Ama-nymphs ezinkuni, onkulunkulu abancane bemvelo

I-Las izinyoni wehlathi bayizidalwa ezimangalisayo, ezazalwa ngamandla emvelo. Isithombe sakhe sichazwa ngumzimba wesifazane omuhle kakhulu futhi onobuhle obungagugi, kulesi sihloko sizokutshela konke mayelana nalaba nkulunkulu abancane.

Nymph

Ama-nymphs ezinkuni ngokwezinganekwane zamaGreki angonkulunkulukazi besifazane abanezinga eliphansi futhi abahlala endaweni ehilelekile nemvelo, ngoba yilapho bevela khona, okungukuthi, bahlala ezintabeni, emifuleni, emachibini noma emahlathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babebizwa ngokuthi ama-Olympians, ngoba babizwa onkulunkulu base-Olympus ukuba bahlangane nabo, futhi babengamadodakazi UZeyusi.

Zinhle izintombi ezihlala nqunu ezinye zinqunu, zijabule kakhulu, ziyacula ziyasina futhi ziyathanda. Zivame ukuhlala ezintabeni, emifuleni, emachibini, kuye ngokuthi zihlala kuphi zibizwa Nereids, Oreads y naiads, ezinye izimbongi zazichaza kafushane ngazo futhi zazivame ukuthi izinwele zazo ziwumbala wolwandle.

Lezi zidalwa ezithandekayo azikwazi ukuthi kuyini ukuguga, futhi azibulawa yinoma yisiphi isifo. Futhi ngokuvamile bazala abantwana bonkulunkulu, laba bayoba abangafi, nakuba bengafi, ngoba empeleni bangafa ngezindlela eziningi. Kodwa imbongi yesiGreki eyaziwa ngokuthi Homer, Wayekholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi lezi zidalwa ezimangalisayo zazingenakufa futhi wakuveza encwadini yakhe edumile I-Iliad futhi ngenxa yokuthi babengonkulunkulukazi futhi babekhonzwa ngemihlatshelo, ubhala lokhu encwadini yakhe I-odyssey.

Lapho Homer wenza incazelo eningiliziwe mayelana neminye imidlalo yama-nymphs lapho ehamba Artemis, unkulunkulukazi wamahlathi, ngendlela efanayo ababedansa ngayo, becula futhi beluka izingubo ezinhle, kuyilapho bebuka ikusasa labantu abafayo. Ngokwezinye izinganekwane zamaGreki, ama-nymphs ayesiza abanye onkulunkulu abayinhloko, njengababi Apollo noma futhi uNkulunkulu wewayini wesifazane owaziwa ngokuthi Dionisio.

Ngendlela efanayo basiza onkulunkulu abakhohlakele njenge Pan y Hermes. Umshado wasenganekwaneni phakathi kwe-nymph nenzalamizi wawuqhutshwa kaningi futhi lezi zazidume kakhulu, ngoba le nyunyana yayivame ukunikeza amandla amaningi enkosini nozalo lwakhe.

I-Etymology

Ama-nymphs ezinkuni afanekisela izenzo ezidalwe yimvelo ukuze zidale futhi ziduduze, cishe njalo zihlotshaniswa nokuthutheleka kweziphethu. Yile ndlela isazi sezinganekwane zamaGreki u-walter burkert, uma iveza:

“Umqondo wokuthi le mifula ingonkulunkulu bezinganekwane zamaGreki nokuthi imithombo iyiminyovu yaphezulu, awugxilile nje ezinkondlweni kodwa nasezinkolelweni nasemikhubeni; ukukhulekelwa kwalaba nkulunkulu kunqunyelwe kuphela iqiniso lokuthi bahlotshaniswa ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nendawo ethile”.

Kufanele kwengezwe ukuthi ngesiGreki igama νύμφη imele umakoti nezimboziwe, okusho ukuthi uyintokazi esencane eseneminyaka yokugana. Futhi ngokusho Hesychius wase-Alexandria,  νύμφη kusho i-rosebud.

Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo

Imimoya yamaGreki ama-nymphs yayixhunyaniswe negama lesiLatini elithi "genius loci", okuyimimoya evikelayo, futhi izikhathi eziningi kwakunezinkinga eziningi ekudluliseleni amahlelo, okwakubonakala ngokucacile enganekwaneni eyaholela ku-nymph. U-Arethusa eSicily. Kukhona izimbongi ezithile zesiLatini ngesiGreki, ezichaza ukuthi ukumuncwa kwenzeka ngokuqhubekayo nangezigaba, konkulunkulu bomdabu base-Italy emithonjeni nasenkambweni amanzi ayithatha (Juturna, Egeria, Carmenta, Fonto).

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-nymphs amaGreki ayezalelwa ku-Lumpae noma onkulunkulukazi bamanzi base-Italy, babekwazi ukubonana nakuba amagama abo ayefana. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa okunikezwa yizimbongi zaseRoma kwaba nethonya elikhulu kweminye yemikhosi kanye nezinkolo zama-nymphs ngabanye, ababehlonishwa abalimi emithonjeni nasemihosheni yaseLatium. Futhi vakashela okuqukethwe kwethu ku Izingelosi ezinkulu.

Ukuhlukaniswa nokukhulekela

Ama-nymphs ayehlukaniswa ngamaqembu amakhulu, nakuba ayengapheli. Eqenjini lokuqala kwakukhona bonke ababebhekwa njengonkulunkulu ophansi futhi ababeqashelwa nangamahlelo ababewenza endalweni. Eqinisweni, amanye amaGreki asendulo athi izenzakalo ezenzeka emvelweni kwakungenxa yokuthi ngandlela-thile kwakukhona unkulunkulu.

Kubo, izinto ezazivame kakhulu, njengemifula, imigede, imithombo, izintaba nezihlahla, zazinokuphila futhi yingakho zaziyimifanekiso ecacile yezithunywa eziningi zaphezulu.

Lokho kusho ukuthi wonke amandla indalo eyayinawo, kuhlanganise nezinzuzo zayo, kwakuwukwenziwa samuntu konkulunkulu abaningi kanye nayo yonke imizwa umuntu angaba nayo lapho ecabanga ngombono othile obabazekayo wemvelo njengenjabulo noma injabulo, ukwesaba noma ukwethuka, kwakubangelwa izenzo zonkulunkulu bemvelo.

Ngokuqondene neqembu lesibili lama-nymphs, ayemelela izizwe, izinhlanga kanye nezifunda eKhurene, phakathi kokunye. Iqembu lokuqala le-nymphs laphinde lahlukaniswa laba yizinhlobo eziningana, konke kuncike ezingxenyeni zemvelo ezimele:

Ama-Nymphs we-elementi yamanzi

Kumelwe siqale siqambe ama-nymphs olwandle, i Ama-Oceanids (Ὠκεανίδε) noma ama-sea nymphs, ababewathatha njengamadodakazi olwandle, akhona futhi ama-nymphs oLwandle iMedithera futhi kwakukholelwa ukuthi angamadodakazi Nereusyingakho bebizwa Nereids (Νηρεΐδες). Ukumelwa kwemifula kwakuyingxenye ye Ama-Pothamide (Ποταμηΐδες), futhi njengoba babengabonkulunkulu bendawo babhapathizwa kuye ngomfula, njengoba Ama-Acheloids, ama-Anigrides, ama-Amnisíades o Ama-Pactolides.

Lezi zinyosi zamanzi ahlanzekile, njengemifula, amachibi, imifudlana noma imithombo, zinegama elithi naiads (Νηΐδες), kodwa futhi babenamagama abo njengathi ama-creneas (Isihlava), I-Pegeas (i-Πηγαῖαι), I-Limnatides (Λιμνατίδες) noma Ama-Limnades (Λιμνάδες). Izilwane ezifuywayo zemifula yase-Underworld zibizwa ngokuthi "ama-nymphs of the infernal swamp" yingakho igama labo lesiLatini lalibizwa ngokuthi. I-Nymphae infernae paludis futhi i indawo yokuhlala ayebusa amanzi noma imithombo.

Babekholelwa ukuthi baphefumulela abantu abaphuza emanzini abo, ngoba kwakukhona izinkolelo eziningi zokuthi ama-nymphs agcwele amandla amaningi. Abapristi noma ababhuli bakhangwa yilezi zinkolelo futhi yingakho babevame ukuphuza emanzini, babizwa ngokuthi "nymphilepts" (νυμφύληπτοι). Ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi abantu abaningi bebeya kophuza la manzi aphuma kule mithombo ngoba bebenenkolelo yokuthi abasiza ngempilo yabo, ngoba ngemuva kokuphuza la manzi amangalisayo impilo yabo iba ngcono kakhulu.

Yingakho-ke abantu babekhonza iminyufu emanzini namanzi ama-hydriades, kanye I-Dionysus y idemitha, onkulunkulu bamaGreki, ngoba nabo bakhonza ukunisela utshani futhi bacime ukoma kwazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo futhi lokho kwagcwalisa izibusiso eziningi kuzo zonke izidalwa ezazihlala lapho, yingakho babehlale bekhokha intela, bebanika izinkulumo eziningi, amagama nezichasiso ezinjengalezi. καρποτρόφοι, αἰπολικαί, νόμιαι ('amagama'), κουροτρόφοι ('kerotrophs') nabanye.

Ithonya elikhulu laqoqwa kuyo yonke indalo futhi yingakho babehlobene eduze nabanye onkulunkulu abaphakeme njengabo. Apollo, unkulunkulu ongokwesiprofetho owayevikela imihlambi yezinkomo nezimvu, kanye Ibhulashi lesage, ukuthi wayengumzingeli nokuthi wayevikela ihlathi, ngoba wake waba i-arcadia nymph, naye Hermes obengunkulunkulu wemihlambi; UDionisio lowo onesinkwa ne Silenus futhi i satyrs, ababehlanganyela nabo emidansweni nasemadilini.

Amanymphs ezintaba nemigede

Lezi zinyosi zazibizwa Oreads (Ὀρειάδες) kanye I-Orodemanias (Ὀροδεμνιάδες) futhi babevame ukuwabiza ngamagama athile asuselwa ezintabeni lapho behlala khona, njengokuthi Ama-Cytheronides (Κιθαιρωνίδες), Ama-Peliades (Πηλιάδες) kanye I-Corycias (Isiphetho).

Ama-nymphs emahlathini, ama-groves nezimfunda

Kwabizwa ama-wood nymphs ama-alseides (i-Ἀλσηΐδες), Ὑληωροί, I-Auloniades (Αὐλωνιάδες) kanye napeas (Ναπαῖαι), futhi abantu abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi babevame ukubonakala besabisa labo ababenomkhuba wokuhamba bodwa. Iminyovu yesihlahla nayo bekukholelwa ukuthi ikhona, kuthiwa lezi zinyonyo ngesikhathi zifa, zenza kanjalo nesihlahla ezavela ngaso nalapho zahlala khona kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwazo.

Lawa ma-nymphs aqanjwa ngokuthi, Adrianes (Ἀδρυάδες) noma Dryads (Δρυάδες), azihlali nje kuphela ezihlahleni ze-oki, kodwa zingathola nendawo yokuhlala esihlahleni esihle nesibabazekayo.

Iqembu lesibili lama-nymphs

Leli qembu lesibili labelwa igama kuye ngokuthi lihlobene ngaphi, lingabizwa ngalo Nisiades, Dodonidas o I-Lemnias. Nabo bahlobene kakhulu nezinye izinhlanga yingakho bebuye babizwe Νύμφαι χθόνιαι.

Lawa ma-nymphs asehlathini ayedunyiswa kakhulu, enikela imihlatshelo njengezimbuzi, amawundlu, ubisi namafutha, kodwa ungalokothi iwayini. Ayekhulekelwa futhi ehlonishwa ngama-altare ahlukene abawakha ezindaweni eziningi kulo lonke elaseGreece, lawa ma-altare ayese-Olympia, e-Attica, eMegara, eCirtones, eSisión naseFliunte.

esikweni lanamuhla

Njengamanje emasikweni angaleso sikhathi, ama-nymphs abaluleke kakhulu, aziwa ngaphezu kwanoma yini enganekwaneni yamaGreki. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngezansi:

ifolklore yamaGreki yesimanje

Abantu abaningi eGreece lasendulo babeqiniseka ukuthi ama-nymphs ayesaphila ezindaweni eziningi kuleli zwe, ngisho nangekhulu lama-XNUMX, futhi ayewaqaphela kahle kakhulu, ngoba ayengabo. nereids. Umlobi UJohn Cuthbert Lawson Ngaleso sikhathi wabika okulandelayo:

“… cishe alikho indawo noma idolobhana kulo lonke elaseGreece lapho abesifazane bengathathi khona izinyathelo zokuphepha ezenzweni zokweba nobubi bamaNereids, kuyilapho amadoda amaningi eqhubeka nokutholakala alandisa ngokwethembeka izindaba zobuhle, inkanuko kanye ne-caprice. Akuyona nje indaba yokholo: izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ngike ngaba semadolobheni lapho amaNereid athile aye abonwa abantu abambalwa (okungenani babethi), futhi kwaba khona ukuqondana okumangalisayo phakathi kofakazi ekuchazeni ukubukeka kwabo nokugqoka kwabo.^"

Izinyamazana zasehlathini zazithanda ukuya ezindaweni ezikhatshana labantu, yizo kuphela ezaba lenhlanhla yokuhlangana lomunye wazo, kwakungamadoda ayezihambela yedwa emaphethelweni alawo madolobha, ajabulela ukulalela imizwa yawo. umculo nemidanso, bawahlola imini nobusuku, begeza nasemifuleni.

Abanye abantu bebethi ukuhlangana nenswenko kusho ukuthi bangaba sengozini enkulu, bavele bayithanda baze basangana, abanye baba yisimungulu noma baphathwe yi-aplexy. Kwaba kakhulu kangangokuthi uma abazali babeqiniseka ukuthi ingane yabo yayiloyiwe enye yalezi, bavele bathandaza kuye I-Saint Artemidos ukuze kuqedwe umlingo, kuthiwa baningi abafa ngenxa yalokhu kuthatheka.

izincazelo zocansi

Ngokuvamile ezinganekwaneni, ama-nymphs avame ukumelelwa njengabesifazane abahle abangakwazi ukugcina ubuhlobo, kokubili nabesifazane nabesilisa, ngaphansi kwentando yabo. Leli gama livame ukusetshenziswa kubantu abanokuziphatha okufanayo, okushiya amadoda ngaphandle, kunjalo.

Enye yezinganekwane ezaziwa kakhulu zezinganekwane zamaGreki yileyo ka Eurydice y I-Orpheus,okusho lokho I-Orpheus Wayehlala ehlukunyezwa yizinja ngenxa yengoma yakhe emnandi, kodwa kwathi lapho belahlwa yilo nkulunkulu, balahlekelwa izingqondo zabo futhi kwakungekho umphumela omuhle.

Kungakho igama elithi “nymphomania” lathi izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zesimanje zathi libonisa isifiso sobulili futhi liqhubeke nokuba nobuhlobo bobulili kaningi, kangangokuthi libhekwa njengento ephawulekayo ngokomtholampilo. Ochwepheshe nabo namuhla bayinikeze elinye igama elithi "hypersexuality" ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okuvamile okwakunikezwa "nymphomania", nokuthi ingasetshenziswa kubo bobabili ubulili.

Baqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi “nymphet” ukuze babhekisele emantombazaneni ayethanda ucansi. Leli gama laduma ngenxa yenoveli lolita de UVladimir Nabokov, lapho umlingiswa oyinhloko esebenzisa leli gama izikhathi eziningi lapho ebhekisela kulo lolitha.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-nymphs

Kunezinhlobo ezehlukene zeminyuzi, ezihlala ezindaweni ezahlukene ehlathini. Amagama alawa ma-nymphs asuselwa kulezo zindawo ezihlala kuzo ngakho-ke ahlukaniswa kanje:

Izihlahla zezinkuni nomhlabathi

I-dryads noma i-nymphs yasehlathini imimoya ye-oki nezihlahla ezinkulu ezitholakala emahlathini, lezi zinyosi ziyizidalwa ezimangalisayo ezizalwa ngamandla emvelo, amagama azo nezincazelo zilandelayo:

• I-Alseides, leli gama lanikezwa labo ababehlobene nemihosha, izihlathi.
• I-Auloníades, igama lama-nymphs ahlotshaniswa notshani.
• I-Leimáchides noma i-Limónides, lena yindlela abavikeli bezimfunda ababonakala ngayo.
• I-Napeas, iyindlela yokubona ama-nymphs ezigodini zezintaba nemihosha.
• I-Oréades noma i-Orestíades, isetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kuma-nymphs wezintaba nemigede.
• Ama-nymphs amahlathi nezitshalo.
• I-Anthousai, iyindlela engcono kakhulu yokubona ama-flower nymphs.
• I-Dryads, yileyo ndlela ama-nymphs esihlahla azazisa ngayo.
• I-Hadríades noma i-Hadríades, ezinye izinketho zokuhlonza ama-nymphs esihlahla.
• I-Daphneas, ukuze ukwazi ukubona ama-nymphs asesihlahleni se-laurel.
• Ama-Epimelíades noma ama-Epimélides, la magama ayesetshenziselwa ukuhlonza ama-nymphs avikela imihlambi.
• Boucolai, ngaleyo ndlela ama-nymphs wobufundisi ahlonzwa.
• I-Kissiae, yama-nymphs ahlobene ne-ivy.
• I-Melias, lawa ama-nymphs ahlobene nezihlahla zomlotha.
• Hyleoroi, lezi kwakuyizinkumbi eziqaphile zasehlathini.

Ama-nymphs amanzi (amanzi ahlanzekile)

Lezi zinyosi zizalwa emifuleni nasemachibini anamanzi ahlanzekile, imithombo, imifudlana, imithombo, imithombo namachibi. Empeleni lezi zinyosi zingamadodakazi amanzi, ngezansi sizosho amagama azo nokuthi zihlobene nani:

• AmaCrene, yilawo ahlobene nemithombo nemithombo.
• Ama-Heleades, ahlobene namaxhaphozi namaxhaphozi.
• I-Limnades noma i-Limnátides, ingatholakala emachibini.
• I-Pegeas, itholakala emithonjeni nasezimpophomeni.
• Ama-Potámide, lawa atholakala emifudlaneni nasemifudlaneni.
• I-Oceánidas, yilezo zinhlwathi ezitholakala emifuleni; odadewabo base-Oceanids.
• Ama-Oceánides, ama-nymphs ahlobene namanzi anosawoti.
• Nereids, amadodakazi angama-50 Nereus, uLwandle iMedithera.
• Izilwane ezifuywayo, zazihlala esiqhingini saseMedithera esiphambi kweSorrento.

Ama-Nymphs angaphansi komhlaba

Lawa ama-nymphs azalwa ngokuqondile ezweni lobumnyama nemimoya, ngokuvamile ahlotshaniswa nobuthakathi nezibani. Ama-nymphs aziwa kakhulu angaphansi komhlaba amaLampades, abangabangane bawo I-Hecate, unkulunkulukazi wezipoki nemimoya. Nawa ama-nymphs aziwayo angaphansi komhlaba:

• AmaCocythias amadodakazi kankulunkulu womfula uCocytus.
• Lampades, bonke labo ababephethe izibani embuthanweni we Hecate.
• Cabírides, banjalo odade base- izimbuzi.
• I-Hecaterides, igama lalabo abahlobene nomdanso we-rustic; osisi baka i-dactyl, omama be Oreads kanye namaSatyrs.
• UMelissa, izinyosi; iqembu elincane le Oreads o Ama-Epimelides.
• I-Maenads noma i-Bacaes noma i-Bacchantes, lawa ama-nymphs aphithizelayo we-retinue I-Dionysus.
• Lenas, basebenza isikhamo sewayini.
• Mimalones, labo abenza umculo.
• Naides, owaziwa nangokuthi uNayádes.
• I-Tíades noma i-Tías, bonke labo ababethwala i-thyrsus, induku embozwe ngamahlamvu afana nentonga yobukhosi.
• Muses, yibo ababemele lokho okuhlobene nenkumbulo, ulwazi kanye nobuciko.
• Themides, amadodakazi ka Zeus y Themis, abaprofethi nabaqaphi bezinto ezithile zaphezulu.

iminyovu yasezulwini

Lezi ziyizinyosi ezizalwa ezinkanyezini. Zihlala phakathi kwemimoya ehelezayo neziphepho eziyisiphepho, emafwini nasemoyeni. Bangamadodakazi asezulwini njalo asemoyeni. Nanka amagama nezincazelo zawo:

• I-Auras, i-Aurae noma i-Aurai, 'imimoya', ebizwa nangokuthi i-Aetae noma i-Pnoae.
• I-Asterias, 'izinkanyezi'.
• Atlantis, amadodakazi ka I-Atlas.
• Hesperides, infas of the west, amadodakazi ka Atlas.
• I-Egle, kusho 'ukukhanya' noma 'ubuhle'.
• AmaHyade, kwakungalawo ma-nymphs enza imvula.
• Pleiades, lawa kwakungamadodakazi eminyamfu Atlas y I-Pleyone, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Oreads.
• UMaya, ngaleli gama wayaziwa unina ka Hermes con Zeus.
• I-Nepheles, ehlobene namafu.

Ekugcineni, ividiyo elandelayo inikeza ulwazi olwengeziwe ukuhambisana nakho konke okuqukethwe esikuqokomise kulesi sihloko mayelana nama-nymphs ezinkuni. Uma usithandile isihloko sethu, sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda ngaso. IPhoenix, esinye isidalwa esimangalisayo.