Wake wayizwa imuvi noma incwadi Obani I-Bell Tolls?, kuvela ukuthi ibhekwa njengomthengisi wezincwadi zomhlaba wonke, namuhla sizokunikeza yonke imininingwane ehlobene nale noveli ethakazelisayo.
Obani I-Bell Tolls?
Ibhekwa njengenye yemisebenzi emikhulu yezincwadi zomhlaba ohlotsheni lwamanoveli, Obani Abakhokhelwa Yinsimbi Yaqala ukukhishwa ngo-1940 ngumlobi omkhulu waseMelika u-Ernest Hemingway.
Isakhiwo sayo sadonsa ukunakwa okukhulu kangangokuthi kamuva yenziwa ifilimu, yazuza inqwaba yemiklomelo okuhlanganisa nokuqokwa kwe-Oscar eyisishiyagalolunye.
Le noveli ikhuluma ngempi yombango yaseSpain, ekhombisa ukuba khona kombhali kulezo zenzakalo. Endabeni kuvela umlingiswa ogama lakhe linguRobert Jordán, uprofesa waseSpain wasedolobheni laseMontana, owalwa ngasohlangothini lweRiphabhulikhi elawula iziqhumane; kodwa ake sibone ngempela futhi ngencazelo ecacile yonke i-synopsis yale noveli ethakazelisayo.
Ukuxabana
Inoveli lapho insimbi ekhokhelwayo inephuzu layo eliphakathi lapho uProfessor Jordan abelwe ukuqeda ibhuloho lokukhawulela amandla eqembu lesitha. Lezi zenzakalo zenzeka edolobheni laseSegovia; uprofesa ufika endaweni eholwa ikhehla elingu-Anselmo, lapho bahlangana noPablo umholi weqembu lezigelekeqe, ozobasiza baqhubekisele phambili umsebenzi.
Umholi waleli qembu uyisidakwa esesaba kakhulu, omngane wakhe owesifazane osemusha okuthiwa uMaría, leli qembu lakhiwe amanye amadoda kanye nomunye wesifazane okuthiwa uPilar, onobudlova futhi onganaki ngandlela-thile emzimbeni wakhe.
Nokho, u-Pilar uthembeke kakhulu emzamweni futhi ikakhulukazi usebenzisana noProfesa Jordán ezinhlelweni zakhe zokucekela phansi ibhuloho. UMaría, ongomunye wababambe iqhaza abakhulu kule noveli, ugqugquzelwe umhlengikazi ogama lakhe linguMaría Sans, owayesebenza esibhedlela lapho u-Ernest Hemingway ayevalelwe khona esikhathini esidlule.
hlangana nothando
U-Jordán uthanda uMaría ngesikhathi senqubo yokumisa iziqhumane ukuze aqhume ibhuloho; Ngaphezu kwalokho, unomuzwa wokuthi uzofa ezama futhi lokhu ngeke kumvumele ukuba ahambe noMaría enhloko-dolobha yaseSpain; bese iqala indaba yothando nesakhiwo phakathi kwalaba balingisi ababili, emele okuqukethwe okuyinhloko kule noveli engavamile.
URobert ulwela ukunqoba ukungaqiniseki kokuthi kungcono yini ukuqhumisa ibhuloho noma ukulahla yonke into futhi abaleke noMaria; nokho, futhi kusukela kulo mbandela, kulapho ukuzalwa kwenkulumo ethi «obani abakhokhiswa insimbi» kungacatshangelwa. Nokho, ezinye izazi-mlando nongoti bohlobo lwemibhalo ka-Ernest Hemingway bakholelwa ukuthi kubangelwa izimo eziningi ezingacacile ekuphileni.
Ukuthatha izinqumo kuyimpikiswano enhle yokuthi umbhali enze inoveli yakhe futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, akhe isihloko sayo. Abanye bathi ukushona komuntu kunciphisa omunye ngenxa yokusondelana nomuntu, yingakho abanye bezibuza ukuthi insimbi ishaya bani ekubeni ngempela ikhokha noma yimuphi umuntu.
Uhlu Lwezikhathi Netimu
Kusukela lapho bayala uProfesa Jordán ukuthi aqhumise ibhuloho, kuqala uchungechunge lwezimo ezibuhlungu ezizungeza isibalo sikaRobert. Ngenxa yalokho, kuvela izimo ezixhumene ngokuqondile nokufa kwakhe kwesikhathi esizayo; Mayelana nomholi webhendi kanye nelinye ilungu elithi El Sordo, bayawazi lo mcimbi ongenakugwema.
Umlingiswa ngamunye, esazi isiphetho sikaSolwazi Jordán, waqala ukucabangisisa ngaphakathi ngokubaluleka kwempilo. Ngalo mqondo, itulo ligxile ebudlelwaneni nasekuzinikeleni, njengendlela yokuveza ukwazisa nokwazisa ngomunye umuntu.
Ubumbano
Umlingiswa ngamunye uzimisele ukwenza noma yini ukusiza umngane wakhe, umlingani wakhe noma isosha elilwayo. Ubungane bungenye yezindlela eziveza imizwa kakhulu ezivezwe kule noveli; sibona njengesibonelo icala lokufa kwesinye sezihlobo zelungu leqembu okuthiwa uJoaquín.
Ngemva kokuba le nsizwa izwa ngokufa kwesihlobo sayo, abanye abangabayo namalungu eqembu bayafika bazoyiduduza, bagone futhi kuvele amazwi okumeseka.
Ukuphila kunikezwa injongo endaweni yezimo ezingase ziphakame phakathi kwanoma yisiphi isimo esizungezile kanye nempilo ngokwayo. Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kobumbano kwethulwe ngendlela esemqoka esimweni ngasinye senoveli; abanye abalingiswa bancamela ukufa kunokuthunjwa yisitha nokuba yimbangela yokuhlupheka okungadingekile.
Umdlalo
Ngemuva kwezenzo zokuqhunyiswa kwebhuloho, leli qembu liyavinjwa futhi uprofesa uyalimala, futhi ihhashi liwela phezu kwakhe, liphuka umlenze. Abanye bagijime bayomsiza kodwa kungenzeki ukuthi uRobert ahambe.
UMaría, embona, uyahlupheka futhi uya kuye, kodwa uRobert ucela iqembu ukuthi limthathe futhi limvikele, akafuni kodwa ukhishwa ngendluzula endaweni; URobert usele yedwa ecabanga ngokuzibulala, ukungafi nakho konke obekuyimpilo yakhe. Kufingqiwe ngomzuzwana owodwa lapho elindele ukufika kwamasosha amaNazi ukuze enze icebo lakhe.
Umhlatshelo
Ingxenye efinyelela umvuthwandaba ethi For Whom the Bell Tolls yenzeka lapho u-Jordán, elimele futhi engakwazi ukuhamba nozakwabo, elindele ukuqamekela kokugcina ukuze aqedele ukuphila kwakhe. Ulungiselela isiphetho esibi, ucabanga ukuzibulala ukuze agweme ukubanjwa nokuhlushwa okulandelayo ukuze akhiphe ulwazi kuye.
UJordán ucabanga ngaleso sikhathi ngoyise, naye owazibulala ngenxa yezinye izimo, ucabanga nangokungabi igwala naye. Lesi simo siyingxenye yendaba empilweni yombhali, efaniswe kule ngxenye yenoveli ngu-Ernest Heminway ngokwakhe; uyise naye wazibulala lapho eneminyaka engu-21 kuphela ubudala.
Isizinda sombono
Umbhali ugxile embonweni yezepolitiki kanye nokushiseka kwabanye abashisekeli bengqondo abalangazelela amandla ngazo zonke izindlela. Ngalo mqondo, wenza uProfessor Jordán abe umlingiswa wepolitiki; Imethula njengomholi oqiniswe ngezenzo nokuziphatha, ogcwele amandla angokwenyama nangokomoya.
Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, efuna ukuchaza ukuphila kwakhe eduze kakhulu nokufa, njengoba iqhawe noma i-patriot ingenza. Eziqeshini ezimbalwa zenoveli imibono nemishwana ehlobene nezici zemvelo yezepolitiki futhi exhumene nokuvikela abantu iyabonwa.
Funda kabanzi mayelana nalokhu kanye neminye imisebenzi yemibhalo ngokufunda isihloko esilandelayo Isifinyezo sokuthi Ubani Ohambise Ushizi Wami? lapho kukhulunywa khona izindaba ezifana nalezi ezivezwe kulo mbhalo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwenoveli
Ngobani I-Bell Tolls iyindaba yothando eyenzeka phakathi nonyaka ka-1937, omele unyaka wesibili weMpi Yombango YaseSpain. Setha edolobheni laseSegovia kanye nezindawo zalo ezisenyakatho yezwe.
Abashisekeli bobuzwe bakaFranco babezuza amandla, ngenxa yokunqoba okuhlukahlukene kwezempi ababekutholile ekuthuthukisweni ngakunye abakwenzile ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zezwe; Ngokufanayo, babenokusekelwa okukhulu emoyeni okwakunikezwa amasosha amaNazi.
Uthando
Abalingiswa bakaRobert Jordán noMaría bayathandana ngesikhathi sezenzo ezenziwa uprofesa zokudiliza ibhuloho. Imvelo iyingozi futhi iyadabukisa, ukufa nezingozi eziningi kuhilela ubudlelwano phakathi kwabo bobabili; URobert ungowaseRiphabhulikhi owalwela impilo yakhe yonke ngokumelene nama-fascists futhi wayezimisele ukunikela ngokuphila kwakhe ukuze abanqobe.
Itulo ligxile endleleni inqubo eyenziwa ngayo ukudiliza ibhuloho, indawo lapho abalandeli bakaFranco babehlele ukungena engxenyeni esenyakatho yeSpain futhi bahlasele zonke lezi zifunda. URobert wenza umsebenzi othile, lapho acela khona usizo kwabashokobezi baseSpain abamsiza ukuba afeze injongo yakhe.
Kulesi simo uhlangana noMaría ongumngani womholi weqembu lezigelekeqe: Kanye naye uqala ukuba nobudlelwano obuthinta inhliziyo lapho ngamunye enesithakazelo komunye. Izimo ezihlukahlukene zenza uRobert acabange ngekusasa lakhe noMaria, okumholela ekubeni enze isinqumo esifanele.
Okuqukethwe inoveli kunquma ukuthi isinqumo sikaprofesa kufanele sibe yini, ukuthi uzoqhumisa ibhuloho noma aqhubeke ephila ukuze aphile ngokujabula noMaria. Lokhu kuchaza inoveli egcwele intshisekelo, uzungu kanye nokungabaza futhi ibandakanya bonke abanye abalingisi kulo mongo.
Ukuhlangana nama-guerrillas
U-Anselmo wayengumqondisi nomngane kaRobert, futhi nguye omyisa emhlanganweni kanye nokwethulwa kweqembu labashokobezi, lapho umholi ogama lakhe linguPablo evela khona: ngalolu hlelo, umholi umethula kuMaría.
Kodwa-ke, uPablo akashisekeli kakhulu ngokusiza uRobert, kodwa kamuva uyavuma futhi umholela endaweni yokucasha, okuzobizwa ngokuthi "umhume" ngaso sonke isikhathi.
UPablo noRobert banezingxabano eziningana, njengoba uPablo wayenezinye izinhlelo zokuvimba amasosha esizwe. Nokho, umkaPablo wayenamanye amacebo; induna yabashokobezi ifuna ukusebenzisa okuthile umkakhe ayengakuthandi kakhulu futhi okwakuwukumisa amaNazi futhi awathathe njengabathumbi, nokho uPilar uthatha ukulawula futhi unquma ukusiza uRobert.
Inyunyana yabo bobabili
Ngemva komhlangano lapho kunqunywa khona ukuthi kudingekile ukuba kubhekwe izinto zokuhamba, uMaría uvusa uRobert owayelele, ukuze amyise ekamu lapho elinye lamalungu eqembu labashokobezi okuthiwa u-El Sordo, obambisene noprofesa, likhona.
Kodwa-ke lesi simo sidala inkinga, njengoba bengenawo amahhashi abangawabalekela ngemuva kokuqhunyiswa kwebhuloho. Nakuba amanye amalungu eyofuna usizo, uMaría noRobert basala bodwa, lapho beqaphela khona ukuthi bayathandana.
Isiphetho
Isenzo siqala ngakusasa, ibhuloho liqhunyiswa kodwa uRobert uyadalulwa, uPablo ubulala amadoda athile ukuze avikele amahhashi futhi uprofesa ubanjwe ukuqhuma, okuphuka umlenze wakhe. Kunzima-ke, ngoba uRobert akagcini nje ngokukwazi ukuhamba futhi ucela iqembu ukuthi liqhubeke ngaphandle kwakhe, uze acele ukuba bahambe noMaria.
Akawuthandi lo mbono futhi unquma ukuhlala naye, kodwa uRobert ucela ngazo zonke izindlela ukumthatha ukuze angaweli ezandleni zamasosha ezwe, ngakho benza kanjalo.
Umbono kaRobert kwakuwukudala indlela yokuba abashokobezi babaleke, wayezosebenzisa ukuphambukisa kumaNazi; nokho, lapho ezithola eyedwa, uqala ukucabanga ngokuzibulala. ULieutenant Berrero, owabulala u-El Sordo, udlula uRobert ambuke, kodwa uRobert wayesenaye emehlweni akhe.
Personajes
Umlingiswa oyinhloko othi For Whom the Bell Tolls nguSolwazi waseMelika u-Robert Jordán, uchwepheshe wezinto ezivusa amadlingozi, uthandane no-María, umngane womholi wabashokobezi, kodwa ngokulandelana kokubaluleka kwethu sinalaba balingisi abalandelayo:
- UMaría, intombazane eneminyaka engu-19 ubudala, ongumngane kaPilar, waba nokuhlangenwe nakho okubi nabashisekeli bezwe futhi uthandana noRobert.
- U-Anselmo, umngane kaRobert nomngane wakhe, uneminyaka engu-68 ubudala futhi uyisosha, umngane waseJordán ukuze aqhumise ibhuloho.
- UPablo: Umholi weqembu labashokobezi, umshicileli, igwala kanye nomyeni kaPilar.
- UPilar, umkaPablo, iqhawe elikhulu elisekela uRobert futhi livikela uMaría.
- UJoaquín, umgypsy osemncane ofa empini, oyilungu leqembu lezigelekeqe lika-El Sordo.
- URafael, oyilungu lebhendi, ungumgypsy.
- U-Agustín, elinye ilungu leqembu lezigelekeqe.
- UFernando, insizwa nayo eyilungu leqembu labashokobezi.
- U-El Sordo ungomunye umholi kodwa ovela eqenjini elincane labashokobezi.
- U-Andrés no-Eladio, amalungu asebenzayo ebhendi.
- UPrimitivo, omunye umshoshozeli osemusha.
Ubudlelwano nabantu bangempela
Izimo zomlando ezenzeke eSpain ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango kanye nokuhlala kwabashisekeli bezwe ababeholwa nguFranco ngeminyaka yawo-1930s, ziyisizathu futhi sisebenza njengesizinda sika-Ernesdt Hemingway ukuze enze lo msebenzi wokubhala. Kuyo, kugxilwa kwezombusazwe, kubeka uJordán njengomholi olandelwa amakhomanisi.
Ezinye izimo eziphakanyiswe nguHemingway kwethi For Whom the Bell Tolls zenzeka ngendlela yangempela, ngokufanayo, abanye abalingiswa bathathwa empini. Ngokwesibonelo, isenzakalo esivezwe esahlukweni 10 lapho uPilar elandisa khona amaqiniso okuthi amaNazi amaningana afa kanjani edolobheni lakubo.
Kwakuyisenzakalo esiyiqiniso ngempela esenzeka edolobheni laseRonda, eMalaga ngonyaka we-1936; nokho-ke umbhali ugcizelela ukuthi lezi zehlakalo zaqanjwa wumqondo wakhe. Obunye ubudlelwano obunezimo zangempela bunqunywa iqembu labalingiswa ababekhona ngempela, ake sibone:
- U-Indalecio Prieto, owayengumholi we-PSOE, uqanjwe izikhathi eziningana kule noveli.
- U-Andrés Nin, umsunguli we-POUM, ubonakala eqanjwe esahlukweni 18, okuyinhlekisa kaKarkov.
- UDolores Ibárruri, kule noveli ubize imbali yothando echazwe esahlukweni 32.
- U-Robert Hale Merriman, ungumholi waseMelika osebenzayo ku-International Brigades, ephinde yaqondana ne-Hemingway; kukholakala ukuthi isebenze njengenkomba yokudala umlingiswa kaRobert Jordán.
- U-János Gálicz, obizwa ngokuthi uGeneral Gall kule noveli, akabonwanga kahle nguHemingway futhi uqanjwe futhi kwezinye iziqephu.
- Ojenene uJosé Miaja, noVicente Rojo kukhulunywe ngabo esahlukweni 35 futhi banesibopho sokuvikela iMadrid.
- U-André Marty, naye oyilungu le-International Brigades, nguyena omisa umlayezo othunyelwe kuGeneral Golz nguRobert.
ithonya esikweni
Le ncwadi ishiye uphawu oluhle emasikweni aseMelika ngisho nasemhlabeni adumile. Abaculi abahlukahlukene abavela ohlelweni, ezobuciko, kanye nomculo, esikhathini esithile, banikele ingxenye yogqozi lwabo kulo msebenzi we-Hemingway.
Isibonelo, i-Bee Gees yathatha ingoma ebizwa ngokuthi For Whom the Bell Tolls, encwadini yesiNgisi ethi "For Whom the Bell Tolls", yayisa kwabangu-5 abahamba phambili e-Great Britain isikhathi esingaphezu kwesonto ngo-1993. Futhi iqembu elimashayo. I-Rock Metallica iqambe ingoma enegama elifanayo eligqugquzelwe umsebenzi.
Imidlalo yevidiyo ye-Nintendo no-Peper Mario kanye ne-Saber Prince inezigaba ezikhuthazwa umsebenzi. Njengamanje uchungechunge oludumile oluthi The Walking Dead, lisebenzisa umusho ngomunye wabalingisi balo ogama lakhe lingu-Chuck futhi ngisho ekugcineni unikeza impendulo ethi "Bakuphendukela".
Ungafunda ngomunye umsebenzi obangele umthelela omkhulu ezingeni lamasiko, ngokufaka isixhumanisi esilandelayo: Isiqhingi somcebo.
mayelana nombhali
Obizwa ngo-Ernest Miller Hemingway; ongowokuzalwa edolobheni lase-Oak Park, eliseNyakatho Melika, ngo-July 21, 1899 futhi wafa ngo-July 2, 191 eKetchum, e-Idaho, e-United States; washada noMary Welsh Hemingway naye owashona ngawo lowo nyaka.
Wayengumbhali ophumelelayo waseMelika kanye nombhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi; Ubhale imisebenzi eyahlukene njengethi The Old Man and the Sea, The Fifth Column, The Snows of Kilimanjaro, nezinye eziningi.
Wayeyithonya elikhulu kwezokubhala namasiko e-United States iminyaka eminingi, ifa lakhe liye labonakala empilweni yase-United States futhi okwamanje lisebenza njengereferensi yababhali abasha, abathatha izinyathelo zabo zokuqala emhlabeni wezincwadi.
