Funda ngokusebenzisa lesi sihloko ezithakazelisayo Isebenza nguJuan Rulfo, ukuphila kwakhe nendlela akwazi ngayo ukuzibeka emhlabeni wezincwadi wekhulu lama-XNUMX njengomunye wababhali abavelele kakhulu.
Isebenza nguJuan Rulfo
UJuan Rulfo wayengumbhali ovelele waseMexico umsebenzi wakhe wokulandisa wawumfushane (1918 kuya ku-1986), nokho, uthathwa njengenye yezincwadi eziphelele neziqine kakhulu ezincwadini zangaleso sikhathi zekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Imisebenzi yakhe igqama ngokuba nolimi olufingqiwe oluhambisana neqiniso lomlando.
Ngalo mqondo, imibhalo yakhe yakhiwe emhlabeni wawo siqu, ilandisa ngezincazelo zezindawo ezimangalisayo, izindawo ezimangalisayo, abalingiswa abangajwayelekile, phakathi kwezinye izici. Okulandelayo, sizochaza imininingwane Imisebenzi kaJuan Rulfo.
Ngalolu hlelo lwemibono, ngonyaka ka-1953, umlobi wethu ovelele washicilela incwadi yakhe ethi El llano en llamas futhi kamuva eyathi Pedro Páramo. (1955) inoveli ibheka i-magnum opus yakhe. Wabhala izindaba eziningi lapho i-El gallo de oro igqama khona, eyabhalwa phakathi kuka-1956 no-1958.
Ngenxa yalokho, amanoveli nezindaba zakhe kwamenza waqashelwa kakhulu, kamuva sizokutshela ngalezi zici zempilo yakhe yokubhala.
Okulandelayo, sizongena emisebenzini ebaluleke kakhulu yalo mbhali odumile.
I-Burning Plain Works kaJuan Rulfo
Le ndaba, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1953, iqukethe ukulandisa okuyishumi nesikhombisa okucatshangwa njengezidalwa ezimele eziyiqiniso zokuxoxwa kwezindaba zekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Lo msebenzi ubhalwe ngokungavamile, ufakwe ohlelweni lomlando weNguquko yaseMexico kanye neMpi yaseCristero. Singasho ukuthi le ndaba itholakala ekulandiseni kwamaqiniso omlingo.
Ngakho-ke ngale ndaba sithola umbono wokuthi impilo yayinjani kubantu baseMexico.
Ngakho-ke, iveza izici zesitayela sokulandisa sikaJuan Rulfo, lapho ukusetshenziswa kolimi lokuxoxisana, okujwayelekile kwezakhamizi zendawo lapho izenzakalo zenzeka khona, zivelele.
Lo msebenzi ekuqaleni wawuzobizwa ngokuthi izindaba zikaLos Tío Celerino, ukuhlonipha umalume wakhe uCelerino. Ezikhathini eziphindaphindiwe, u-Rulfo wayebhekisela ukuthi izindikimba eziningi zemisebenzi yakhe ziphefumulelwe izindaba umalume wakhe amtshela zona ekuhambeni kwakhe ezindaweni ezahlukene zaseMexico.
Lo msebenzi omkhulu uwukuhlanganisa izindaba eziningana. Bonke banephuzu elilodwa abafana ngalo futhi wukuphelelwa ithemba emhlabeni, umbono wokungabi nabulungiswa. Isikhathi esidlule sasiphila ngokoqobo sikhona kubalingiswa. Ngakho-ke, impilo kaRulfo uqobo ibonakala emsebenzini, ngenxa yezikhathi ezaziphilwa ngesikhathi seNguquko yaseMexico.
Umsebenzi El llano en llamas uhlanganisa lezi zindaba ezilandelayo:
- UMacario.
- Abazange banikeze izwe.
- Umqansa wamaqabane.
- Kuwukuthi simpofu kakhulu.
- Indoda.
- Ekuseni.
- Talpa.
- Ithafa Elivuthayo.
- Batshele ukuthi bangangibulali!
- Luvine.
- Ngobusuku bamshiya yedwa.
- Khumbula.
- I-North Pass.
- Anacleto Morones.
- Awuzwa yini izinja zikhonkotha.
- Ifa lengelosi enkulu uMatilde.
- Usuku lokuwa.
Amazwibela eThafa Elivuthayo
Okulandelayo sizokwenza incazelo emfushane yezinye zezindaba ezakha lo msebenzi omuhle kakhulu:
Indaba ethi “Usinikeze izwe” iwukubonakaliswa kokulahlwa kwezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Indaba exoxwayo iyindilinga, lapho impilo yomuntu ihlale ifana. Izakhamuzi zicwile ekungazini nasekuhluphekeni, ziphila ekufeni futhi ziyizisulu zokucindezelwa.
Ngokuqondene nethi "The Day of the Landslide," indikimba ikhombisa ukungabi nandaba kweziphathimandla zaseMexico ngobumpofu nemizwa yabalimi abasezindaweni ezikude zedolobha, abaphila ngokubandlululwa futhi ngaphandle kokunaka kukahulumeni.
Enye indaba ithi "Paso del norte", singabona okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu wezwe ekufuneni isiphetho esingcono. Lowo mshikashika oqhubekayo wokuthuthukisa izimo zabo zokuphila ogcina uhluleka ukuwufeza.
Ngale ndlela sithola ukuthi izindikimba zazo zonke izindaba zilotshwe odlameni, ukushiseka, ukucekelwa phansi kwabantu, ukufa, ucansi, icala, konke kufingqwe ngomzwangedwa umuntu aphila kuwo kanye nokuhlubuka kokuhlala ezweni eliyincithakalo.
Pedro Páramo Works by Juan Rulfo
Iyona kuphela inoveli eyabhalwa yilo mbhali ongajwayelekile isikhathi eside. Kungumsebenzi we-trajectory mayelana nokubhala, njengoba umqondo wokuqala wavela lapho u-Rulfo eneminyaka engamashumi amathathu ubudala, futhi wawuveza umqondo kwezinye izincwadi ezibhalelwe intombi yakhe uClara Aparicio.
Ezincwadini zakhe ukhulume inoveli ebizwa ngokuthi, A Star by the Moon. Lokhu kudalwa kuzohlanganisa indlela yokukhulelwa u-Pedro Páramo, ngaphezu kwethonya lika-El llano en llama.
Ngasekupheleni kwenoveli, uyasishintsha isihloko asinikeze igama elithi The Murmurs, ngaphansi kwethonya izincwadi zaseYurophu ezinikezwa umbhali, ikakhulukazi imisebenzi yababhali abanjengoWilliam Faulkner kanye noHalldór Laxness.
Lapho le noveli iphela, uRulfo wayengenayo imali. Ngenhlanhla, wathola umfundaze eSikhungweni Sababhali SaseMexico owamvumela ukuthi awuqede phakathi kuka-1953 no-1954. Ngo-1955 yavela njengencwadi.
Kwashicilelwa amakhophi ayizinkulungwane ezimbili ale noveli engavamile. Kwathengiswa inkulungwane kuphela kwathi abanye baphiwa. Naphezu kwalesi simo le noveli yahunyushelwa olimini lwesiJalimane, isiSwidi, isiNgisi, isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, isiPolish, isiNorwegian nesiFinnish.
Naphezu kokubhekwa njengomsebenzi wakhe omkhulu, kwakukhona abafundi abadidekile ngenxa yokushintsha kwesakhiwo esivamile le noveli eyethulwa, nokho, ukuhlaziya kwakamuva kubonisa ubukhosi balo msebenzi, eMexico nasemhlabeni wonke. umhlaba.
Kulolu hlelo lwemibono, ababhali abadumile abanjengoJorge Luis Borges babhekise kule noveli, bethi:
“UPedro Páramo ungenye yamanoveli aphambili ezincwadini zolimi lwesi-Hispanic, ngisho nakuzo zonke izincwadi."
Abanye ababhali, okuhlanganisa abawine uMklomelo KaNobel wezincwadi uGabriel García Márquez (1982) kanye no-Octavio Paz (1990) bayibeke kuhlu njengenye yezincwadi ezilandiswa kakhulu ezincwadini zomhlaba. Sikumema ukuthi ufunde kulesi sixhumanisi izincwadi ezihamba phambili zika-Octavio Paz Uhlu lwezincwadi ezingu-20 ezihamba phambili zika-Octavio Paz
Iqhude legolide
Lo msebenzi uyinoveli yesibili ebhalwe nguJuan Rulfo. Yahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningana njengesiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, isiJalimane nesiPutukezi. Yanyatheliswa ngo-1980 futhi yaphinde yanyatheliswa ngo-2010.
Yinoveli exoxa ngendaba yendoda ethanda ukulwa namaqhude, uDionisio Pinzón, nomculi ogama lakhe linguBernarda Cutiño, owaziwa ngelikaLa Caponera.
Ngemva kokudlula ebunzimeni obuningi, ephila ngobumpofu waze walahla unina ogulayo ukuze anakekele iqhude aliphiwe, uyaphumelela ezimpini ezinqotshwa iqhude.
Uhlangana noBernarda, uwuhlobo lwe-amulet njengoba noma iqhude lakhe lifa empini, liqala ukunqoba kweminye imidlalo yamathuba. Bashada futhi banendodakazi. Kodwa-ke, impilo eholwa nguDionisio kanye nempilo yokunganyakazi iletha uBernarda ukucindezeleka okukhulu futhi imholele ekudakweni, okubangela ukufa kwakhe.
Ngalo mcimbi u-Dionisio ulahlekelwa inhlanhla futhi ngaleyo ndlela ingcebo yakhe, okuholela ekuzibulaleni. Indodakazi yabo igcina isifana nonina, icula emicimbini eyaziwa ngokuthi yipalenques.
Umlando kaJuan Rulfo
UJuan Rulfo, indodana kaJuan Nepomuceno Pérez Rulfo noMaría Vizcaíno Arias, wazalwa ngoMeyi 16, 1917 esifundeni saseJalisco, eMexico. Igama lakhe eliphelele uJuan Nepomuceno Carlos Pérez Rulfo Vizcaíno
Uyise wabulawa ngo-1923, phakathi neMpi kaCristero, lapho uJuan eseneminyaka eyi-6 nje.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-10 ubudala, unina washona, wamshiya ngaphansi kokunakekelwa kukagogo wakhe.
ebuntwaneni nasebusheni
Edolobheni laseSan Gabriel, umkhakha ayehlala kuwo nabazali bakhe, waqala izifundo zakhe zamabanga aphansi.
Ngemva kokushona kukanina, ugogo wakhe wathuthela eGuadalajara futhi, engenazo izinsiza zokumsekela, wabhalisa ekhaya lezintandane likaLuis Silva. Lapho ufunda iziqu zakhe, nakuba ayengeneme kuleyo ndawo.
Ngonyaka ka-1933, wazama ukungena eNyuvesi yaseGuadalajara, nokho, akakwazanga ukukwenza lokho ngenxa yeziteleka ezazisenzeka edolobheni ngaleso sikhathi.
Wathuthela eMexico City lapho afunda khona iColegio de San Ildefonso njengomlaleli.
Indlela yomsebenzi
EMexico City, uqala ukusebenza kuNobhala kaHulumeni waseMexico.
Lesi sikhundla simnikeza ithuba lokuhamba ezweni lonke, ukwazi amasiko nokusondelana nabantu kuyamgqugquzela ukuthi abhale ezinye izindaba.
Ngo-1934 waqala ukubhala izincwadi zakhe futhi ahlanganyele kulo magazini América.
Maqondana nempilo yakhe yomuntu siqu neyemizwa, washada noClara Aparicio. Izingane ezine zazalwa kulobu budlelwano (uClaudia Berenice, uJuan Francisco, uJuan Pablo noJuan Carlos).
UJuan Rulfo nesithandwa sakhe saphakade, umkakhe uClara
Izici zeJuan Rulfo Works
UJuan Rulfo, naye owagqama kwezinye izindawo, siyakutshela ngezinye izici ngezansi:
Isazi-mlando
Ngalo mqondo, uJuan Rulfo wabhala incwadi mayelana nokunqotshwa kanye nekoloni yaseNueva Galicia, indawo esaziwa namuhla ngokuthi iJalisco.
Imibono kaRulfo isho ukubaluleka kokwazi okwedlule ngoba ngale ndlela kukhona ukuhlonza nokuhambisana nendawo esiphuma kuyo, okungukuthi, ukwazi ngemvelaphi yethu njengezakhamuzi zendawo, ngale ndlela uthando nomdlandla mayelana nemvelaphi yethu. indawo lapho umuntu azalelwa khona.
Umthwebuli zithombe
Phakathi kuka-1946 no-1952 wangenela ukuthwebula izithombe, wasebenza enkampanini yakwaGoodrich-Euzkadi, wabe esedlulela endaweni yokukhangisa, esebenzisana ekuthuthukisweni komgodi wePapaloapan nokwenza izinhlelo ze-Instituto Nacional Indigenista.
UJuan Rulfo, ushicilele ezinye izincwadi ezinezithombe zakhe, izithombe ezenziwe umlobi, lapho ungabona khona izindawo, izakhiwo, amadolobha, abangani abangababhali nomndeni.
Bese sikumema ukuthi ubukele okulandelayo okulalelwayo nokubonwayo nezithombe zikaJuan Rulfo
umbhali wefilimu
Ngesicelo somqondisi wefilimu, u-Emilio Fernández, wenza imibhalo ethile yamafilimu. Wayesekelwa omunye umbhali waseMexico uJuan José Arreola.
Ngo-1964, uCarlos Fuentes noGabriel García Márquez baguqule umdlalo othi, El gallo de oro ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaRoberto Gavaldón.
Imiklomelo nokuhlonishwa
UJuan Rulfo wathola imiklomelo eminingi ngemisebenzi yakhe, esizobala phakathi kwayo:
I-Xavier Villaurrutia Award ngo-1955 ngenoveli yakhe ethi Pedro Páramo
Umklomelo Kazwelonke Wezincwadi ngo-1970
Ilungu le-Mexican Academy of Language 1980
U-Rulfo uthole indondo yeNkosana yase-Asturias evela eSpain ngo-1983.
Ngo-1985, iNational Autonomous University of Mexico yamqoka uDokotela Honoris Causa.
Ukufa
NgoJanuwari 7, 1896, lo mbhali ovelele washona, eyisisulu somdlavuza wamaphaphu, eshiya isikhala esikhulu ezincwadini zomhlaba wonke.
Ukuhlonishwa kukaJuan Rulfo. Indlu Yezamasiko eSayula, eMexico.