Wonke amasiko asendulo anohlelo lwezimfundiso, umqondo wendawo yonke nomhlaba, inhlanganisela yonkulunkulu okufanele bakhulekelwe kanye nombono ongaqondakali wendawo ehlala abantu emhlabeni; lolu hlelo luvamise ukwethulwa ezindabeni, yingakho sizofuna ukwazi umcabango we izinganekwane zamaMaya.
izinganekwane zamaMaya
Izinganekwane zamaMayan, njengamanye amasiko aseMesoamerican, zibonakala ngokuba nezinkolelo ezibanzi, isizathu esifakazela ukukholelwa kwe-polytheism. Izinkolelo zabo zasungulwa ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule, ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kwenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BC, okuthile okwaqinisekiswa ngokwakhiwa kwamathempeli okuqala ale mpucuko, lapho kwatholakala khona imibhalo eqoshiwe ehlukahlukene lapho ibonisa khona onkulunkulu babo.
Le mpucuko ibilokhu igcina isiko lokugoqa kanye nokusungula izinkolelo zayo ezingokwenkolo neziqinisekiso ezizukulwaneni ezintsha, ibheka indlela yokuyenza ihlale isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, uhlelo lwabo lwenkolelo lwaba nokwehluka okuthile, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuba khona kwamasiko ahlukene ezindaweni zaseMesoamerican, kwase kuvele kuvame kakhulu ukuthi phakathi kwamasiko, naphezu kokuhluke kakhulu ngesikhathi nasemphakathini, babehlanganyela izinkolo. , amasiko, amasiko nemikhuba; ingenye yezimfundiso ezivame kakhulu zamaMaya.
Kodwa-ke, laba bantu abakhulu bagcina iminyaka eminingi inhlanganisela yamasiko eyingqayizivele futhi engapheli, eyayivame ukumeleleka kakhulu kulokho abakuzuzile njengomphakathi, futhi lokhu kuyinto okufanele siyincome efeni labo elakhelwe umhlaba.
Izici
Naphezu kokuwa kwale mpucuko ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX ngenxa yezizathu ezingakaqinisekiswa, lapho bashiya khona amadolobha abo amakhulu, izindawo nezakhiwo ezisagcina imibhalo yabo kanye nezethulo eziqoshwe ematsheni omlando wabo, onkulunkulu, izinkolelo noma ezinye izinkomba zezinganekwane zamaMaya; le mpucuko noma umphakathi owasala kuwo waqhubeka ulondoloza amasiko, amasiko nezinkolelo zawo, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngeke baqhubeke nokushiya irekhodi lomlando nezinganekwane zabo.
Izifunda ezimakwe ngeMayan Mythology
Izinkolelo namasiko amaMayans angabonakala ezinsalela kanye nezakhiwo ezisasele emadolobheni ahlukahlukene athuthukiswa ngesikhathi sangemuva kwe-classic, ezindaweni ezisenyakatho yeMexico, lezi zitholakala eYucatan, ezinamathonya amakhulu avela ogwini lweGulf nasezifundeni ezimaphakathi neMexico; kuyilapho eningizimu ikakhulukazi eGuatemala, ngalesi sikhathi ukwakhiwa kwale mpucuko kwakumbalwa kakhulu.
Lapho izifiki zaseSpain ziba khona kulezi zindawo, lapho zabeka khona imikhuba yenkolo ehlobene nobuKristu nobuKatolika kubantu bomdabu, isiko lamaMaya lakwazi ukunamathela emlandweni walo, emasikweni nasenkolweni yalo, lidlulisela lolu lwazi esikhathini esizayo, likwazi ukuzinakekela. nanamuhla eMexico..
irekhodi lezinkolelo
Njengawo wonke amasiko aseMesoamerica, isiko lamaMaya lashushiswa futhi lahlukunyezwa isikhathi eside yiSpanishi, ngenxa nje yokuba nesistimu yalo yenkolelo eyingqayizivele; Umphakathi wamaMaya owasinda kulokhu kucindezelwa, lapho sewamukele ubuKristu ngendlela ethile, wakwazi ukulondoloza ubunjalo bawo obufakazelwa umlando wamasiko nezinkolelo zawo.
Ifa lamaMeya liye lahlala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba nje liye laziwa ngemibhalo ehlukahlukene ye-epigraphic le mpucuko eyayishiya ekwakhiweni kwayo lapho ngokuvamile yayibonisa izindikimba ezihlobene nezikhumbuzo zamakhosi kanye nokulandelana; kanye, emibhalweni emithathu kuphela yamaMaya kanye nengxenye yesine engasindiswa futhi ilondolozwe phakathi neminyaka.
Alusekho ulwazi oluphathekayo lwale mpucuko kanye nolwamanye amasiko, olugqugquzelwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sekoloni, ngemiyalo kaMbhishobhi u-Diego de Landa ngo-1562, kwenziwa umzamo wokuqeda ngokushisa noma yimaphi amasiko nenkolo. irekhodi lamaMeya kanye nezinye izimpucuko. AmaMesoamerican, ukuze afeze injongo yawo yokubaholela ezindleleni zobuKristu.
Ulwazi nolwazi esinalo ngamaMaya lulinganiselwe kakhulu, ngaphandle kombhalo omncane ogciniwe kanye nalokho amadolobha awo angakubonisa; irekhodi, izindaba, izinkolelo kanye namasiko okwabelanwa ngomlomo ngabomdabu emva kwekoloni, yikona okuye kwakha ulwazi oluseduzane lokwazi nokuqonda lesi siko lasendulo.
I-Worldview ye-Mayan Mythology
I-Mayan Worldview iyigugu elingaphezu kokuqonda kwethu okunengqondo; Kuyo, ukukhulelwa kwamaMayans kwenziwa kube khona ngezindaba zenganekwane mayelana nemvelaphi yendawo yonke, umhlaba, onkulunkulu bawo kanye nabantu, enikeza ulwazi olufanele mayelana nendlela impilo eyenzeka ngayo ngokuxhunyaniswa nazo zonke lezi zakhi.
Manje, ukuze sibe nesithombe esicacile sokuthi amaMayans akhulelwa kanjani isakhiwo salokho indawo yonke nomhlaba oyoba yiyo, izithombe ezifakwe kuma-postclassic codices, ikakhulukazi uChilam Balam, kanye nemithombo ehlukahlukene yamakholoni, i-cosmogony yamaMeya. lapho babebheka khona ukuthi kunezikhombisi-ndlela ezinhlanu eziyinhloko:
- North
- On
- Este
- Oeste
- isikhungo
Futhi ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus ngayinye yalezi zindawo kwakukhona isihlahla esingcwele (isihlahla se-ceiba) esinenyoni yasezulwini phezu kwaso, lapho futhi sanikezwa umbala othize kanje:
- empumalanga ebomvu
- emhlophe enyakatho
- omnyama entshonalanga
- ophuzi eningizimu
Amakhona amane amele lo mkhathi ngokulandelana ayesekelwa amaBacabob amane, empeleni okwakungonkulunkulu abangu-4 umsebenzi wabo kwakuwukugcina isibhakabhaka phezulu sihlukanisiwe nobuso, ukuze singabhidliki noma nini; lezi zikhonjwa kanje:
- Zac-cimi enyakatho
- Hosan-ek for the West
- hobnil eningizimu
- Canzicnal empumalanga
Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi embhalweni osungulwe njengenkomba yalaba nkulunkulu, kukhulunywa ngesiprofetho esibonisa lokhu okulandelayo:
"Umkhathi uzodilika futhi uwele phezu komhlaba, lapho kukhona amaBacabob, labo abavimbela inhlekelele yeplanethi yethu"
Ngasohlangothini lwamaMayya, kwakukhona ukuhlonishwa okukhulu kulaba nkulunkulu, ikakhulukazi labo ababehlala ezindaweni zaseYucatan; Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi kukhona abacwaningi abazwakalisa ukukholelwa kwabo ebukhoneni be-bacab yesihlanu eyayiphakathi nendawo futhi imele umbala oluhlaza.
Ukwengeza, lesi sakhiwo sahlukaniswa saba amazinga amathathu ayemelwe kanje:
- Umhlaba wawungemuva kwengwenya (Itzam Cab Ain)
- Umhlaba ongaphezulu noma izulu (Oxlahuntikú)
- Umhlaba ongaphansi (Xibalba)
Lawa mazinga amathathu axhunywe ngesihlahla se-ceiba esingcwele (Yaxché). Umhlaba ongenhla wona wakhiwe ngamazinga ayishumi nantathu abuswa iqembu lezithixo ezibizwa ngokuthi i-Oxlahuntikú "onkulunkulu abayishumi nantathu", ababebhekwa njengonkulunkulu oyedwa futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo onkulunkulu abayishumi nantathu abahlukene. Ngayinye yezindiza eziyishumi nantathu zasezulwini inezici zayo futhi zihlangene zakha umhlaba ongokomoya ophezulu; amandla aphakeme ayishumi nantathu ayesetshenziswa emithandazweni esicini sabo sonkulunkulu.
Ngokulandelayo, umhlaba ongaphansi (i-xibalbá) wakhiwe ngezigaba eziyi-9, lapho ingxenye ngayinye yayiqondiswa enye yezinduna eziyisishiyagalolunye zomhlaba wangaphansi; abakhileyo kule ndawo babhekwa njengezitha zesintu, njengoba ngokuvamile beletha izifo nokufa kwezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Onkulunkulu baseMayan Mythology
Iqembu lama-Mayan of gods liyinhlanganisela yama-anthropomorphic omnipotences ayevame ukuhlotshaniswa namandla angaqondakali e-animistic. Njengomphakathi, izifunda zasemadolobheni ezikude ezaziwa ngokuthi izikhungo zezombangazwe zamaMaya noma zamandla zahlanganyela bonke onkulunkulu, kodwa onkulunkulu abathile bahlonzwa ngezikhungo ezithile zamaMaya noma imindeni yamakhosi yababusi baleyo mizi.
Onkulunkulu babenamandla onke, kodwa akubona bonke ababedunyiswa. Izinganekwane ezihlukahlukene zaleli siko, eziqukethwe ekhulwini le-XNUMX leminyaka uPopol Vuh, zembula ukuthi zazingaba kanjani nesihluku nokungabi nabuntu, ukukhohliswa, ukulinyazwa, noma ngisho nokubulawa abantu abahlakaniphile noma onkulunkulu abafana namawele Eqhawe.
Ngokwamarekhodi wamakholoni, kwakukhona izigaba zonkulunkulu, u-Itzamná eyinhloko. Kulesi siko kukhona onkulunkulu abaningi abaneziteketiso eziningi kanye nobuningi bobuso, okwenza kube nzima ukukhomba ukuthi bangaki onkulunkulu amaMaya ayenabo: cishe okungenani abangu-200 noma ngaphezulu. Phakathi konkulunkulu esingababiza ngezinganekwane zamaMaya esinazo:
Izamna
Waziswa ngokuba unkulunkulu wesibhakabhaka sonke, wayephathiswe ukuvikela isayensi, ukubhala futhi ikakhulukazi ukubhula ngezinkanyezi lapho amaMeya ayegqama khona; Waziwa nangokuthi unkulunkulu wokuhlakanipha, unkulunkulu wemini nobusuku, nomoya wempilo yendawo yonke osebenzisa isiphithiphithi ekudaleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayebhekwa njengonkulunkulu baseMeya ofanekisela amandla adala amanzi.
hunab ku
Ungunkulunkulu okuthiwa akabonakali, akabonakali futhi ukhona yonke indawo; Kuthiwa futhi wayengumdali wendawo yonke, umhlaba nomuntu kanye ne-Itzamná.
Pawahtun
Obuye aziwe ngokuthi uBacab, ungunkulunkulu we-quadripartite otholakala emagumbini amane omhlaba ebambe izulu nomhlaba, laba bamelwe njengabadala ababebizwa ngoZac-cimi, Hosan-ek, Hobnil kanye noCantzicnal.
yum kax
Kwakuwunkulunkulu oxhumene nezolimo, ikakhulukazi ummbila; umklamo walo nkulunkulu uhlobene nezigaba ezihlukahlukene zokukhula kommbila.
kawuil
Lona kwakungunkulunkulu wamaMaya wombani futhi, emfanekisweni wasendulo wamaMayan, ababusi bale mpucuko babevame ukumbona ephethe intonga, ubonakala ngesibuko ebunzini lakhe lapho kuphuma khona izembe, ikhala elibheke phezulu kanye nenyoka. njengowomunye wemilenze yakhe.
Isiphithiphithi
Lo nkulunkulu wayehlonishwa ngokuba wumbani, ukuduma kwezulu kanye nokwandisa imvula namanzi, ngakho kwakubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuzuze ezolimo.
ek uh
Wayengunkulunkulu ongumhwebi futhi engumxhasi we-cocoa, amaMayans ammelela ngombala omnyama nomhlophe ngekhala lakhe elide kanye nodebe olungezansi olulengayo, oluvame ukuthwala isikhwama sempahla emhlane wakhe.
Yum Kim
Lo nkulunkulu wayemelela ukufa kanye nomhlaba ongaphansi phakathi kwamaMayans, owawumelwe ngekhanda lamathambo ngokuphelele.
ix chel
Wayengunkulunkulukazi wenzalo, wokubeletha nokwelapha. Okunye ukubonakaliswa kwakhe kwakungokukaChak Chel «Uthingo Olukhulu» olumelelwe njengesalukazi; Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayebhekwa njengosanta ongumvikeli wokweluka. Ngokweminye imithombo, ungunkosikazi ka-Itzamná.
I-Ixbalanque ne-Hunahpu
Amawele, amaqhawe ezinganekwane zamaMaya, inganekwane yabo iqala ngendaba kayise nomalume wabo, kanye nokufa kwabo bobabili endaweni yabafileyo ezandleni zeNkosi yale ndawo; lapho laba zelamani baphindiselela ukufa kukayise nomalume wabo ngokunqoba Amakhosi obumnyama ngomdlalo webhola. Lamawele avezwe njengezinsizwa ezinhle, ngokuvamile ezigqoke amabhande amhlophe kanye nezimpawu zonkulunkulu. I-Hunahpú imbozwe ngamachashaza amnyama, kuyilapho i-Ixbalanqué ineziqephu zesikhumba se-jaguar.
Kukulkan
Lo nkulunkulu uhlotshaniswe nokukhula kwe-Chichen Itza ngesikhathi se-Terminal Classic ne-Mayapan ku-Postclassic. Ukukhulekelwa kweNyoka Enezimpiko kwamaMaya kwathonywa kakhulu ihlelo likaQuetzalcoatl, elaqala enkabeni yeMexico futhi lasakazekela kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica.
Xtabay
Kwakuwunkulunkulu ohlobene nokuyenga, ukuzibulala. AmaMeya ayevame ukumenza samuntu njengesidumbu esibole ngokwengxenye esinamehlo avaliwe, sibheke esihlahleni.
Buluc Chabtan
Ungunkulunkulu wamaMaya wempi, ubudlova nokufa okuzumayo (akumele kudidaniswe nokufa okuvamile njengoba kwakunoNkulunkulu wakho siqu).
Chac Bolay
UNkulunkulu usesimweni somuntu we-jaguar, umzimba wakhe umbozwe amachashaza, ikhanda lakhe lingele-jaguar, amazinyo e-incisor aphume njengamazinyo nezinwele ezisemaceleni, ngoba amaMaya lesi silwane sasifanekisela amandla namandla empucuko.
Hun-Hunahpu
Eyaziwa njengomunye wonkulunkulu bommbila, unguyise ka-Ixbalanqué noHunahpú owaphindisela ukufa kwakhe futhi wabuyisela ikhanda lakhe kanye nelomfowabo uVucub Hunahpú, wavuselelwa kabusha ephila njengommbila, ahlonzwa ngawo njengommbila. unkulunkulu figure ukuthi uyafa futhi aphile.
I-Ixquic
Ungunkulunkulu wenyanga yegazi nomqaphi wezintombi; Uphinde abe yindodakazi endala kaCuchumaquic, umuntu omnyama kwabangu-12 baseXibalbá kanye nomama kaHunahpú noXbalanqué.
Ixmucane
Kungonkulunkulu abayishumi nantathu ababamba iqhaza ekwakhekeni komuntu ngokwenguqulo eyodwa yenganekwane; Uphinde abe ngugogo wamaqhawe abafowabo abadumile, owathi nomyeni wakhe u-Xpiayoc bakhulisa abantu ngommbila; Babhekwa njengonkulunkulu abadala futhi abahlakaniphe kunabo bonke abantu baseMayan.
Ah isihlobo
Unkulunkulu onesici sikankulunkulu welanga (Kinich Ahau), lokhu kulawula isomiso nezifo (owaziwa nangokuthi u-Ah-Kinchil).
ISiphepho
Ehlukaniswa "njengenhliziyo yezulu" kanye "nomlenze owodwa", u-Huracán ungunkulunkulu wesiphepho. Ku-Popol Vuh, ungumsunguli ophakeme wezwe ohlaziya ngobukhona, uyingxenye yemvelaphi yabantu futhi uthumela uzamcolo omkhulu ukubhubhisa indalo yakhe ephansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waziwa njengeNkosi yoMvunguvungu futhi kuthiwa ungomunye wonkulunkulu (ngesinye isikhathi okuwukuphela kukankulunkulu) wokushisa abantu.
Tepeu
Iyingxenye yesethi yonkulunkulu abadabuka, lokhu kwakuyingxenye kanye noGucumatz noHuracán, ekudalweni kwabantu.
Izilwane zezinganekwane zamaMaya
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwamasiko abalulekile emhlabeni, izilwane bezilokhu zikhona ezinkolelweni zesintu. Laba ngabantu abahlala kulo mhlaba kudala ngaphambi kwabantu; ngakho-ke, babevame ukulawula wonke amahlathi, amahlathi nolwandle.
Izilwane zazibhekwa njengezilingana nesintu, zinemizwa nobuntu. Ngalezi zinkolelo, ubuhlobo benhlonipho nokuhlonishwa kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane kwasungulwa izinkulungwane zeminyaka. Isiko lamaMaya lalihlala lizungezwe amahlathi ashisayo anezimila eziwudedangendlale; Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, imvelo yayithanda ukuhlalisana kwayo nazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, izibankwa, amakati amakhulu, izinkulungwane zezinyoni nezilwane zasemanzini.
Kungakhathaliseki inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, amaMayya ahlobene kakhulu nezinkolelo zawo ezingokwenkolo, ulwazi lwezinkanyezi, ubuciko nohwebo; umsebenzi ngamunye othize wokuxhumanisa izulu, umhlaba, nomhlaba waphansi wawuhloselwe isilwane esihlukile.
- I-Macaw: Umlilo welanga eliphumayo wawuhlobene nemibala yezimpaphe ze-macaw ebomvu.
- I-Jaguar: babusa ubumnyama bobusuku ehlathini; Lesi ngesinye sezilwane ezingokomfanekiso kakhulu emhlabeni wamaMaya, isidalwa esihle nesihle futhi esimele amaqhawe angcono kakhulu kanye nezigaba eziphakeme kakhulu zomphakathi. I-Balam isho i-jaguar ngolimi lwamaMayan futhi yigama elifanayo elisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kubapristi abavelele kakhulu abafunda umlayezo wonkulunkulu.
- I-Hummingbird: naphezu kobukhulu bayo, yaziswa kakhulu ezinkolelweni zamaMaya; Inganekwane ithi banemibono emihle kuphela esintwini.
- Izimvemvane: bamele amaqhawe anamandla nanesibindi abulawa empini.
- UQuetzal: (elinganiselwe futhi eqashelwa njengenye yezinyoni ezinhle kakhulu zaseMelika) yayiwuphawu lokuphila nokuchuma; Ukuhlukaniswa kwale nyoni kwaba kangangokuthi amaMayya akwenqabela ukuyizingela. Kunalokho, amaMaya ayevame ukubabambela izimpaphe zawo ezinemibala ukuze enze izingubo nemihlobiso yababusi, ayewathatha futhi awathumele mahhala; izimpaphe zalezi zinyoni ziyakhula.
- Izikhova: babengabaqaphi behlathi ebusuku; izinkolelo zatshela ukuthi zaziwazi umzila wokufinyelela "e-Xibalbá", umhlaba wokufa. UNkulunkulu wokufa wabakhetha njengabangane; ngakho-ke, ukuhlakanipha kanye ne-clairvoyance kwakuyisici sezikhova.
- Amakati: babengabaqaphi bemigede namatshe; lezi zilwane nazo zazihlobene nokufa, imihlatshelo nobumnyama.
- Inyoka: bamele umhlaba owumhlaba kanye nolwazi lwesintu; eqinisweni, zibhekwa njengokwenziwa samuntu kwelanga. Kuyisilwane esidlulele kuwo wonke amasiko aseMesoamerican, njengamaMeya, amaToltec nama-Aztec. Futhi ingenye yezinkolelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zalezi zinkolo ihlelo likaQuetzalcoatl noma iKukulcán, inyoka enezimpaphe eyehlela emhlabeni.
- Inja: ezindaweni zabo kunenja yomdabu ebizwa ngokuthi uXoloitzcuintle; omsebenzi wakhe kwakuwukuvikela nokuhola umphefumulo wenkosi yakhe endleleni eya eXibalbá.
Kukhona ezinye izilwane ezazithathwa njengemilingo, isibonelo inyamazane eyayikwazi ukuzingelwa abantu abaphezulu kuphela, ngoba inyama yayo kwakufanele ibe nemiphumela yemilingo. Manje sekuyisikhathi sokuya olwandle, lapho izimfudu zazingabagadi bolwandle.Igobolondo lazo lalimelela uMhlaba. Eqinisweni, uPawahtún, unkulunkulu ongumdali wendawo yonke uyavela kuyi-Codex nasemidwebeni yokudweba egqoke igobolondo likafudu; ukuphila isikhathi eside nokuduma kwakuyizincazelo ezixhumene nezimfudu.
Ukuphetha, uhambo ngalunye oludabula isiko nenganekwane yamaMayan lulandela isiphetho phakathi komjikelezo wemvelo; lapho sonke siyingxenye yengqikithi.
Izimpawu nezimpawu zezinganekwane zamaMaya
AmaMayans ayengezinye zezimpucuko ezimbalwa zasendulo ezazakhela olwazo uhlelo lokubhala; ngakho izimpawu zayo noma ama-hieroglyphs angawokuqala kulesi sizwe saseMelika Ephakathi; iningi lezinye izimpucuko ezibolekwe ezinhlelweni zokubhala ezazikhona ngaphambili.
UmMelika uJohn Lloyd Stephens kanye neNgisi uFrederick Catherwood yibo abathola izimpawu zokuqala zamaMayan ngo-1839; futhi kwaze kwaba ngo-1973 lapho izincazelo zawo zachazwa khona. Lokhu kutholakala kuholela ekuqondeni ukuthi lezi zimpawu zingasetshenziswa ngazodwana ukuze kufanekiswe igama, noma ukuthi izimpawu zofeleba abancane zingasetshenziswa ndawonye ukwakha igama eliphelele.
Khumbula ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izazi, abavubukuli kanye nososayensi bathole kangakanani ngesiko lamaMayan, kusekuningi okungaziwa; Amafomu amaMayan awaziwa kakhulu. Eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-3.000 kamuva, kuye kwenzeka ukuzama ukwakha kabusha nokuqonda izincazelo zalezi zizwe zasendulo ngezimpawu zabo, phakathi kwazo:
I-Jaguar
Ibheji lomfutho, ubunkulunkulu kanye negunya lomhlaba wonke, okungukuthi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, isibalo esinamandla samasiko nenganekwane yamaMaya. Ebusuku, unkulunkulu wama-jaguar wayeyala umhlaba ongaphansi wamaMaya, ngosuku ayehamba ngalo esibhakabhakeni sasekuseni esuka empumalanga aye entshonalanga, ebuyela endaweni yabafileyo lapho kuhwalala; amandla e-cosmic imini nobusuku embusweni we-jaguar. Uphawu lwesizinda esivelele kuzo zonke izinto zasezulwini, kanye nophawu oluphakeme lokuthembela nobuholi.
Ukhozi
Ukhozi lumelela umcabango wokuzindla. Uma kugxilwe, lolu phawu lwamaMaya lusiza ukufinyelela ukuhlakanipha kwangaphakathi; Lwaziwa ngamandla alo okucaca, lolu phawu lusiza ukugxila kwengqondo okucacile. Ngemva kwesikhashana, ukugxila ezimfanelweni zommeleli wokhozi wophawu lwamaMayan kuzovula indlela yokuphakama noma ngisho ne-telepathic acuity. Izinkozi ziwuphawu lomphakathi kanye nobumbano lokubambisana phakathi kweqembu elihlukahlukene.
UMurciélago
Igama lesiMayan elisho ilulwane lithi "zotz." Ilulwane limele umnakekeli wendawo engaphansi. Futhi uphawu olungabazisayo, olucebile ngezinto ezimbili, olukhulekelwa ngenxa yokubusa kwalo phezu kobumnyama, kanye nesibonakaliso esinamandla sokumaka ngokumelene nezitha; Ezinganekwaneni zamaMayan, kwadwetshwa umugqa omuhle kakhulu phakathi komqondo wokuhle nokubi.
Okusho ukuthi, okuhle nokubi kwabonakala ngokuphelele esikhundleni sokuhlukaniswa okuphawuliwe. Ngakho, ilulwane lalikhulekelwa ngenxa yezimfanelo zalo ezimnyama nezilula; ngokuvamile babonisa ilulwane laseMelika Ephakathi elinekhala elide, elalivamile endaweni futhi laligqanyiswa emibhalweni yabo yamaMayan.
Umhlaba
Ihlanganisa i-oscillation kanye nokuguqulwa kwemvelo; lokhu okuhlukile kweMeya kugcizelela kithi ukuthi kukhona amandla amakhulu asebenzayo, futhi i-metamorphoses yethu (ngokuyisisekelo ngezikhathi ezinzima) kufanele yenziwe ngesineke. Uphawu lomhlaba, uma lugxilile, luzokusiza ukuthi uzibeke phakathi nendawo njengoba ujula ekunyakazeni kwemicabango yakho yangaphakathi ukuze wenze izinguquko eziqaphelekayo ozifisayo.
UNoche
Uphawu lokulinganisela nokuphumula ngenhloso yokuthula. Kumele ukubeka izinkinga eceleni nokuzivumela ukuba zihlale kuze kube yilapho umoya wakho usulungele ukuzikhipha futhi ukuze uzindle; futhi kuwuphawu lokuzinikela. Ubusuku bumele isembatho noma isithunzi esehliswayo ukuze ukwazi okungaphansi noma umoya ongaphakathi ukwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wawo, kuyilapho izenzo zenyama kufanele zithuliswe futhi zithotshiswe ngenkathi kwenziwa lo msebenzi wangaphakathi.
Sol
Uphawu oluphawulekayo emlandweni wamaMayan wokuphakama, ukukhanyiselwa, nokuhlakanipha; ukugxila kulolu phawu kunikeza ukukhanya. Ilanga laziswa kakhulu isiko lamaMaya kanye nezinganekwane. Lokhu kwavusa isivuno esihle futhi lokhu kwavela ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza okukhulu kakhulu. Ngaphakathi, ilanga likhiqiza ukukhiqiza kwefilosofi; Ukuletha ilanga ekuzindleni kwethu kufudumala ukwazi kwethu futhi kuvumela ubunkulunkulu bethu ukuthi buchume.
Lolu phawu lwaziwa ngokuthi i-Ahau futhi lungahunyushwa nangokuthi "master". Kunengqondo ukuthi ukwazi kuqhathaniswa nokukhanya; kulokhu, ukukhanya kolwazi (ukuqwashisa) kuchithwa nguthisha noma umeluleki okhanyiselwe.
Popol Vuh
I-Popol Vuh iyinguqulo yekhulu le-XNUMX yokulandisa kokudalwa kwe-K'iche Maya ka-Dominican friar Francisco Ximénez. Ekuqaleni igcinwe ngesiko lomlomo, i-Popol Vuh, ehunyushwa ngokuthi "Incwadi YoMkhandlu," yabhalwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX. I-Popol Vuh yakhiwe izingxenye ezinhlanu:
- Isethulo esichaza injongo yencwadi.
- Ingxenye 1, i-akhawunti yokudalwa komhlaba nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi ukuhlolwa okuningi konkulunkulu ukudala abantu.
- Ingxenye yesi-2, ilandisa ngendlela Amawele Eqhawe abulala ngayo idemoni lenyoni uVucub Caquix kanye nezingane zakhe.
- Ingxenye 3, indaba kababa nomalume weHero Twins Hun Hunahpú kanye no-Xbalanqué: ukuthi bakhohliswa kanjani onkulunkulu bezwe elingaphansi komhlaba nokuthi babulawa kanjani ekugcineni. Lokhu kulandelwa yi-akhawunti yempilo yokuqala ye-Hero Twins kanye nesifiso sabo sokuziphindiselela uyise.
- Ingxenye 4, igxile kubantu.
Amasiko enkolo yezinganekwane zamaMaya
AmaMeya aziwa kakhulu ngemikhosi yawo emikhulu yenkolo; inkolo yaba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwamaMayan. AmaMeya ayekholelwa emhlatshelweni wegazi ngenxa yalesi sizathu amakhosi enza imicikilisho yegazi esigabeni ngasinye sokuphila, umcimbi ngamunye obalulekile wezombangazwe noma wenkolo kanye neziphetho ezibalulekile zomjikelezo wekhalenda; KumaMaya asendulo, iziqalo neziphetho kwakuyisenzakalo somkhosi.
Igazi elingcwele kakhulu livela endlebeni nasolimini, ngokubhoboza izindlebe zabo amaMayya azivula ukuze alalele izambulo zonkulunkulu; ngokubanquma ulimi, kuthiwa babekwazi ukusho abakuzwile.
Inkolo yamaMeya nayo yenza imihlatshelo yabantu; La masiko ayesenzelwa ukwanelisa onkulunkulu futhi aqinisekise ukuhleleka okuthile emhlabeni ngokwalokho okusenganekwaneni yamaMayan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakunamasiko nemikhosi ehlukene eyayihambisana nemikhuba ehlukahlukene enjengomshado, ukubhula, nobhapathizo; okuyimikhuba ehlobene nemijikelezo yonyaka, imijikelezo yesikhathi nemikhosi yokuhlabela onkulunkulu.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezidakamizwa neziphuzo ezidakayo zazisetshenziswa kule mikhosi; ukudakwa kwakuhlobene nomkhuba owandile wokubhula, isenzo esingokwesiko esiklanyelwe ukuvumela ukuxhumana okuqondile namandla athile angaphezu kwawemvelo, njengalawo umuntu angase awabone esikhathini esizayo. Isimo sokudakwa kwakufanele sinikeze umuntu ukuqonda ukuze achaze izizathu zokugula, amashwa, nesimo sezulu esibi, phakathi kokunye.
Ukudalwa komhlaba ngokusho kwamaMeya
Ku-Popol Vuh, inganekwane yokudala idlala indima evelele; Kulokhu, amaMeya acacisa ukuthi umhlaba nokuphila okukuwo kwadalwa kanjani, kanje:
Onkulunkulu ekuqaleni baveza umhlaba nesibhakabhaka, ukuze kamuva baqhubeke nezilwane nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo, kanye nezinyoni nezinye izithombe ezindizayo zokuphila. Onkulunkulu babefuna ukufunwa, ukuhlonishwa nokukhunjulwa, kodwa izilwane zazingakwazi ukukhuluma. Ngakho, onkulunkulu bahluleka emzamweni wabo wokuqala. Iyiphi enye indlela esingacelwa futhi sikhunjulwe ngayo ebusweni bomhlaba? Sesivele senze umzamo wethu wokuqala emsebenzini wethu nokuklama, kodwa kwavela ukuthi abazange bahlangabezane nezinsuku zethu, futhi abazange basidumise.
Ngenxa yalokho, bathuthukisa ukuhlola komuntu, basebenza nomhlaba nodaka ukuze benze umzimba. Nakulokhu, imizamo yakhe yokuqala yehluleka njengoba umzimba wawuzovele uhlakazeke futhi uhlakazeke. Umzamo wakhe olandelayo wawuhlanganisa nokhuni, futhi nakuba emibili edlule yehluleka, lona waphumelela; wadalwa kanjalo umuntu wokuqala.
Bazalwa, banda, baba namadodakazi namadodana, lezi dummies zokhuni ezibaziweyo. Kodwa kwakungekho lutho ezinhliziyweni zabo futhi kungekho lutho ezingqondweni zabo, kungekho ukukhumbula umakhi wabo nomakhi wabo, bahamba nje bahamba lapho befuna khona; manje abasakhumbuli iNhliziyo yeZulu.
Onkulunkulu babenganelisekile ngenxa yokuthi babefuna ukwenziwa izithixo, ngakho babhubhisa isintu ngozamcolo omkhulu; ku-Popol Vuh ukumelela okungcolile kokubhujiswa kuboniswa. Elinye iphuzu elisikiselayo okubhekiselwa kulo kule ncwadi ukuthi izinkawu yizona kuphela inzalo yalo mzamo wesithathu wokudala amadoda.
Umzamo wesine nowokugcina uba mnandi nakakhulu; Lokhu kuqoshwe ukuthi ummbila oxutshwe namanzi uyizithako ezisetshenziswa ukudala inyama yomuntu. Abantu abane bokuqala bangamadoda okuqala amane alenkathi yesine yokudala. Ngalesi sikhathi izidalwa ezibunjwe onkulunkulu ziyikho konke ebebekulindele nokunye okwengeziwe: akukhona nje ukuthi amadoda amane okuqala athandaza kubadali bawo, kodwa anombono ophelele ngakho-ke ulwazi oluphelele.
Lokhu kuphelela kwethusa onkulunkulu. Kusobala emibhalweni yePopol Vuh ukuthi onkulunkulu babengafuni ukuthi le ndalo ibe nekhono lokuba onkulunkulu ngokwabo, kodwa babemane befuna ukunciphisa amandla abantu okukhulekela nje. Ngokusho kwePopol Vuh, yilokho abakuzuzile kulokho kuhlolwa kwesine nokugcina komuntu.
Onkulunkulu bayethuswa ukuthi izidalwa ezivele zenziwe yibo zinamandla anjengonkulunkulu, ngakho banquma, ngemva kwengxoxo yabo evamile, ukufiphalisa amehlo abantu. Bese benza abafazi abane bamadoda amane, futhi kule mibhangqwana kuvela izizukulwane eziyinhloko zamaQuiche.
Ukuphela komhlaba ngokusho kwamaMeya
Kusukela kudala, umuntu uye wabikezela ukuthi kanjani, nini futhi kuphi ingqikithi ye-debacle yomhlaba njengoba siyazi namuhla iyokwenzeka, kodwa iziprofetho mayelana nesiko lamaMaya kanye nezinganekwane ziye zaba nembe kakhulu. Iziprofetho ezilandelayo zikhuluma ngochungechunge lwezenzakalo eziyokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba kufike usuku lokugcina futhi ziqothule isintu.
isiprofetho sokuqala
Ugcizelele ukuthi eminyakeni eyi-13 phakathi kuka-1999 no-2012, ukukhanya okukhishwa umthala kuzovumelaniswa nazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo futhi kuzozivumela ukuthi zifinyelele ngokuzithandela ekuguquguqukeni kwangaphakathi okuqondiswe ezintweni ezingokoqobo ezintsha.
isiprofetho sesibili
Ngemva kwalokhu okungenhla, ukuziphatha kwesintu kuzoshintsha kakhulu ngemva kokusitheka kwelanga. Ngokusho kwamaMayans, njengamanje sibhekene nenkathi yoshintsho ukuze sakhe inkathi entsha emlandweni wesintu.
isiprofetho sesithathu
Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa nokuziphatha kwabantu okungezona ezemvelo, izigxobo zizoqala ukuncibilika, kuzokwenziwa umoya welanga omningi, ukuqhuma okukhulu kwe-coronal kuzokwenzeka, futhi iplanethi izolahlekelwa ukuphila.
isiprofetho sesine
Kuzokwenzeka izinguquko zesimo sezulu, igeological and social, ezizoqeda ukuzwana phakathi komuntu nemvelo; lokhu kuzokwenza imvelo kamama ingacabangeli abantu.
isiprofetho sesihlanu
AmaMayans agcizelele ukuthi umuntu uzoyeka ukwenza umhlaseli futhi abhekane naye, kuzofanele ahlele kabusha umphakathi ngokusekelwe ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo okuvumelanayo.
isiprofetho sesithupha
Izwe lokucasuka nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo lizophela futhi ngesiphetho sokwethuka, njengoba isintu sasineminyaka engu-13 kusukela ngo-22/12/2012 ukuze siguqule ukwazi kwaso nendlela yokuphila, kodwa namanje asikugcini ukuvumelana kwayo neplanethi. Izimpi zama-proxy manje seziphezu kokudla namanzi futhi izizwe zibonakala zingenamuntu.
isiprofetho sesikhombisa
Ngosuku lweshumi nantathu lwango-December 22, 2012, isimiso sonozungezilanga sishiya ukukhanya ukuze kungene enkathini yasebusuku emthaleni. Umuntu uyobe ekhathele kanye nezitshalo futhi inani labantu liyokhula lisuka ezinkulungwaneni liye emakhulwini ambalwa.
Izindawo ezingcwele zezinganekwane zamaMaya
Impicabadala yempucuko yamaMaya kanye nezinganekwane yenze ukutadisha kwayo kwaba ngenkuthalo kakhulu; le mpucuko yayifuna izindawo eziphakeme zokukhonzela onkulunkulu bayo, okuthiwa izindawo ezingcwele nezingaqondakali. Phakathi kwalabo abagqamayo:
I-Palenque
Namuhla ithathwa njengendawo yokuhlangana okungaqondakali okukhulu kunakuzo zonke izindawo ezingcwele; Iyindawo engcwele ngoba ibizwa ngethuna lomunye wababusi abaqavile nodumile bempucuko yaseMaya, uLord Pakal, okuthiwa waphila phakathi kuka-615 no-683 AD. Lokhu kugqama ngokubaluleka kwayo ngoba iyatholakala. lapho igama lakhe lilotshwe khona ngesandla etsheni lekhanda.
Xel Ha
ECaribbean, ngasogwini lwayo, kukhona iMayan Rivera edumile minyaka yonke eheha izinkulungwane nezinkulungwane zezivakashi eMexico, ikakhulukazi eNhlonhlweni yaseYucatan. I-Xel Há ibizwa ngokuthi "i-water inlet".
I-Chichén Itzá
Enye indawo engcwele esiye yazuza ukubaluleka okukhulu, lapho abavubukuli benquma khona ubuhle bayo obubodwa kanye nokubukeka kobuhle okuqoshwe kahle nokusetshenzwa.
Kabah
Kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi zonke izindawo ezingcwele zempucuko yamaMeya ziyimpicabadala ngoba indawo ngayinye ihlobene eduze, naphezu kokuba kude nomunye. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kule ndawo ungabona izindawo ezimbalwa zemivubukulo ezihlanganisa izakhiwo ezinkulu eziyinkimbinkimbi njengethempeli le-Codz Pop.
quelepa
Kule ndawo yokuvubukula engabonwa e-El Salvador, kunezakhiwo ezingaba ngu-40 ezibonisa ukuthi isiko lamaMayan laliyini. Ukutholakala kwayo kusha impela, ibifihliwe kusukela yaphinde yatholwa.
Tulum
Elinye igugu lempucuko yamaMaya, laqala labizwa ngegama elithi Zamá, okusho ukuthi (ukuntwela kokusa), kuyilapho i-Tulum isho (udonga), olunikezwe ingxenye yalo ebiyelwe ngodonga njengoba ucwaningo oluhlukahlukene luyinquma njengesikhungo sokucwaninga ngezinkanyezi.
Igugu laseCeren
Impucuko yamaMeya iye yahlala isikhathi eside phakathi namakhulu eminyaka kangangokuthi i-jewel yaseCerén yatholakala ngokuzenzakalelayo ku-1976 (i-Pompeii eMelika Ephakathi), ngenxa yokuthi intaba-mlilo yaqhuma e-El Salvador ngo-600 AD Yamemezela Indawo Yamagugu Omhlaba kusukela ngo-1993.
bonampak
Ngokwakhiwe ngezakhiwo ingesinye sezakhiwo ezinkulu noma izivalo ezinkulu, ingeyesimanjemanje, ingeyokuqala, iyasha kanye nokuba nezithombe ezipendwe kahle nezihlotshiswe yingakho igama layo (izindonga ezipendiwe), yilokhu okudonsa ukunakwa kwazo zonke lezo zivakashi ezifika ngosuku. emini ukuze ujabulele.
Ihlathi laseLacandon
Ingatholakala eChiapas eMexico, elinye igama layo ngu (Desierto de la Soledad). AmaLacandone ahlala kulezi zindawo futhi kuzo igama lehlathi lisuselwa; laba bayinzalo yamaMaya. Lesi sifunda siyihlathi futhi kunesikhungo semikhosi esibizwa ngeLacan-Tun. Ingxenye ngayinye yesiko lamaMeya inengxenye yayo emlandweni wesintu, ubuhle bayo bemivubukulo, imihlatshelo yayo yonkulunkulu bayo, indlela yayo yokuphila, indlela yayo yokusebenza phakathi kwabanye.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisayo mayelana nemvelaphi ye-Mayan Mythology, onkulunkulu bayo nomlando, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye: