Izinganekwane zamaMaya mhlawumbe zithakazelisa kakhulu emlandweni waseMesoamerican. Kwakuyisiko eligcwele izinganekwane nezinsumansumane. Isici sayo esiyinhloko kwakuwukuthonywa kakhulu umlingo namandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, futhi yingakho igqama kwezinye. Izindaba zabo zihambisana nezindaba ezixoxwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Izinganekwane zabo, ngandlela thize, ziyisithombe sokuthi izimpilo zabo zazinjani kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngokujwayelekile.
Izinganekwane zamaMayan
Inombolo enkulu yemibhalo yamaMeya yabhujiswa lapho kufika abanqobi baseSpain, naphezu kwalokhu, izinganekwane zabo zasinda. Kuzo zonke izinganekwane zamaMaya kunezinguqulo eziningana, njengoba ziye zashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba zidluliselwa ngomlomo ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
Ngisho naleyo ebhalwe emibhalweni yesandla, ngesikhathi sekoloni, yathintwa umbono wamaKatolika enkolo. Laba basebenzise amalayisense athile okubhala futhi benza izinguquko eziningi.
Izinganekwane zamaMaya ziyasithakasela, futhi zisivumela ukuthi sibheke impilo, ukusetshenziswa namasiko aleli siko elimangalisayo. Okulandelayo, sizokwethula ezinye zezinganekwane ezivelele kakhulu. Ungase futhi uthande, Izinganekwane zaseBolivia.
Ama-Aluxes
Inganekwane ye- alux, ingenye ethandwa kakhulu futhi ivela enhlonhlweni yaseYucatan. Kuthiwa bayizidalwa ezincane, zadalwa ngodaka. Abantu babezifihla ukuze bazivikele futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kwakungavamile ukuba bakhe ubuhlobo obuseduze nomuntu owabadala. Ngokushesha nje lapho zenziwa, kuyilapho ubumba lukhuni, banikela ngezipho nemithandazo ukuze baphile.
Kwakuwulwazi oludumile ukuthi alux Babedlala abantu abangabazi, ngoba babethembekile kumnikazi noma umdali wabo kuphela. Uma umuzi womnikazi udayisiwe noma udluliselwe komunye umndeni, i alux Babonakala bethuka izingane. Indlela yendabuko yokushweleza omunye wabo, yizakhamuzi ezintsha zendlu, iwukubanikeza ukudla, ugwayi, ummbila noju.
Namuhla, inzalo yamaMeya iyaqhubeka nokudala aluxUkuze uvikeleke wena nomndeni wakho. Abavubukuli bathole lezi zithombe zobumba zangempela zangaleso sikhathi, eSamula naseDzitnup cenotes, eziseduze kakhulu neValladolid.
Asemaningi amakholwa ezinganekwaneni zamaMaya. Laba bantu bacabanga kanjalo alux, bangabathwali bokukhanya kwesintu, basinika amandla amakhulu kunalawo angokwesiko. Abasebona abavikeli nje kuphela, baphinde bawuhlobo lwabahlomuli. Lezi zidalwa zobumba cishe azibonakali, njengoba zishesha kakhulu futhi zilula njengomoya.
AmaMaya, nawo wonke amakholwa emasikweni awo, akholelwa ukuthi uma ecabangela futhi ehlonipha alux, lesi sidalwa sizobavikela futhi sinakekele impahla yabo.
I-Xtabay kanye nembali ye-Xtabentun.
Phakathi kwezinganekwane zamaMaya, inganekwane ye Xtabay kanye nembali ye Xtabentún. Indaba ithinta odade ababili abahle ngokwedlulele. Kokubili, abantu babenemibono ehluke kakhulu, omunye wabo wayaziwa njengesoni nodadewabo njengomuhle. Lokho kwakuwumbono ovamile wabantu bedolobhana ababehlala kulo.
Othathwa njengesoni, wayengafiswa muntu, ngoba wazinikela othandweni lwenyama. Kodwa wayethandwa ngempela abantu abanezinkinga zempilo nababuthaka kakhulu. Nokho, lo dade omuhle waziswa abantu basedolobheni. Noma kunjalo, ngaphakathi wayelukhuni kakhulu, wayengakwazi ukuthanda noma ubani eduze kwakhe.
ngelinye ilanga uyafa Xkeban, lo kwakungudade owayenedumela lokuthi uyisoni, nokho wayethola izivakashi ezivela yonke indawo, abantu babefika bezobonisa inhlonipho. ithuna la Xkeban Yayimbozwe izimbali ezinhle ezinemibala eminingi. Ukude kwakubonakala iphunga elimnandi eligcwalisa umoya futhi liduduze lowo olizwayo.
wabe esedlula emhlabeni Utz Colel, lo kwakubhekwa njengodade omuhle. Ngesikhathi eshona, kwaqala ukunuka kabi emzimbeni wakhe. Zonke izimbali ezizungeze ithuna lakhe zafa.
Likuphi ithuna Xkeban, ungathola imbali ethile eyaziwa ngokuthi Xtabentún. Esethuneni lika Utz Colel, ungathola umdolofiya owaziwa ngokuthi ezacam. Ukudlula kwe Utz Colel, kwakunzima kakhulu futhi esikhundleni sokuphumula ngokuthula, wanquma ukubuya ephakadeni ukuze aziphindiselele ngezenzo zomusa zikadadewabo.
Xtabay uvalo
Ezama ukulingisa izenzo zikadadewabo empilweni, Utz Colel unqoba amadoda ngokunikeza uthando lwezwe, nakuba, uma esewaheha, uyawabulala.
Xtabay, aqhamuke nezinwele zakhe ezinde nezimnyama kakhulu, nezingubo zakhe ezimhlophe. Kwabambonayo ubakhumbuza abantu besifazane basemanzini. Ihamba ngaphandle kokuthinta phansi phakathi kwama-spikes acijile esihlahla se-ceiba. Kule ndawo ukame izinwele zakhe futhi ulinde abadakiwe nabaphazamisekile, abafika becathama ebumnyameni bobusuku.
Usebenzisa izintelezi zakhe ukuze enze izindlela zokufuna ukwazi zokuhlukumeza, ngokuvamile ezifinyelela umvuthwandaba ekufeni, azithumele ekujuleni kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ngisho nanamuhla, amadoda avela cishe kulo lonke idolobha laseYucatan athi ahlangane nowesifazane ongaqondakali. Xtabay ngokuvamile uyabalandela lapho behlushwa ukuduka nokungaboni kahle.
Sac-Nicte y I-Canek
inganekwane ye I-Sacnicte y Canek Sac - Nicte, imele i Imbali emhlophe. Ungowokuzalwa eMayapán, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yamandla amakhulu ezindawo zakhe ezintathu ezikwazile ukuhlala ndawonye ngokuthula: Okubuhlungu, Chichen Itza y imayab. Igama I-Canek, inencazelo "inyoka emnyama".
Ingenye yezinganekwane zamaMayan eziyingqayizivele kunazo zonke ezikhona, ngoba ixoxa indaba yothando. Ukukhuluma mayelana Sac-Nicte y I-Canek. Laba balingisi ababili babengamadodana ababusi, abomdabu Mayapan futhi kwakha umfelandawonye onamandla wokuthula phakathi UMayan Uxmal y Chichen Itza.
Ikholi I-Canek wayenenhliziyo enhle kodwa enesibindi, eyinkosana enkulu. Lapho ehlanganisa iminyaka engu-21 ubudala, wakhethwa njengenkosi yaseChichen Itza. Ekuseni ngosuku lokuqokwa kwakhe, wahlangana nenkosazana Sac-Nicte, futhi wamthanda, owayeneminyaka nje engu-15 ubudala. Nokho, bathandana ngokushesha.
Kodwa lokhu kuchotshozwa kwakungahloselwe ukuba kube lula, njengoba Sac-Nicte wayethembisene umshado, nale nsizwa ulil, inkosana yase-Uxmal. Ngokusho kwezinganekwane zamaMaya, kwakukhona umhlahlandlela omncane we Sac-Nicte, wazisa I-Canek ukuthi inkosazana izomlinda phakathi kwezimbali eziluhlaza. Ngaphandle kwalokho kuzophoqeleka ukuthi imlwele.
Ngosuku lomshado, ngenkathi wonke umuntu ejabulela umkhosi womshado. I-Canek wabonakala enamaqhawe akhe ahlakaniphileyo, angamashumi ayisithupha ngenani, wafinyelela e-altare lokubiza Izalan ukumemeza kanye nesimo sengqondo esifanayo sendawo yezimpi, ukuphanga Sac-Nicte yealtare. Kwakukhona abapristi beshisa impepho futhi behlabelela izingoma.
Ukuphela kwe- Chichen Itza
I-Canek, wafika endaweni enophawu lwe-Itzá esifubeni sakhe: «Inzalan» wonke umuntu wamemeza enkundleni yempi, futhi ngaleso sikhathi, wathatha inkosazana yakhe phambi kwabo bonke ababekhona.
ukuthukuthela, ulil, kumenyezelwe impi: I-Mayapán ne-Uxmal ngokumelene ne-Itza. Izakhamuzi zase-Itza zalishiya idolobha, zashiya izindlu zazo nezindawo zazo ezingcwele eChichen Itzá. Lokhu kufuduka kwakuholwa yinkosi I-Canekkanye nesithandwa sakhe Sac-Nicte.
Lapho amaqhawe avela e-Uxmal naseMayapán efika futhi ebona idolobhana lodwa futhi lingenalutho, njengokungathi lifile, aqonda ukuthi konke kwakulahlekile. Futhi ngenxa yale Myth Mayan, kwaba indlela okwachazwa ngayo ukuthi ukubusa Mayapan yaphela futhi kwenzeka kanjani Chichen Itza lase lifile, njengoba abakhileyo kulo babelishiyile.
I-dwarf in Uxmal
Lokhu mhlawumbe kungenye yezinganekwane zamaMayan ezaziwa kakhulu. Inganekwane ithi edolobheni lase Kabah, kumaMaya asendulo, kwakuhlala isalukazi esihlakaniphile esenza umsebenzi wokwelapha, esasingenakuba nabantwana. Ngelinye ilanga isalukazi sanquma ukuya ethempelini siyokhuleka, sabuza kunkulunkulu I-Chic-chan, unkulunkulu wenzalo, ukuze amnike ukuba abe nendodana.
Isalukazi sasisiya esikhungweni nsuku zonke. Kolunye lwalolo hambo wabona okuthile okuhlukile, kwakuyiqanda likafudu, elikhulu kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi ake wayibona ekuphileni kwakhe. Owesifazane wayazi ukuthi wayithatha wagoduka nayo.
Zonke izinsuku wayekhuluma naye, emnakekela futhi emtotosa. Zahamba ke izinyanga isalukazi saqhubeka nokuphatha iqanda ngothando olukhulu. Ngolunye usuku igobolondo leqanda latholakala liphukile, futhi kwaphuma kulo umfana omncane, omncane kakhulu kunanoma yimuphi umfana ake wambona ekuphileni kwakhe ende.
Umfana wayemubi kakhulu, kodwa unina wayemthanda kakhulu, ngamanye amazwi, wayenothando olukhulu ngaye. igama lakhe uyini ko. Umfana wayehlakaniphe kakhulu ukwedlula noma ngubani isalukazi esake sahlangana naye. Enonyaka owodwa nje ubudala wayesekwazi ukukhuluma kahle futhi ehamba. Kwadlula izinyanga futhi owesifazane waqaphela ukuthi ingane ayizange ikhule, kodwa intshebe yakhe namadevu kwakhula kanye nekhala lakhe. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi izinganekwane zaseLatin America landela lesi sixhumanisi: Izinganekwane zaseParaguay.
Umama, owayengowesifazane ohlakaniphile, wabuyela kunkulunkulu I-Chic-chan. Lo nkulunkulu walalela ucingo lwakhe futhi wamnika ku, okuwuhlobo lwensimbi, futhi wamtshela ukuthi kufanele anakekele kakhulu ku, ngoba isiphetho sendodana yakhe sasiyohlanganiswa nale nto.
Owesifazane wayifihla ngaphansi kwesitofu. uyini ko wayesefile ilukuluku lokwazi ukuthi yini engaphansi kwesitofu unina ayeyinakekela kanzima. Ngolunye usuku wenza a chiquihuitl (ubhasikidi) omkhulu kakhulu, ukuze kuthi lapho umama wakhe eya ecenote kuthathe isikhathi eside ukubuya.
uyini ko, bathole i K'uum ukuthi unina wamgada ngomona, waqala ukudlala. umsindo wensimbi waya uqina kakhulu, kangangokuthi umsindo walo wezwakala emizini yonke yamaMaya, emikhulu nemincane.
Umsindo wesigubhu wafinyelela ku I-Halvach Uinik, owakhumbula ngokushesha ngokwesaba iziprofetho, ezazithi lapho othile ethinta a K'uum, futhi umsindo wayo wezwakala kuyo yonke imizi, noma ubani oyidlalayo wayeyoba inkosi entsha.
I-Halvach Uinik wathuma izinceku zakhe kuzo zonke izindawo ukuba zifune lowo othinte isilwane ku. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, bafika phambi kwenkosi, kanye nonina omdala. Umbusi, ebona i-dwarf, ngokushesha waqagela ukuthi kwakuyosho ukuthini into enjalo ukuqokwa njengentsha I-Halvach Uinik.
izivivinyo ezintathu
Njengoba inkosi yayingafuni ukudedela isihlalo sayo sobukhosi, ingasaphathwa eyomuntu omncane kangaka, yafuna indlela yokumqeda. Abapristi, besazi lesi siprofetho, bameluleka ukuba angakwenzi lokho, ngoba kwakungase kudedele ulaka lonkulunkulu. Khona-ke inkosi yaba nombono omuhle, i-dwarf yayizophonselwa inselelo emivivinyweni eyahlukene ukuze kubonakale ukuthi izoba umbusi ongcono kunayo.
Ngenselelo yokuqala noma ukuhlolwa kwe-dwarf, wacelwa ukuba akhe indlela ende, eqonde ngokuphelele futhi emhlophe kakhulu. Unina ohlakaniphile wamcebisa wathi akalandele imiyalelo yakhe encwadini uzobona ukuthi kuzokwenzekani. Wayecele iseluleko kwabahlakaniphile bezinkanyezi, futhi babemtshele ukuthi enzeni.
I-dwarf yacela umbusi ukuba abeke itshe lokuqala emgwaqeni. Inkosi yabeka itshe ebelinzima kakhulu, ngokuzikhandla okukhulu, lona omncane wabeka elinye elifanayo lapho sekuyithuba lakhe. Ngosizo lwethonya lomlingo likanina, i-dwarf yakwazi ukuqeda Sac be' kalula kakhulu, ngale ndlela waxhuma amadolobha ase-Uxmal naseKabah.
Inkosi yathukuthela yagana unwabu, yamnikeza uvivinyo lwesibili. Phakathi nobusuku balolo suku, wayezokwakha indlu ende kunazo zonke ezake zabonwa kuleyo ndawo, ende kunazo zonke. Uphinde wamxwayisa ngokuthi uma engakakulungeli kuzosa uzobulawa. Umamncane wabuyela ekhaya ephatheke kabi, ngenxa yobunzima benselelo, kodwa unina wamduduza futhi wamqinisa, walala.
Ekuseni ngovivi ngakusasa, idlozi lavuka ilele phezu kombhoshongo omude kunawo wonke endaweni. Kwakuyisakhiwo esihle futhi eside kangangokuthi inkosi yavutha nakakhulu lapho isibona. Wathumela ukuba kubizwe i-dwarf futhi wamnika inselele yesithathu futhi yokugcina.
Wamthuma ukuthi ayobheka ama-cocoyoles ayishumi, amakhulu futhi aqinile kakhulu. Isivivinyo sasiwukuthi yilowo nalowo wayephula ama-cocoyoles, ngokumelene nekhanda lomunye, kuze kube yilapho omunye wabo enqoba. Unina we-dwarf wahlikihla ikhanda lakhe nge-tortilla yommbila, ukuze amvikele ngomlingo kunoma yikuphi ukulimala ngokomzimba.
Ebuyela erulani, i-dwarf yaba ngowokuqala ukushintshana nama-cocoyoles. Inkosi yamshaya ekhanda ngama-cocoyoles ayishumi ngaphandle kokumlimaza. Ukuvikela okumangalisayo kukanina kwase kusebenze. Ngokwesaba, inkosi yazama ukuphenduka, kodwa njengoba izikhonzi zayo zaziyibhekile, ayizange iphumelele.
I-dwarf yathatha i-cocoyol yokuqala yahlephula ekhanda lenkosi, inkosi yaphika. Wathatha ukhokho wesibili wawuhlephula futhi ekhanda lerula, naye wamelana nawo. Kodwa ngokhokho wesithathu ikhanda lenkosi yaphuka, kwaphuma igazi eliningi kuyo futhi yawela phansi yafa.
Wagcina kanjalo-ke lo mncanyana kuthiwe uphumelele izivivinyo ezintathu, wamenyezelwa njengeNkosi yendawo. Lapho esezibeke njengenkosi, wayala ukwakhiwa kwethempeli elaziwa kakhulu "indlu kamongameli", nendlu kanina osekhulile amqamba igama "umuzi kamama omdala". Ngisho nanamuhla lezi zakhiwo ezimbili zingabonakala emanxiweni aseMeya Okubuhlungu.
Ngemva kweminyaka embalwa isalukazi sashona. Izakhamuzi zakule ndawo zikholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi umama wengane encane uhlala emnyango womhubhe omude kakhulu, ohlanganisa idolobhana. Amantongomane nabantu be Tho. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi empilweni wayengowesifazane ophiwe amandla amakhulu. Uhlala kulo mhubhe ngaphandle kokuthikamezeka emsebenzini wakhe, owukubuka inyoka enkulu evikela amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nomhlaba ongaphansi.
Izinganekwane zamaMayan mayelana neNdalo
Ezinganekwaneni zamaMaya lena iyinhloko. Yindaba yasekuqaleni, lapho konke kwakuzolile, kuthulekile namanzi. Kwakungekho mhlaba, uhlaza, abantu, ukukhanya noma izilwane. Onkulunkulu abayisithupha, besongwe ngezimpaphe eziluhlaza nokuluhlaza, behlezi emanzini ayisisekelo; umqeqeshi, el umqambi, lo Inyoka Enezimpaphe y tepeu, Nge I-Xpiyacóc y Xmucane.
Bonke basekela i Inhliziyo yeZulu, eyaziwa nangokuthi ISiphepho, ukukhiqiza umhlaba njengoba siwazi. Ingqikithi yemiphefumulo yabo nezipho zabo eziyisimangaliso wanika umhlaba amandla awo okudala. Manje wayesenenhliziyo futhi bamqamba igama Inhliziyo Yomhlaba.
Ukuze bahlukanise izulu nomhlaba, batshala isihlahla se-ceiba, esinikeza indawo yonke inhlobo yokuphila. Izimpande zangena zajula emazingeni ayisishiyagalolunye omhlaba ongaphansi, isiqu sahlala phezu komhlaba, futhi amagatsha afinyelela emazingeni ayishumi nantathu omhlaba omkhulu. Izitshalo kamuva zadalwa ukuze zihlale emhlabeni. Kwabe sekudaleka izilwane, nakuba lezi zingakhulumi futhi zingakwazi ukwenza izenzo zokukhulekela.
Ngakho-ke, onkulunkulu badala abantu ngobumba. Kodwa lezi zidalwa zokuqala zazingenawo umphefumulo futhi zazingebona "abakhulekeli bobunkulunkulu babo" abahle. Babhujiswa ngozamcolo omkhulu. Onkulunkulu baphinde bazama futhi badala abantu abenziwe ngokhuni. Kodwa laba bantu bokhuni babengenakuzikhulekela, ngakho bazibhubhisa. Abasindile kuthiwa sebephenduke izinkawu ezihlahleni.
Manje izulu nomhlaba kwakukhona, kodwa lalingekho ilanga noma inyanga. Inyoni exegayo neyize, okuthiwa uyiyo ilanga nenyanga. Kodwa lokhu kwakungeke kwenzeke, ngoba izelamani ezimbili ezinamandla, I-Hunajpu e IxbalanqueBayinqobile inyoni, emdubula ngemicibisholo.
Obhuti abakhulu bakhulelwa lapho, unina ixkik, wakhuluma nekhanda likayise elalinqunywe ikhanda. Hun Hunahpu, owakhafula esandleni sakhe esihlahleni sikakhokho. Hun Hunahpu wafela ezandleni zeNkosi ka Xibalba, umhlaba ongaphansi. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, abafowethu baba abadlali bebhola abakhulu futhi ukuze babuyisele uyise ekuphileni, baphonsela inselelo i-Lords of Underworld emdlalweni owawuseXibalbá.
Abazalwane babevunyelwa ukudlala ibhola kuphela ngemva kokuba sebesinde ezilingweni eziyingozi ezweni elingaphansi. Ngekhono elikhulu nobuqili, bawunqoba umdlalo futhi lokhu kwavumela uyise ukuba abuyele ekuphileni njengomdlali unkulunkulu wommbila. Lokhu kuzalwa kabusha kwakuphawuleka kakhulu konkulunkulu, njengoba babebona ukuphila okukhazimulayo emmbila.
Abafowethu abangamaqhawe bashiya iXibalbá baphindela emhlabeni wabaphilayo. Noma kunjalo baqhubeka nendlela yabo esibhakabhakeni base beyiLanga neNyangayezulu. Manje njengoba iLanga neNyanga zase zisesibhakabhakeni futhi zikhanyisa uMhlaba, onkulunkulu badala uhlobo oluphelele lwabantu besebenzisa ummbila omhlophe nophuzi. Akuzona izinganekwane zamaMayan kuphela ezikhona, landela isixhumanisi esilandelayo ukuze ufunde kabanzi, i-alicanto.
Onkulunkulu bakhuluma bodwa, bakhuluma ngokuthi yisiphi isici semvelo nokuthi bazomenza kanjani owesifazane wokuqala nowesilisa wokuqala. Ngakho kokubili ummbila ophuzi nommbila omhlophe kwakusetshenziselwa ukwenza imisipha nesikhumba. Bawushuqulile umbila babumba izandla zomuntu, izingalo nemilenze yomibili. Ummbila ogxotshiwe kuphela owasetshenziswa ukwenza inyama yokhokho bokuqala, ngale ndlela kwadalwa abantu abane bokuqala.
Ngakho-ke, ngokwale nganekwane, kuthiwa amadoda okuqala enziwa futhi abunjwa ngenhlama, awazange azalwe ngabesifazane nanoma yimuphi umuntu. Zadalwa ngemilingo ka Tepeu y I-Gucumatz. Njengoba babebukeka njengendoda, babengamadoda.
Babekwazi ukukhuluma, ukuxoxa, ukubheka nokulalela, ukuhamba futhi babambe izinto ngezandla zabo. Amadoda amahle namahle ayaziwa futhi isibalo sawo sasingamadoda. Laba bantu abadaliwe baqanjwa njengamagama: Balam-Quitzé; uBhalamu-Ahabi; Mahucutah; Iqui-Balam.