlaba unjani. Emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka ngemva kwenkathi yalezi amatilosi anesibindi, abahwebi nabahloli bamazwe, abanye abantu base-Iceland babhala lezi zinkondlo, ezikhunjulwa okhokho babo. Leli qoqo lezinkondlo libizwa ngokuthi U-Edda, umthombo wethu wolwazi obaluleke kakhulu wokuthi zaziyini izinganekwane zaseNyakatho.
Ibhalwe ngesiNorse Esidala, ulimi olukhulunywa e-Iceland, eNorway, eSweden naseDenmark kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX. Lezi zinkondlo zitholakala emibhalweni emibili yesandla: iCodex Regius (the "Incwadi Yenkosi") nenye incwadi ethi hauksbok; kodwa ukulandelana kwezitanza - amaqoqo emigqa emine eyakha izinkondlo - kubonakala kunengqondo encwadini yokuqala. Inkondlo yokuqala eqoqweni yilena ethi I-Völuspá, okusho ukuthi "isiprofetho se-völva". USnorri Sturluson, isazi sase-Iceland sangekhulu le-XNUMX, naye wabhala inguqulo yalezi zindaba, ecaphuna ingxenye enkulu yalezo zinkondlo encwadini yakhe. Inguqulo engangiyazi, nokho, ibonakala yehlukile, okubonisa ukuthi izinkondlo ze U-Edda Babethandwa kakhulu ngamaViking.
ukuthi umhlaba wazalwa kanjani
Ngokusho kwe- I-Völuspá, u-Odin, umholi wonkulunkulu bakwa-Æsir, njengoba wawubizwa kanjalo umkhaya waphezulu wokuqala nonamandla kunawo wonke, wayehlale elangazelela ukwazi. Wacela u-völva, umboni wasendulo, ukuba avuke ethuneni futhi amtshele izindaba zesikhathi esidlule, uyise wabawile (Valfǫþr), njengoba kunguye oletha amaqhawe ehholo lakhe elidumile eValhalla. Uphendula ngokubalula imihlaba eyisishiyagalolunye eyakha indawo yonke kanye nesihlahla se-Yggdrasil, aphinde amtshele ngo-Ymir, umdondoshiya okwadalwa ngawo izulu nomhlaba.
Ekuqaleni kwesikhathi, kwakukhona "umhosha omkhulu" (Hildebrand, isigaba 3). Ukudalwa kwendawo yonke kubonakala kuwumsebenzi wezingane zikaBorr: u-Odin nabafowabo uVili noVé, amagama abo esiwazi kwenye inkondlo. Laba bazalwane abathathu balolonga izwe, bahlala eMhlanganweni, kwase kuba njalo Baqamba izinkanyezi ezisezulwiningaleyo ndlela enikeza ukuhleleka endaweni yonke. Onkulunkulu bahlangana e-Ithavoll, indawo engaqondakali okukhulunywa ngayo kabili kuphela enkondlweni, lapho bakha khona amakhambi, benza amathuluzi, bakha namathempeli.
Umphumela wempi phakathi kwemindeni yonkulunkulu bakwa-Æsir noVanir wawuwukuthi bonke onkulunkulu bathola ilungelo elifanayo lokukhulekela.
Lapho ehlala khona, kwafika izincekukazi ezintathu eziyiziqhwaga, okungenzeka kubhekiselwa kuzo abantu baseNyakatho, ababeyizidalwa ezinamandla ngisho nangaphezu konkulunkulu, banquma isiphetho sawo wonke umuntu. Kwabanjwa umkhandlu lapho kwanikezwa ikhathalogu yomjaho omncane; bambalwa kakhulu kubo okukhulunywa ngabo kwenye indawo. Omunye wabo, Gandalf, waguqulwa waba wizadi nguTolkien ku " INkosi yezindandatho ".
Elinye igama elibalulekile lithi dvalin, okubonakala sengathi unikeze ama-warves ama-runes omlingo awenza aba nekhono kakhulu, njengoba kushiwo enkondlweni yesibili ye- U-Edda, the I-Havamál. Bese sinakho Andvari ngubani, enkondlweni ebizwa ngokuthi I-Reginsmal, utshela ukuthi uLoki, unkulunkulu okhohlisayo, weba ingcebo yakhe, okwenza ukuba aqalekise ingcebo eyaholela ekufeni kukaSigurd. Lesi sakamuva iqhawe lenganekwane edabukisayo, elabulala udrako ngengcebo eqalekisiweyo futhi elakhuthaza ababhali abaningi, okuhlanganisa, futhi, uTolkien. Ngemva kwalesi sigaba, nama-dwarves amaningi, onkulunkulu abathathu -Odin, Hönir kanye noLothur- baqhubeka nomsebenzi wabo futhi badala isintu ngezihlahla ezimbili, umlotha kanye ne-elm (Buza kanye ne-Embla). Iziphetho zivela kabusha esigabeni sama-20, lapho beqopha khona ama-runes enkuni futhi benze imithetho.
Impi yokuqala emhlabeni
Umprofethikazi ube eselandisa ngalokho akukhumbulayo impi yokuqala emhlabeni, phakathi kwemindeni yaphezulu yama-Æsir kanye neVanir. Lo mndeni wokugcina kunalokho uhlotshaniswa nokuzala nokuchuma, nakuba kufanele kushiwo ukuthi onkulunkulu baseNordic, ngokuvamile, abakwazi ukulinganiselwa ezicini ezichazwe kahle. Kunoma yikuphi, umlando we- I-Völuspá ikhuluma ngonkulunkulukazi uGollveig ('Amandla Egolide') njengesizathu sempi, njengoba ayesolwa ngokuyenga onkulunkulu. Umphumela walempi wawuwukuthi bonke onkulunkulu bathola ukukhulekela okulinganayo, mhlawumbe okubhekisela ekwamukeleni kwabo abanye onkulunkulu bezifunda ohlelweni lwabo lwenkolelo.
Ngokushintsha okusheshayo kwesihloko, sithola amazwibela ezinye izenzakalo ezinkulu zasenganekwaneni, njengokwakhiwa kabusha kuka-Asgard, inqaba ka-Odin nomndeni wakhe, futhi mhlawumbe omunye wemihlaba eyisishiyagalolunye umprofethikazi akhuluma ngayo. Lapho umdondoshiya, ophethe lo msebenzi, ebuza uFreyja, unkulunkulukazi wothando, njengomvuzo, uLoki uyamenywa ukuba adlale iqhinga kuye, ukuvimbela lokhu kungenzeki. Ngokungamangalisi, umdondoshiya ugcina ubulewe uThor, unkulunkulu onamandla kunabo bonke, ethukuthelisa imidondoshiya elwa ne-Æsir ngokulangazela. Imidondoshiya empeleni kwakungomunye umndeni wonkulunkulu - igama labo alibhekiseli ebukhulu bawo - futhi abaningi balaba babexhumene ngokothando nonkulunkulu bomndeni wakwa-Æsir.
Ukuphela Kwezwe
"Ungathanda ukwazi okwengeziwe?" (Hildebrand, izigaba 27, 29, 34, 35, 39, 41, 48, 62). Lo mbuzo uvela ngezikhathi ezithile, usikhumbuza ukuthi u-Odin ungunkulunkulu ohlale efuna ukuthola ulwazi. Uphondo lukaHeimdall, oluzomemezela impi yokugcina, lufihlwe ngaphansi kwesihlahla esingcwele, lapho sithola khona enye into enelukuluku, Iso lika-Odin. Wadela iso lakhe kumoya uMímir, ukuze azuze ukuhlakanipha okwengeziwe. Kubonakala sengathi iso lalisetshenziswa njengesitsha sokuphuza. Ngemva kokuvuzwa unkulunkulu ngezindandatho nemigexo, i-völva iyaqhubeka nesiprofetho seqiniso senkondlo. Bona ama-Valkyries ahlangene, ajoyina izigaba zonkulunkulu empini yokugcina. Ama-Valkyries angamaqhawe, athunywe u-Odin ukuthi aqoqe amaqhawe anesibindi afela empini futhi awalethe kuye.
Ngaphambi kwalesi senzakalo esikhulu, esizogcwaliseka iziphetho zazo, sikhunjuzwa ngenhlekelele eyayiwukufa kukaBaldr, indodana ethandekayo, elungile nengenacala ka-Odin noFrigg. Eminye imininingwane ngalo mcimbi itholakala enkondlweni ethile, Baldrs Draumar. UFrigg wabuza zonke izidalwa ukuba zifunge ukuthi zingalimazi uBaldr, konke abakwenzayo, ngaphandle komfowabo kaBaldr oyimpumputhe, owaphonsa i-mistletoe kuye, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaLoki. Ngemva kokuba u-Baldr ebulewe ngomcibisholo we-mistletoe, loki wajeziswa, futhi sinesithombe esigcwele sesijeziso sakhe embhalweni wesandla we hauksbok: lona uboshelwe etsheni ngezibilini zendodana yakhe uNarfi, ecwiywe enye indodana yakhe uVali, ngenyoka econsa ushevu kuye nomkakhe othembekile, ezama ukuyiqoqa endishini.
induku yesidumbu
Ngemva kokuchaza izindlu zezitha ezesabekayo zonkulunkulu, okuhlanganisa hhayi kuphela imidondoshiya namancane, kodwa futhi nababi abafile baseNastrond ('induku yesidumbu') yaseHel, vula Ixwayisa ngolunye uphawu lokubhujiswa: ukweba inyanga. Ngeke kube iphutha ukuhumusha lokhu njengokufiphala kwelanga. Impi yokugcina izomenyezelwa amaqhude amabili e-apocalyptic: uFjalar noGollinkambi. Mhlawumbe, esinye sezibonakaliso zokugcina zokufa okuseduze kuyoba ukuphunyuka kukaFenrir impisi, lowo owayeboshwe ngomhlatshelo kankulunkulu waseThire, owavumela leso silo ukuba silume isandla sakhe. Izikhathi zobumnyama zizofika: "Inkathi yomoya, inkathi yempisi / maduze umhlaba uzowa / hhayi ngisho namadoda / azothethelela omunye nomunye" (Hildebrand, isiqephu 45). U-Odin, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlakaniphe kangakanani, uFenrir uzombulala. I-Yggdrasil iyaqhaqhazela.
Igama «i-ragna rok»Ragnarok, esetshenziselwa ukuchaza lesi senzakalo esikhulu, ingahunyushwa ngokuthi "isiphetho sonkulunkulu" futhi itholakala ku-stanza 50. Ezinye izici zesiphithiphithi zihlanganisa: uHrym, umholi wama-giants; Midgardsorm, inyoka yasolwandle ezungeza umhlaba; kanye neNaglfar, umkhumbi owesabekayo owenziwe ngezinzipho zabantu abafile. U-Surt omkhulu uletha umlilo ovela eningizimu futhi ulwa nonkulunkulu wokuchuma uFreyr, kuyilapho u-Odin egcwalisa ikusasa lakhe ngaphambi komkakhe oneshwa uFrigg. Ngisho noThor, indodana ka-Odin kanye nomhlaba, umiselwe ukuwa kule mpi enkulu ngokumelene nenyoka yasolwandle, ezombulala ngomoya wayo onoshevu. I-apocalypse ithola umfutho ngemva kwesiqephu esihilela onkulunkulu abadume kakhulu, ngemva kokuthi: "Ilanga liba mnyama / umhlaba ushona ngaphansi kolwandle / izinkanyezi ezifudumele ziwa esibhakabhakeni"
Iziphetho
Ingabe lokhu kuwukuphela ngempela, lapho isintu silahlekile futhi onkulunkulu benqotshiwe? Cha; ngokusho kwenkondlo, umhlaba uzovuka, ngoba kusekhona abanye onkulunkulu abahlangana futhi bakhulume ngezenzakalo zakamuva kanye nokuwa kuka-Odin, umphathi we-runes. Indodana yakhe uBaldr izobuya, amasimu ayophinde agcwale izithelo ezivuthiwe, futhi abazukulu baka-Odin bayohlala ezulwini. Entabeni yaseGimle, kubonakala ihholo elikhulu elisagolide, ngaphakathi okunombusi onamandla ongenagama.
Kuzwakala njengendaba ejulile kodwa, njengezinye izici eziningi zezinganekwane zamaNorse, izingcezu eziningi zendida azikho futhi sekuphakanyiswe izikhathi eziningi ukuthi ubuKristu bube nomthelela engxenyeni yokugcina yenkondlo. Nakuba kunzima ukukucacisa, cishe imbongi yayiyiqaba, njengoba kuphakanyiswe iphimbo, umfanekiso, izici zolimi lwakudala, kanye nesitayela senkondlo. Kumelwe futhi kushiwo ukuthi iningi lenganekwane yamaNorse yokudala nokubhujiswa, eqhubekayo ngisho nesiko lanamuhla elithandwayo, empeleni lisuka encazelweni kaSnorri, eguqula wonke lawo macebiso enkondlo abe indaba ehambisana kakhulu.