El UMar NegroNjengoba imise okweqanda, ithatha indawo enkulu eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeYurophu.Emazweni akulesi sifunda, uLwandle Olumnyama belubaluleke kakhulu emakhulwini eminyaka edlule. Funda kabanzi ngalesi sihloko esithandekayo!
UMar Negro
ULwandle Olumnyama luvalwe nhlangothi zonke ngomhlaba, nokho akulona ichibi, njengoba luhlanganiswe noLwandle iMedithera yiBosporus Strait kanye neDardanelles ebanzi, okusho ukuthi (iScylla kanye neCharybdis emlandweni wamaGreki), ukuthi ukushintshaniswa amanzi nolwandle ngokusebenzisa lezi zimo ezinzima, ngakho awekho amagagasi oLwandle Olumnyama.
El UMar Negro Iwulwandle oluphakathi kwe-Ukraine ngasenyakatho, iCaucasus ngasempumalanga, iTurkey eningizimu futhi ixhumana eningizimu-ntshonalanga, neMedithera ngomugqa weBosphorus, uLwandle iMarmara kanye nomugqa weDardanelles nasenyakatho-mpumalanga, ukuze ngokusebenzisa iKerch ewumugqa kanye noLwandle lwase-Azov.
Amanzi aphansi futhi avamile, acwebile futhi ajulile, ngaphandle kwamagagasi, awanawo usawoti omningi; inkungu ewugqinsi ivame ukumboza ulwandle, okuqanjwe ngalo ngenxa yeziphepho ezinamandla eziluvunguza, luqukethe iziqhingi ezincane kuphela, ikakhulukazi iSiQhingi SeNyoka, esizalweni seDanube, neSiQhingi SaseTendra, esizalweni seDnieper.
ULwandle Olumnyama aluyona ingxenye yeMedithera, namuhla izimo zezinga, izinga lokushisa, usawoti kanye nezilwane zihluke kakhulu ezilwandle ezimbili, eMiocene, yonke indawo eseningizimu yethafa yayimbozwe uLwandle lwaseSarmata, olusuka kusukela. enyakatho yeCaspian kuya enkabeni ye-Asia.
IDanube yayiwumngenela walolu lwandle, izungezwe eningizimu ukhahlamba lwezintaba zaseBalkan yabe isihlanganiswa neCaucasus yiCrimea, kwase kuba khona ukuguqulwa kwe-tectonic, okwadala indawo eseningizimu yeCaspian kanye nengxenye eseningizimu nasempumalanga yoLwandle Olumnyama. .
Izici
Ugu loLwandle Olumnyama luhlehle kancane, ngaphandle kogu olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga nasenyakatho, oluphansi futhi luwela imihosha eminingi, izigodi nezigodi. Imifula, emilomo yabo ivame ukuvinjelwa isihlabathi, izintaba zaseningizimu yeCrimea zakha izindawo eziwukuphela kwezindawo eziwugwadule.
Empumalanga naseningizimu, ugu luyimiqansa futhi lunezintaba, amagquma amagquma ama-Greater and Lesser Caucasus, ahlukaniswe yizindawo eziphansi zaseKolkhida, emngceleni UMar Negro empumalanga, kuyilapho izintaba zasePontic zigudla ugu oluseningizimu.
Eduze kwendawo yokuphuma ye-Bosphorus, ukukhululeka kogu kumaphakathi nakuba kusawumqansa, ngokuqhubekayo enyakatho, endaweni yaseBurgaski Bay, kuvela izintaba eziphansi lapho iziNtaba ZaseBalkan zaseBulgaria zidlulela ngasempumalanga, ziqhubeke ziye ngasentshonalanga. ugu, indawo eyithafa eyisicaba ingenela umfula omkhulu woMfula iDanube, ophushela ubuningi bawo olwandle.
ULwandle Olumnyama luqukethe iziqhingi ezimbalwa kuphela, enkulu kunazo zonke i-Zmiyinyy e-Ukraine, empumalanga yomfula i-Danube kanye ne-Berezan emlonyeni wesizalo somfula i-Dniester, ukukhululeka ngaphansi kwamanzi kungabonakala njengochungechunge lwamandandatho agxilile futhi ngezinye izikhathi angalingani.
Ngalé kogu olungajulile, indawo yeshalofu ithatha cishe ingxenye yesine yayo yonke indawo, ibanzi kakhulu entshonalanga nasenhloko ye-Kerch Strait, kodwa kwezinye izindawo yakha unqenqema olungaba amamayela angu-6 kuya kwayi-7 (10 kuya ku-11 km) ububanzi futhi ukujula kwerimu ngokuvamile kungaphansi kwamafidi angu-360 (amamitha angu-110).
Ishalofu liphumela onqenqemeni lwalo emthambekeni, obhidlizwa izigodi ezingaphansi kwamanzi futhi eliwumqansa ezingxenyeni zalo ezingenhla. Phakathi kwamadolobha asechwebeni iSinop neSamsun (eTurkey), ugu luhambisana nohide lwezintaba zasolwandle ezihlala cishe amakhilomitha angu-100.
Imbobo eyakha umnyombo womcengezi ihlanganisa cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yendawo yonke futhi iyithafa eliyisicaba elingenasici, elinokujula okukhuphuka ngokufanayo kuya enkabeni kuye ngaphezudlwana kwamamitha angu-7,200 (amamitha angu-2,200), kanti i-eksisi yokujula okukhulu isusiwe. ebheke ogwini lwaseTurkey.
amagama omlando
Imibono iphakamisa ukuthi ngaphambi kokubizwa ngokuthi uLwandle Olumnyama, umzimba wamanzi wawubizwa ngokuthi "uLwandle Olungenamoya", ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuba khona kwezizwe zasendle ogwini lwalo, lapho amaGreki ethatha ugu lwawo, igama lashintshwa. "
Kukhona nezinkomba ezithi ulwandle lwabizwa ngokuthi "uLwandle" isikhathi eside, nokho, lolu lwandle seluthole amagama amaningi emakhulwini eminyaka ngabantu abahlukene, kodwa leli gama yilo elidume kakhulu, okukholakala ukuthi eyanikezwa amaTurkey ezikhathini zasendulo, imibhalo yomlando iphakamisa phakathi nenkathi yoMbuso Wase-Ottoman.
Kukhona okunye okucatshangelwayo okuphakamisa izizathu ezehlukene ngemuva komsuka wegama le UMar NegroNgokwenye impikiswano, iziphepho ebusika zenza amanzi alolu lwandle abonakale emnyama, okwenza amatilosi alubize ngokuthi uLwandle Olumnyama.
Enye inkolelo-mbono yaphakamisa ukuthi izinto eziminza emanzini zimbozwe ngodaka olumnyama ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ukutholakala kwezinto ezinjalo ngaphesheya kolwandle kungase kube isizathu segama lazo.
I-Etymology
Imvelaphi yoLwandle Olumnyama ihlobene eduze nomlando womhlaba wonke, ekuqaleni komlando wayo, umhlaba wawuyibhola lomlilo elishisayo, ke, umhlaba waqala ukupholisa, umswakama waqala ukufingqa, futhi unamandla. imvula yaqala ukuna phezu kwawo futhi yaqala ukugcwalisa zonke izingxenye zomhlaba, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba anqwabelana futhi ngaleyo ndlela Izilwandle nezilwandle ezungeze uLwandle Olumnyama.
Kuphakanyiswe amamodeli amaningi e-tectonic ukuze achaze ukuthi lolu lwandle lwadalwa kanjani futhi nini, enye imodeli yalubheka njengolwandle olusele, enye yathi ukwakheka kwalo kubangelwa uqweqwe lwezwekazi, imodeli yesithathu yaphakamisa ukuthi kwakuwumphumela wokukhuphuka nokuguguleka. ukuqhubeka kwenqwaba yomhlaba.
Imodeli yesine ibonise ukuthi bekuwumphumela wemisebenzi yamaphutha esiteleka, imodeli ethandwa kakhulu ukuvuleka kwe-back-arc, kulawa mamodeli, kuye kwahlongozwa izilinganiso zeminyaka eyahlukene, kusukela ku-pre-Cambrian kuya ku-Quaternary, nakuba i-Cretaceous medium. uthole ukwesekwa okubanzi.
Umlando woLwandle Olumnyama
KumaGreki asendulo, ulwandle lwalusemaphethelweni ezwe elaziwayo, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukukhula kwamakholomu okuhweba amaGreki axhumanisa zonke izigu kunethiwekhi yobudlelwano bezomnotho, ngeNkathi Ephakathi, ulwandle lwaluboshwe kwezohwebo ezinkulu. amadolobha avela eMedithera.
Kamuva, ama-Ottomans asebenzisa izinsiza zesifunda ukuze azakhele umbuso wawo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, ulwandle lwavulelwa ukuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe futhi ugu lolwandle lwaluyingxenye yesimiso sokuhweba emhlabeni wonke ngempela.
Ngemva kokuwa kombuso waseRussia nowase-Ottoman, ugu lwahlukaniswa phakathi kwezizwe eziningana ezazisanda kumiswa, ngayinye igomela ilungelo layo engxenyeni yogu kanye nengxenye yamanzi asogwini, namuhla, imizamo yokuvuselela umqondo wogu lolwandle. I-Black Sea njengesifunda esihlangene isiphinde yaba ku-ajenda yamazwe ngamazwe.
Ithiyori yokuxhumana neMedithera ngesikhathi seHolocene
Ulwandle Olumnyama luhlobene eduze nezilwandle zomhlaba ezingxenyeni ezimbili, i-Dardanelles kanye ne-Bosphorus, ngezikhathi zamaqhwa lonke izinga lolwandle lalingamamitha ambalwa ngaphansi lapho likhona manje.
Kunobufakazi bokuthi izinga lamanzi oLwandle Olumnyama liye lehla kakhulu esikhathini esithile ngemva kwesikhathi seqhwa, abavubukuli bathole amagobolondo ezinhlobonhlobo zamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nokusatshalaliswa komuntu ngamamitha amaningi ngaphansi kolwandle ogwini lwaseTurkey, kungenxa yalokhu. isizathu sokuthi uLwandle Olumnyama kukholakala ukuthi lwalusechibini lamanzi angenasawoti afile, okungenzeka ukuthi laliphakathi nenkathi yokugcina yeqhwa nangemva kwalokho.
Isikhukhula soLwandle Olumnyama
Ngo-1997, uWilliam Ryan, uWalter Pitman kanye nabasizi babo bamemezela ithiyori yokuqala yezikhukhula yoLwandle Olumnyama, bacabanga ukuthi amanzi aqhamuka oLwandle iMedithera aye echibini lamanzi ahlanzekile oLwandle Olumnyama.
Ngaphambi kwalolu suku, ukuncibilika kweqhwa kuphendule ulwandle oluMnyama nolweCaspian lwaba amachibi amakhulu anamanzi angenasawoti. Ulwandle i-Aegean, njengoba izinguzunga zeqhwa zihlehla, eminye yemifula egeleza oLwandle Olumnyama yancipha futhi yashintsha indlela eyayigeleza ngayo oLwandle Olusenyakatho.
Amazinga echibi ehla ngenxa yokuhwamuka, kuyilapho izinguquko ku-hydrology yomhlaba wonke zabangela ukunyuka kwezinga lolwandle, iMedithera ekhuphukayo yagcina igeleza phezu kwamadwala aseBosporus.
Ulwandle Olumnyama ezikhathini zasendulo
Bekulokhu kwaziwa esintwini kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo futhi kudunyiswa ababhali nezimbongi eziningi, izindawo ezimangalisayo zoLwandle Olumnyama, isimo sezulu esipholile kanye nomthelela omkhulu womzwelo woLwandle Olumnyama kuzohlala kuze kube phakade enkumbulweni yabo bonke abavakashele uLwandle Olumnyama. ugu..
ULwandle Olumnyama luyathakazelisa emibonweni ehlukene, ubuhle, ezomnotho, ezombusazwe kanye nabanye abaningi, kodwa mhlawumbe amaGreki asendulo ayengabokuqala ukukhuluma ngoLwandle Olumnyama, ngenxa yobuhle bendawo yolwandle, izimila ezisogwini eziluhlaza kanye nomoya , iphakeme ngokuphefumula kolwandle nephunga lezimbali, balubiza ngokuthi iPontus de Euxine, okungukuthi, ulwandle olunomoya wokungenisa izihambi.
Kodwa-ke, amaGreki asendulo aqamba leli gama kuphela ngemva kokukwazi kahle futhi ngaphambi kokuba abize ngokuthi i-Pont Aksinsky - ulwandle olungenabugovu, phakathi kwamaGreki kwakukhona izinganekwane zokuthi abanikazi boLwandle Olumnyama, iTaurus enolaka ibulala bonke abasha. bawenzela onkulunkulu bawo, nangokhakhayi benza izinkomishi zewayini.
ULwandle Olumnyama lwaqala ezindaweni zokuqala zamaGreki, izinganekwane eziningi nezinkondlo zihlotshaniswa nabo, ama-Argonauts efuna i-Golden Fleece asondela ogwini loLwandle Olumnyama, i-Colchis yasendulo. U-Prometheus oqhoshayo wayeboshwe ngamaketanga emadwaleni asogwini, engalaleli onkulunkulu futhi enikeza abantu umlilo ongcwele.
Abantu bokuqala abakhileyo esifundeni sase- UMar Negro, ezehlela ezikhathini zethu, kwakungamaCimmerians, kamuva athathelwa indawo amaSkithe, isikhathi sokubusa kwamaSkithe ogwini loLwandle Olumnyama saqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lesi-XNUMX AD AmaSkithe awazange azibandakanye kwezolimo futhi ukwakha amadolobha; bathumba beba amazwe angaphandle.
Isizathu sokuthi kungani uLwandle Olumnyama luphenduke oluluhlaza
Isathelayithi ye-NASA ye-Aqua ithwebule izithombe ezimangalisayo zoLwandle Olumnyama emkhathini, ngama-turquoise swirls ebusa amanzi ngokuvamile amnyama, ngenxa yokuqhakaza okuqhubekayo kwe-phytoplankton.
I-Phytoplankton izidalwa ezincane ezidla ukukhanya kwelanga kanye nemisoco encibilikisiwe, isithombe sibonisa imifula i-Danube ne-Dnieper ethwele lezi zondlo eziyisa oLwandle Olumnyama, lapho i-phytoplankton idla khona, kusho izikhulu ze-NASA esitatimendeni. Ngokulandelayo, lezi zilwane ezincane zidliwa izilwane ezinkulu njengezinhlanzi nezimbaza.
Amazwe asemngceleni woLwandle Olumnyama
ULwandle Olumnyama lutholakala e-Eurasia, luzungezwe iYurophu, iCaucasus, ne-Anatolia, amazwe ahlanganyela umngcele noLwandle Olumnyama ahlanganisa:
- ERomania
- Turkey
- Bulgaria
- Ukraine
- Rusia
- IGeorgia.
Lo mzimba wamanzi uphinde uzungezwe:
- Izintaba zasePontic.
- I-Caucasus.
- ECrimea eningizimu, empumalanga nasenyakatho.
- Iboshwe yizintaba zeStrandzha eningizimu-ntshonalanga kanye neDobrogea Plateau enyakatho-ntshonalanga.
Amadolobha abaluleke kakhulu asemfuleni
- Istanbul
- UConanza
- I-Burgas
- I-Varna
- Yalta
- Odesa
- Sebastopol
- i-kerc
- I-Novorossiysk
- Sochi
- sukhumi
- Batumi
- Trabzon
- mastiff
- I-Zonguldak
I-Hydrology kanye ne-hydrochemistry
ULwandle Olumnyama luyichibi elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni (elinamazinga amanzi angaxubeki), ungqimba lwamanzi olungaphezulu lukhula ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-150, lubanda, luminyene kancane futhi lunosawoti omncane, lugcwele umoya-mpilo, luhlukana noluphansi, ungqimba olufudumele, olusawoti, noluminyene lwe-hydrogen sulfide ene-chemocline.
Ayikho incazelo eyodwa eyamukelwa emhlabeni wonke ngemvelaphi ye-hydrogen sulfide oLwandle Olumnyama, kunombono wokuthi i-hydrogen sulfide oLwandle Olumnyama yakhiwa ikakhulukazi ngenxa yomsebenzi wamagciwane anciphisa i-sulfate, ebizwa ngokuthi i-stratification yamanzi futhi ibuthakathaka. ukushintshana okuqondile.
Kukhona nombono wokuthi i-hydrogen sulfide yakhiwa ngenxa yokubola kwezilwane zasemanzini ahlanzekile ezafa ngesikhathi sokungena kwamanzi anosawoti eMedithera ngesikhathi kwakhiwa iBosphorus neDardanelles.
Ezinye izifundo zeminyaka yamuva zisivumela ukuba sikhulume ngoLwandle Olumnyama njengechibi elikhulu le-hydrogen sulfide hhayi nje kuphela, kodwa futhi ne-methane, okungenzeka futhi ekhishwe ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwezilwanyana ezincane, kanye nasolwandle.
Imiphumela engcolisayo yokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni
Ngenxa yezizathu zomlando nenhlalo-mnotho, amazwe aseningizimu ye-Black Sea abhekene nezinkinga ezikhulayo nezibonakala zingenakuxazululeka ekulawuleni udoti wawo oqinile, okunomthelela omubi kakhulu empilweni yomphakathi kanye nezinga lempilo, kanye nasemphakathini obanzi. ukuthuthukiswa komnotho.
Ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kusho futhi ukusindisa izilwane zasolwandle ekuqothulweni, kunomklamo ogxile ekunciphiseni ukungcoliswa kwemifula nolwandle kuwumzamo wokulandelela wokwandisa le mikhuba yokuhlukanisa imfucuza.
Iphrojekthi ihlela ukubeka iziqukathi ezintsha edolobheni elisogwini lasePoti e UMar Negro futhi kwakhiwe indawo yokwenza umquba e-Kutaisi, ngaphezu kwepulasitiki, i-Kutaisi izoqala nokuhlunga imfucuza yephepha nengilazi ngokwehlukana.