Impilo kaSeneca, esondelene kakhulu nezikhungo zamandla, yaziwa kakhulu kithi ngenxa yobufakazi bezazi-mlando zaseRoma ezigunyaziwe zesikhathi ezifana noTacitus, uSuetonius noCassius Dio. Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele ubudlelwano uSeneca abugcina ngamandla, kufanele siqale sihlaziye isikhathi esingokomlando azithola ekuso.
Ukuphatha kukaNero kwakuyinkathi enzima kakhulu, egcwele ukungezwani nokwesaba, nakuba konke lokhu akuzange kwenzeke ngokushesha. Eqinisweni, ngokushesha nje lapho ehlala esihlalweni sobukhosi, uNero, futhi ngenxa yokusekelwa okuqinile kwamadoda afana noSeneca no-Afranio Burro, uyakwazi ukugcina ibhalansi ngaphakathi koMbuso WaseRoma. Lesi sikhathi sokuchuma sabizwa izazi-mlando isikhathi seminyaka emihlanu uNeronis o i-quinquennium felix, ngoba kwakuyiminyaka emihlanu yokuthula nokuzola.
Amandla, ipolitiki kanye nokuziphatha
Ngeshwa, le nkathi yeminyaka emihlanu yalandelwa inkathi eyayibuswa ukwesaba nobuhlanya bukaNero, owabeka igunya lokubusa ngokwentando yeningi, ethatha isikhundla salezi zibalo ezimbili ezazikuso ngaphambili. Imbongolo ithathelwa indawo uTigellinus, kuyilapho kungekho muntu othatha isikhundla sangaphambilini seSeneca. USeneca akayeki ukudalula yena ngokwakhe futhi akanciphi ekuzibophezeleni ukuthi ukuhlanganyela empilweni yezombangazwe okubeka kuye, kodwa ngokuvamile ukhokha kakhulu udumo lwakhe kanye nengcebo eqoqwe, kuze kube yilapho ephoqeleka ukuzibulala.
Ngokulandelana kwezikhathi, ngo-AD 39, ubeka impilo yakhe engcupheni ngaphansi kwemiyalo kaCaligula futhi eminyakeni emibili kamuva uphoqeleka ukuba adingiselwe eCorsica nguClaudius, asuka kuye ekuthatheni isimo sengqondo sokuthopha ukuze athole ukuxolelwa kwakhe ngokubhala i-Cosolatio ad Polybium, ukuze athathe. ukuziphindiselela ngokufa kwakhe. ukufa. ukufa, eveza yonke inzondo yakhe kuye I-Apokolocyntosis, umsebenzi amgcona ngawo ngonya. Ukuba umbusi kaNero, wazama ukusekela uhulumeni wakhe ezimisweni ze rex iustus, i-theorizing isibalo senkosana eboniswe esithombeni we clementia, kodwa isimilo esinamandla nesinonya sombusi osemusha ngokushesha sathatha izintambo.
Seneca nepolitiki
USeneca, ngokungafani nabanye ababhali besikhathi samanje, uzizwa enomsebenzi wokubamba iqhaza ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe emsebenzini wezombangazwe. ngoba yena muy ezibalulekile ubudlelwano phakathi kwempilo esebenzayo kanye nempilo yokucabanga, impilo yomphakathi kanye nempilo yangasese, izingxoxo kanye ne-otium, umuntu ngamunye kanye nomphakathi. Kuhlala kuxhumene kakhulu nesimiso: "umsebenzi womuntu uwukuba wusizo kwamanye amadoda." Ukuze kube usizo, i-Seneca iqinisekisa ukuthi indoda elungile akufanele igweme izibopho zayo zobuntu nezomphakathi. Ukuziphatha kukaSeneca empeleni kuwukuziphatha okusebenzayo, okusekelwe kumgomo wokuhle okuvamile.
Ngakho ubudlelwano bukaSeneca nothishanhloko buyinkinga. Ekuqaleni eneliseke ngobukhosi bukaNero, wayebhalela umbusi omusha uNero incwadi enesihloko esithi. Kusuka kuClementia. Kulo msebenzi uSeneca utusa ukulinganisa nokuzitika amakhosazana, iphinde inikeze imodeli yokuziphatha okufanele iyilandele. Umbhali uthi uclement rule kumele aziphathe njengobaba ezinganeni zakhe. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokufundisa izifundo ihlale iwukuncenga nokuyala, hhayi eyokusongela nokwesaba.
amandla angamandla
I-Seneca ayingabazi amandla aphelele ombusi futhi, empeleni, iqinisekisa ukuthi ingamandla avela kuNkulunkulu. Ukudalelwa kunikeze uNero umsebenzi wokuphatha izikhonzi zakhe futhi kufanele enze lo msebenzi ngaphandle kokubenza bazizwe benesisindo samandla, futhi kufanele futhi abe ngumnikezeli wesilinganiso. Jikelele. Uphakamisa umthetho owodwa ekusebenzelaneni nezigqila: "Phila nomuntu ophansi wakho njengoba ungathanda ukuthi ophakeme wakho ahlale nawe."
Inkosi iyinhloko yoMbuso, izikhonzi zingamalungu, ngakho-ke laba bamuva bakulungele ukulalela inkosi njengoba amalungu elalela inhloko futhi alungele ukubhekana nokufa ngenxa yayo: “Yena, ngempela, uyisibopho esibonga ngaso. umbuso uhlala ubumbene, uwumoya obalulekile wonke lezi zinkulungwane zamadoda eziphefumulayo. Bona, ngokwabo, babengeke babe lutho ngaphandle komthwalo kanye nempango kwabanye, uma lowo mphefumulo woMbuso ungekho.
De Beneficis de Seneca
Ngemva kokuqaphela ukwehluleka kwemfundo kaNero yokuziphatha, uSeneca ubhala uDe izinzuzo, incwadi enezincwadi eziyisikhombisa ekhuluma ngendaba yokwazi ukunikeza nokwamukela inzuzo, eqondwa njengomnikelo okhonkolo wento enhle, futhi ithinta ukukhulelwa ngokusho ukuthi yinhlanhla kuphela enganquma isimo senkululeko noma ubugqila. Ngakho-ke wonke umuntu kufanele azi ukuthi angazakhela kanjani udumo lwakhe ngomsebenzi nangomzamo, ngaphandle kokubala lokho okhokho bakhe abamshiyela kona..
USeneca, ngokuqondile ngenxa “yokungavumelani” kwakhe lapho ebhekene namandla, ukwazile ukulondoloza idumela elikhulu phakathi namakhulu eminyaka ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili: imibuso yobushiqela neyabashisekeli iyakwazisa ukuziphatha kwakhe njengesihloko, kuyilapho ongqondongqondo behlanganyela indlela yakhe yokuphikisana nababusi. .
USeneca uhlatshwe umxhwele ukuziphatha kukaStoic futhi uyisebenzisela ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zempilo engokoqobo. Kodwa-ke, ngokuzibulala, uyakwazi ukuletha isithombe sakhe emlandweni, ehlenga impilo ephikisanayo ngokuqinisekile. Mhlawumbe yilokhu okwamenza waduma kakhulu futhi, ngokuzibulala kwakhe, wabhala ikhasi elibalulekile ekuphileni kwakhe.
inkululeko ngaphezu kwakho konke
USeneca ezinhlekeleleni zakhe uzogxila ohlangothini olungaziwa lobuntu bakhe, okungukuthi vir sapiens namabhonasi, ozozibulala ngesizathu esifanele senkululeko. Inkululeko, ye-Seneca, ingaphakathi kwethu futhi akekho ongayicindezela: ngokuhlakanipha, ngokudelela umzimba wethu we-ephemeral, inkululeko iphephile.. Uma sazi ukuthi singaphendukela kanjani ezintweni ezinkulu kunobugqila bomzimba, sizoyinqoba inkululeko yangaphakathi, sizoba ngokwethu. «Uyangibuza ukuthi iyiphi indlela eya enkululekweni? Noma yimuphi umthambo emzimbeni wakho.
Okubalulekile ukwazi kuphela ukuhlukanisa okuhle nokubi, ngoba yilabo kuphela abakuzuzayo abayokhululeka ngempela, ngoba inkululeko ayiveli ekuzalweni esigabeni esithile, kungaba mpofu noma izicukuthwane.. Kumbhali, impi yokunqotshwa kwenkululeko ingaliwa kuphela ngesikhali sefilosofi, waze waqinisekisa ukuthi abahlakaniphile kuphela abakhululekile.
Umcabango wefilosofi kaSeneca
USeneca akayena isazi sefilosofi noma umcabango ohlelekile: inhloso yakhe eyinhloko ukudlulisa umqondo wokuphila kanye nezindinganiso ezithile zokuziphatha, empeleni ukukhiqizwa kwakhe kuhluke kakhulu kwabanye ongqondongqondo basendulo njengoPlato noma u-Aristotle. Akafisi ukunikeza uhlelo lwefilosofi, kodwa kunalokho ukukhomba abalandeli bakhe nabafundi bakhe izimfanelo zokuziphatha zeStoicism. Nakuba iningi lezincwadi zakhe zokubhala lifakwe ngaphansi kwesihloko esijwayelekile esithi "izingxoxo", lezi zihlukaniswa ngokusobala kwekaPlato esikhundleni sokuthatha uhlobo lwama-monologues wangempela, lapho uSeneca ekhuluma nanoma ubani onentshisekelo emcabangweni wakhe.
Umlingiswa ongahlelekile womcabango we-Seneca kanye nokuzimela okumenyezelwe kwemithombo kuyisimo esingaguquki kuwo wonke umsebenzi wesazi sefilosofi. Kuwo wonke ukukhiqizwa kwemisebenzi yakhe kuvela ukuhunyushwa kabusha komuntu siqu kolwazi oludluliselwa kusazi sefilosofi ngothisha oluhambisana nokubusa okucacile kwe-stoicism. Izimiso ezimbili eziyisisekelo zefilosofi kaSeneca zitholakala ngokuqondile kuStoicism: imvelo nokucabanga.. NgokukaSeneca, umuntu kufanele ngaphezu kwakho konke ahambisane nemvelo futhi, ngokufanayo, alalele ukucabanga, kubhekwe njenge Isilinganiso, isiGreki ama-logos, isimiso saphezulu esilawula umhlaba.
Abahlakaniphile ababona abantu abangenabuntu, omunye wemibono kaLucio
Inothi leqembu elithile elivela emfundisweni yamaStoyiku lingaphansi kwesibalo se ama-sapiens, abahlakaniphileyo. Umoya kaSeneca we-Latin pragmatic umholela ekuqedeni izici zobuntu okuthiwa zingabantu abahlakaniphile. Ngakho-ke ukuhlakanipha kuthatha isimo sokubusa okunengqondo kwezinkanuko hhayi ukunganaki nokugonywa kwemizwa.
I-asceticism yokomoya ye-sage iqukethe izigaba ezinhlanu eziyisisekelo: i ukunqoba phezu kwezinkanuko, njengokwesaba, ubuhlungu nokukholelwa ezeni; yena ukuhlolwa kokuqwashisa, umkhuba ovamile emfundisweni yamaPythagorean; i ukuqaphela ukuba yingxenye yamalogo futhi ngakho-ke siyabona ukuthi siyizidalwa ezinengqondo, ingxenye yephrojekthi yengqondo yokucabanga; ukuzamukela nokuqashelwa, eqinisweni indoda ehlakaniphile iyakubona okuyingxenye yengqondo nalokho okungeyona, iqaphela ukuthi iyingxenye yakho.; futhi ekugcineni impumelelo ye uyamkhulula Ingaphakathi: ngesizathu umuntu angaphila ngokujabula.
Ngakho-ke ukuhlakanipha kumiswa njengendlela hhayi njengendlela yokugcina. Ihlelwa njengendlela umuntu athola ngayo inkululeko yangaphakathi hhayi ulwazi ngokwalo.
Aristotle futhi Seneca
Ngokombono wefilosofi kaSeneca, umbono wefilosofi wesayensi ophefumulelwe u-Aristotle nawo uthola indawo. Ukucwaninga ngezimo zemvelo, empeleni, kuvumela umuntu ukuba azi ingxenye yazo zonke, futhi, ngazo, azihlanganise nazo.
ISeneca ibuye ichaze izici ezine eziyisisekelo zokuhlakanipha: ukuzithiba lokho kusiza ukulawula izinkanuko; amandla, ewusizo ekulweni nokwesaba; ubuhlakani, sibonga ukuthi izenzo ezizokwenziwa zingabonwa kusengaphambili; ubulungisa,ongabela lowo nalowo okuhambelana naye. Lapho umuntu ekwazi ukuzuza ubuhle, uyakhululwa ekwesabeni nasezinkathazweni zesimo sakhe sokufa nesomzimba futhi ekugcineni angasho ukuthi ujabule ngempela, ngoba ukugcwaliseka kwakhe ngokugcwele kuqukethe ubuhle kanye nentuthuko yakhe futhi akukho ngaphansi kokucindezeleka. .izifiso zenhlanhla, futhi azixhomekile engcebweni noma empilweni, esingaphezu kwamandla ethu futhi ngenxa yalokho engekho emandleni ethu.
Ifilosofi nezinhlamvu kuhambisana ngokuphelele namandla
Ngokuqinisekile uSeneca uyisazi sefilosofi nendoda yezincwadi eyazi ukusebenzisana ngokweqiniso ngamandla, eshiya uphawu oluhle phakathi neminyaka yokusebenza nombusi osemusha, ebambisana ngenkuthalo ukuze kuzuze umphakathi, kodwa futhi okwaziyo ukuziqhelelanisa. kuye lapho engasameli isibonelo esihle, elahla amalungelo nokukhetha ngaphandle kokuzisola, njengoba kushiwo ku De blessed life: "ekwazi ukujabulela ingcebo lapho ikhona, kodwa ekwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwayo uma eyeka."
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhoxa kwakhe empilweni yomphakathi kwaba nemiphumela eyinhlekelele kuNero okwathi, eshiywe yedwa ukuba abuse, eminyakeni emihlanu yokugcina yamandla akhe, kwadala ukungavunyelwa kwezakhamuzi kangangokuthi wagwetshwa, ngemva kokufa kwakhe, "ukulahlwa." inkumbulo», la umusho omubi kakhulu ukuthi umRoma angahlupheka, kuyilapho inkumbulo kaSeneca izohlala phakathi namakhulu eminyaka ngokuhlakanipha kwakhe okujulile nokuzibophezela kwakhe emphakathini.
Esimeni sokuntengantenga kwezombusazwe nezenhlalo okungenakulungiseka Khuphuka Mundi ngaleso sikhathi, I-Seneca izwakalisa zonke izinto ezingaqondakali, imikhawulo kanye nezifiso zesigaba songqondongqondo, esasala yiso sodwa esaphikisana namandla ezombusazwe acindezelayo, ngemva kokulethwa kwesigaba sezigele.. Nge-Seneca, ukuba nokwenzeka kwesigaba songqondongqondo ukufeza umsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo ngaphakathi kwamandla ezombusazwe kuyahluleka. Ngemuva kwakhe "abeluleki benkosana" bazobe sebekhululiwe kanye nezikhulu futhi izihlakaniphi zizokwazi ukusho ukuthi kwenzekani.
ungafunda futhi U-Lucius Anneo Seneca (Ingxenye 2)