Ukunyakaza koMhlaba kuhlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezi-5, ezikhonjwa njengokunyakaza kokuzungeza, ukuhumusha, ukubikezela, ukuguquguquka futhi ekugcineni ukugungqa kuka-Chandler. Esihlokweni esilandelayo sizokwazi kuyini ukunyakaza komhlaba, ngayinye yezinqubo zayo zemvelo nokunye okuningi.
Iyini i-Earth Movement?
Abanye abantu bazozibuzaMingaki iminyakazo yomhlaba?? Esiphendula kukho ngokuthi iPlanethi Yomhlaba yenza uchungechunge lokunyakaza okukhethekile, okubonisa amazinga ahlukene ngenxa yokuqina kwawo kwemvelo. Ukunyakaza komhlaba yilokhu:
- Ukunyakaza okujikelezayo
- Ukunyakaza kokuhumusha
- I-Precession Movement
- Nutation Movement
- Chandler Wobble
Ukunyakaza okujikelezayo
Lolu hlobo lokuhamba komhlaba yilona olubonakala ngokujika i-axis yasemhlabeni, ehlukanisa indawo engaphezulu ibe yi-2 extremes eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-Poles. Ukujikeleza okushiwoyo kwenziwa ukusuka entshonalanga kuye empumalanga, okungukuthi, umuntu obuka emkhathini phezu kwesigxobo esisenyakatho yomhlaba, angakwazi ukubona lokhu kunyakaza njengokujikeleza kwe-levorotatory, okusho ukuthi kuphambene newashi.
Lapho iplanethi engumhlaba iphenduka ngokuphelele, izinkanyezi zithathwa njengereferensi noma indawo yokuqala, lapho ukuzungeza kuthatha amahora angu-23, imizuzu engu-56 nemizuzwana engu-4,1, okubizwa ngokuthi usuku oluseceleni. Manje esimweni lapho iLanga lithathwa njengereferensi, i-meridian izodlula ngaphambili kwenkanyezi njalo ngamahora angama-24, okubizwa ngokuthi iSolar Day.
Umehluko phakathi kokuthi "3 h kanye namaminithi angu-56" yingoba phakathi nalesi sikhathi iplanethi yomhlaba isithuthuke emzileni wayo futhi kufanele ijikelezise kancane okungaphezu kosuku olungu-1 oluseceleni ukuze kuqedelwe lolu suku lwelanga.
ILanga laliyinkomba eyinhloko umuntu ayithatha, lapho ukunyakaza kwakhe okucatshangwayo kwenziwa ekujikelezeni kwePlanethi Yomhlaba, okunquma kokubili imini nobusuku, okusho ukuthi isibhakabhaka sihambahamba emhlabeni.
Ekusetshenzisweni kolimi okungezona ezesayensi, igama elithi usuku lisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela enkathini isayensi yezinkanyezi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Solar Day, futhi ehambisana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Solar Time.
Ukunyakaza kokuhumusha
I-Movement of Translation iba lapho umhlaba uzungeza kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-elliptical orbit ezungeza iLanga cishe ezinsukwini ezingama-365 futhi cishe amahora ayi-6 ngaphansi, lokhu kusho ukuthi kwenza umnyakazo ongu-1 wonke.
Kumuntu obuka esemkhathini phezu kwesigxobo esisenyakatho ye ukwakheka komhlaba, lolu hlobo lokunyakaza nalo luyinxele, okusho ukuthi luhamba ngokuphambene newashi futhi uma lubukwa kusukela eSouth Pole yomhlaba, lolu hlobo lokunyakaza lubizwa ngokuthi kwesokudla, okusho ukuthi, ngendlela yewashi.
Ngokweqiniso lokuthi ikhalenda lihlale libhalisa izinsuku eziphelele ezingama-365, ukuqala konyaka kuyenyuka, okusho ukuthi njalo eminyakeni emine, kuba khona unyaka obizwa ngokuthi iLeap, okuyilona oqukethe izinsuku ezingama-4 ngonyaka, lokhu kungenxa yalokho. ayibheki ukuthi iyini i-equinoctical precession.
Okubangela umnyakazo wokuhumusha isenzo esivezwa amandla adonsela phansi futhi yiso esibangela uchungechunge lwezinguquko, ngendlela efanayo nosuku, oluvumela ukuba kulinganiswe isikhathi.
Manje, uma sithatha njengephuzu lokubhekisela ngenkanyezi enkulu yesimiso sonozungezilanga, okungukuthi iLanga, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi unyaka wasezindaweni ezishisayo, okuyinkathi ebalulekile ukuze phakathi nonyaka ngamunye owaziwayo. Izinkathi zonyaka, ngakho unyaka nonyaka zizophindwa ngaphandle kwenkinga.
Lo nyaka wezindawo ezishisayo uthatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-365, amahora angu-5 namaminithi angu-48 namasekhondi angu-45 "5:48:45". Ukunyakaza okuchazwayo kunohlobo lwe-elliptical-trajectory elinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-930 km, ekuhambeni kweLanga okulinganiselwa ku-150 million km, okungakalwa ngokuthi 1 AU, okuyiYunithi Yezinkanyezi cishe eyi-149.597.871. 8.317 km , noma imizuzu engaba ngu-XNUMX yokukhanya.
Kusuka kulokhu lapho kuphethwa khona ngokuthi iPlanethi Yomhlaba ihamba emzileni wayo ngesivinini esilinganiselwe esingamakhilomitha angaba ngu-106.200 ngehora «km/h» okufana namakhilomitha angaba ngu-29,5 ngomzuzwana «km/s». Ukuzungeza komhlaba kuvame ukuba yi-elliptical. I-Solo ivamise ukuthatha u-1 we-foci ye-ellipse futhi ngenxa yobuningi be-orbit, indlela phakathi kwePlanethi Yomhlaba kanye neLanga iyahlukahluka phakathi nonyaka.
Ekuqaleni kwenyanga kaJanuwari, ukusondelana okukhulu neLanga kufinyelelwa, okukhiqiza i-Perihelion, okwamanje lapho uhambo lungaba yizigidi ezingu-147,5 km, kanti ekuqaleni kwenyanga kaJulayi kungenzeka ukufinyelela. ibanga layo eliphezulu, elibizwa nge-aphelion, lapho uhambo lungaba izigidi ezingu-152,6 km. I-axis yomhlaba yenza i-engeli ye-ecliptic evamile cishe engu-23,5°.
Lolu hlobo lokutsheka, oluhambisana nokunyakaza kokuhumusha, yikho okukhiqiza isikhathi eside sezinyanga ezimnyama nezilula ezinwetshiwe ezigxotsheni zeJografi yoMhlaba, ngaphandle nje kokuthi lezi ziyimbangela enkulu yezinkathi zonyaka, ezisukela izinguquko ze-engeli yesigameko semisebe yeLanga kanye nokuthi iyini ubude besikhathi samahora okukhanya akhiqiza ukuthambekela okushiwo.
Esingakwazi ukuhumusha ukuthi lolu hlobo lwe-angle luyimbangela eyinhloko yokuthi ezigxotsheni zomhlaba kunesikhathi sezinyanga ezingu-6 zobumnyama nezinyanga ezingu-6 zokukhanya. Ngakho-ke ngokuvamile kungenye yezinto ezinyakazayo kakhulu zomhlaba.
Ukunyakaza kwe-Precession of the Equinoxes
Okunye ukunyakaza komhlaba yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Precession of the Equinoxes, okuwushintsho oluncane futhi kancane kancane ekuqondeni kwe-axis of rotation of Planet Earth, okubangelwa ukunyakaza okubizwa ngokuthi i-precession movement. ngamandla asetshenziswa yisimiso esifanayo esithi “Earth – Sun” ngokuphathelene nomsebenzi wokuthambekela kwe-axis ejikelezayo yomhlaba ngokuphathelene nendiza yomzila, cishe u-23° 43’ okwamanje.
Umnyakazo wenziwa ngokuphelele njalo eminyakeni eyi-25.776, ukuze kuthi ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi njalo emakhulwini ayi-130 izinkathi zonyaka zizohlehliswa, nokho, umehluko phakathi kwalokho okuwunyaka we-sidereal kanye nonyaka oshisayo ungafakwa futhi ulungiswe yikhalenda likaGregory kanye umuntu obuka emkhathini, ophezu kwesigxobo esisenyakatho, uzofika ekuboneni njengokuzungeza kwesokudla okuhlanganisa indlela yewashi.
Endabeni yokutsheka kwe-eksisi yomhlaba, lokhu kuvame ukuhluka kusuka ku-23 ° kuya ku-27 °, ngoba kuzoxhomeka kwezinye izimbangela zakho konke ukunyakaza kwe-telluric. Cishe ngenyanga kaFebhuwari wonyaka wezi-2010, kwaqoshwa uhlobo oluthile lokuhluka phakathi kwe-axis yasemhlabeni engaba ngu-8 cm ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi, okwabangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba okubhalisiwe okucishe kube ngu-8,8 ° esikalini sikaRichter okwathinta isifunda saseChile. . Uma kuqhathaniswa namagagasi olwandle futhi ngenxa yalokho i-tsunami enkulu eyathinta iNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia ngo-2004, iyona eyasusa i-axis yomhlaba cishe ngo-17,8 cm.
Nutation Movement
Lokhu okuthiwa yi-precession movement kungenye indlela yomhlaba futhi kuba nzima nakakhulu uma kubhekwa ukunyakaza kwe-4, okubizwa ngokuthi i-Nutation Movement. Ngalesi sizathu, kwenzeka ngohlobo oluthile lomzimba onomumo olinganayo noma ngokulinganayo njengendilinga ezungeza ku-eksisi yayo; njengohlobo lwe-top noma abaningi abayaziyo njenge-spinning top, okungaba isibonelo esihle kakhulu, ngoba lapho iwa, i-precession iqala.
Ngenxa yokunyakaza kokuwa kwayo, i-spike ephezulu izophumula phansi ngamandla amaningi, ngendlela yokuthi iyanda amandla okusabela okuthe mpo, okuthi ekugcineni kube mkhulu kakhulu kunesisindo.
Uma lokhu kwenzeka, ingaphakathi lenqwaba ephezulu lisheshisa libheke phezulu. Le nqubo izophindwaphindwa, futhi ukunyakaza kuqala ukwakhiwa kwe-precession ezohambisana nohlobo lokuzulazula kwe-eksisi yokuzungezisa ibheke phansi futhi ibheke phezulu, okuvame ukuthola igama le-Nutation.
Chandler Wobble
Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuzungeza okuncane kwe-eksisi yokunyakaza kokuzungeza kweplanethi yethu okuvame ukwengeza cishe imizuzwana engu-0,7 ye-arc phakathi nesikhathi esiyizinsuku ezingu-433 kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Precession of the Equinoxes. Lokhu kunyakaza kwatholwa isazi sezinkanyezi esidumile somsuka waseMelika u-Seth Carlo Chandler ngo-1891, futhi okwamanje izimbangela eziwukhiqizayo akwaziwa, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kuye kwahlongozwa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokunyakaza.
Ukushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu okuyimbangela yezinguquko ekusabalaliseni kwesisindo somkhathi, kanye nokunyakaza okungenzeka kwe-geophysical engxenyeni engezansi yoqweqwe lomhlaba, kanye nokwehlukahlukana kokuhlangana kukasawoti omningi olwandle. Isamba se-Chandler Wobble kanye neminye imiphumela emincane ibizwa ngokuthi i-polar motion.
I-Perihelion Precession Motion
Kuyini ukunyakaza kokuhumusha, iplanethi yomhlaba ifika ekuchazeni i-ellipse njenge ukunyakaza komhlaba uzungeze ilanga, okuyiyona ethatha i-1 ye-foci yalokhu kusitheka kwelanga, nokho, enye ye-foci ayimi, kodwa ngendlela efanayo ijikeleza kancane nge-angle encane ye-3,84 arc imizuzwana ngekhulu leminyaka, ezungeze iLanga.
I-aphelion noma umzuzu webanga elikhulu kakhulu phakathi koMhlaba neLanga, nayo ingabhekana nalolu hlobo lokuthuthuka, olusaqhubeka nokufana nge-angularly, okuyinto evame ukuba nkulu nakakhulu. Lolu hlobo lokunyakaza lunenkathi ecishe ibe yiminyaka eyi-34.285.714.
Izinguquko ze-Orbital Zokunyakaza Komhlaba
Izinguquko ze-orbital yizo ezibala izinhlobo zemiphumela kumasethi ukuthi zonke izinguquko ekuhambeni koMhlaba yizo ezivusa isimo sezulu endaweni yezinkulungwane zeminyaka. Leli gama laqanjwa ngemva kocwaningo oluningi olwenziwe isazi sezinkanyezi esidumile saseSerbia uMilutin Milanković.
Ngonyaka ka-1920, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ukushintshashintsha okubangelwa yizinhlobo zezinguquko ze-cyclical kulokho okuyimisebe yelanga evame ukufika emhlabeni nokuthi konke lokhu kwakuzoba nomthelela omkhulu kumamodeli wezinguquko zesimo sezulu eplanethi enguMhlaba.
Amanye amathiyori ezinkanyezi afana nalawo ayethuthuke phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX ngamadoda aqashelwa njengoJoseph Adhemar, ngaphezu kukaJames Croll nabanye, nokho, ukuqinisekiswa kwakho kwaba nzima nakakhulu ngenxa yokuntuleka kolwazi. .yezinsalela ezibalulekile futhi ngenxa yokuthi kwakungacaci kahle ukuthi yiziphi izikhathi ezazibaluleke kakhulu esikhathini esidlule ukuze kuqinisekiswe.
Njengamanje, izinto zokwakheka komhlaba ezibhekise ebusweni bePlanethi Yomhlaba ezingakashintshi phakathi nezigidi zeminyaka zicutshungulwa yibo bonke ochwepheshe abakhulu ukuze bathole ukuthi yiziphi izinguquko esimweni sezulu seplanethi.
Nakuba iningi lala madoda libambelele embonweni we-Milankovitch hypothesis, kuneqembu elincane labacwaningi abathi imibono ebikezelwayo ingase ingakwazi ukuchaza lezi zenzakalo.
Milankovic imijikelezo
Isikhathi esidlule kanye nekusasa lemijikelezo yeMilanković yilokho okusiza ukuqonda isibikezelo sayo yonke imingcele ye-orbital edlulile futhi ezokwenzeka esikhathini esizayo ngendlela enembile. Ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi ze-orbital, njengoba kuba:
- I-obliquity ewukuthambekela kwe-orbital
- I-Eccentricity
- Ubude be-Periastron
- I-Equinoctical Precession Index
Okungukuthi, kanye nesibopho, yikho okulawula umjikelezo wesizini wokuthi yini i-insolation. Ngale ndlela, inani le-insolation libonakala libalwa usuku nosuku endaweni engaphezulu ye-atmosphere phakathi ne-solstice yasehlobo ezingeni le-latitude elingaba ngu-65º N.
Iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu okufanele licatshangelwe ukuthi Amandla Ayisisekelo Emvelo, ezicatshangelwa ngongoti abaningi kwazise zinomthelela kokunye ukuthi kuyini umnyakazo womhlaba.
Cishe amazinga ama-2 ahlukene aphakama ukuthi liyini izinga lolwandle kanye nezinga lokushisa lolwandle, lawa mazinga ama-2 afinyelelwa ngalokho abaningi abawazi ngokuthi yizinsalela zasolwandle kanti elinye likhishwa eqhweni lase-Antarctica, elithathwe ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwe-benthic kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yiqhwa. Itholakala engxenyeni engezansi yeVostok Russian Antarctica.