impisi enkulu noma impisi embi (i-canis dirus) kwakuyizinhlobo ze-canid ezazihlala ezwenikazi laseMelika ngesikhathi sePleistocene sekwephuzile -kusuka eNyakatho Melika kuya e-Argentina Pampa- futhi eyaphela ngemva kwesikhathi sokugcina seqhwa cishe eminyakeni eyi-13.000 edlule.
Isikhathi eside isihlobene nempisi empunga noma impisi evamile (i-canis lupus), okwahlala isikhathi eside, kodwa izifundo zofuzo namuhla ziqinisekisa ukuthi ziyizinhlobo ezahlukene lokho kwavela ngokuhlukahlukana. Nokho, enye idatha ngemvelaphi yayo nokushabalala ayiqinisekisi ngokuphelele. Hlala nathi ukuze uzicwilise emlandweni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo walesi silwane esesivele siyimpicabadala esasihlala emathafeni aseNyakatho Melika kanye namaqele ngesikhathi seqhwa.
Impisi enkulu: ukudiliza ubudlelwano bayo nempisi empunga
Ucwaningo lwakamuva kakhulu lwezakhi zofuzo luqinisekisa ukuthi impisi enkulu kanye ne-grey wolf yizinhlobo ezahlukene naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi bahlala ndawonye iminyaka engu-90.000 endaweni efanayo. Babelana ngokufana okuthile kwe-phylogenetic okubabeka kuphela "njengabazala abakude". Kodwa-ke, ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele ukwehlukana kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakho kokubili, kubalulekile ukwenza ucwaningo oluqhathanisayo oluhlola ukufana nokuhlukana kwezakhi zofuzo.
Izimpawu Zempisi Enkulu
Naphezu kokuthi igama layo lisikiselani, impisi enkulu yayingenkulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa ne-wolf yayo evamile noma i-analogue yempisi empunga. Isisindo sayo esijwayelekile singama-80 kg, nakuba sekufakazelwe ukuthi singafinyelela ku-100 kg. Kodwa-ke, umehluko nomakhelwane wayo ompunga ompunga ubalulekile naphezu kokuthi babelane nge-niche isikhathi eside.
Naphezu kokuba ne- usayizi womzimba mncane kune-grey wolf, i-canis dirus Inesakhiwo esindayo futhi esiqine kakhulu, sinemilenze emifushane ngokulinganayo.. Ikhala layo lalide futhi imihlathi yalo yayinamandla amangalisayo, inamazinyo aqinile namazinyo abukhali akwazi ukuphula amathambo enyama yawo aze acobozwe. Okutholwe ezinsalela zezinsalela eziphawulwe imihlathi yezimpisi ezinkulu kusekela lo mbono.
Umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo: impisi enkulu yayiwuhlobo oluhlukile kunempisi empunga yamanje
Naphezu kokungafani kwazo kwe-anatomical, ukufana ababelana ngakho ngokuya ngesimo somzimba jikelele kanye nokuhlalisana kwakho kokubili iminyaka eminingi, kubeke lezi zinhlobo njenge izihlobo ezisondelene ezingaba khona, kodwa izifundo zofuzo namuhla ziyawuphikisa lowo mbono wokuqala.
Ukuze ufunde ngomlando wabo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, amaqembu esayensi ahlukahlukene avela emhlabeni wonke aqale izifundo ezinzima zofuzo ezingaphendula imibuzo ezungeza ubudlelwano obungaba khona bazo zombili lezi zinhlobo.
Ukwehlukana kokuqala kwemvelo
Ithimba labacwaningi abavela eNyuvesi yaseQueen Mary (eLondon) eliholwa isazi sezinto eziphilayo uLaurent Frantz, lethule iphrojekthi yokulandelana kwe-DNA yezibonelo ezinhlanu zezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo. i-canis dirus isukela eminyakeni ephakathi kuka-50.000 no-12.900 ubudala. Kwakungokokuqala ngqa ukuthi i-DNA ikhishwe ezimpisini ezimbi futhi imiphumela iye yaba emangalisayo., edalula indaba eyinkimbinkimbi mayelana nalezi zilwane ezidla ezinye ze-Ice Age futhi iveza idatha ephikisa izinkolelo ezindala mayelana nalezi zilwane kanye nobuhlobo obungaba nazo ne-grey wolf.
Nakuba izimpisi ezimbi zazihlala nama-coyote nezimpisi ezimpunga eNyakatho Melika okungenani iminyaka engu-10.000 ngaphambi kokuba zishabalale, abacwaningi abatholanga datha ngokuzalanisa lezi zinhlobo.
Ucwaningo luveza ukuthi ama-diwolves agcina ukwabelana ngedlozi elilodwa nezilwane eziphilayo ezifana nempisi eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-5,7 edlule., nokuthi zazihluke kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezifuywayo njengama-coyote nezimpisi ezimpunga namuhla, ngokwesibonelo: "Kwangimangaza kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi lokhu kwehlukana kwenzeke kusenesikhathi" Mayelana nalokhu, kusho umbhali ongummbisene wocwaningo, uDkt Alice Mouton, wase-University of California (Los Angeles).
Lokhu kwehlukana kwasekuqaleni kwe-dire wolf maqondana ne-grey wolf namanye ama-canids anamuhla kube ngesinye sezimanga ezinhle zalolu cwaningo, njengoba kuvamile ukuthi ama-canids azalane futhi leli qiniso likhomba i-hypothesis yokuthi kungase kube khona umgoqo wendawo ovimbela ukuwela phakathi kwemiphakathi.
I-giant wolf yayingummeleli wokugcina wezinhlobo zayo
Imiphumela yalokhu kuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo iphakamisa nokuthi impisi enkulu yadabuka emazweni aseMelika, kuyilapho okhokho bezimpisi ezimpunga, ama-coyote, nezimpisi bavela e-Eurasia futhi bahlanganisa iNyakatho Melika esikhathini esizayo. Ngakho abacwaningi basho lokho "I-dire wolf yayingummeleli wokugcina wozalo oselungasekho."
Imiphumela eyengeziwe ekhishwe ngokuhambisana abanye ababhali bocwaningo iqinisekisa umehluko njengohlobo lwempisi enkulu ngokuphathelene nempisi empunga kanye nendlela eyakamuva eyasinda ngayo ohlotsheni olwashabalala phakade. Ngakho, uDkt. Kieren Mitchell ovela eMnyangweni Wezemvelo Neziphendukela Kwemvelo e-University of Adelaide, e-Australia, uthi: "Izimpisi ezimbi ngezinye izikhathi zivezwa njengezidalwa zasenganekwaneni, izimpisi ezinkulu ezazihamba ngezindawo ezimnyama, eziqandisiwe, kodwa iqiniso libonakala lithakazelisa nakakhulu" mayelana nokuhlukana kwazo okuqondile nokushabalala kwazo, uveza, ephawula umlando oyingqayizivele wokuziphendukela kwemvelo ongenakho ukuhlukahluka.
Futhi uyaqhubeka nezinye iziphetho ezithakazelisayo ngemva kocwaningo lwakhe oluqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa okuqondile kwempisi enkulu ngokuphathelene nempisi empunga namanye ama-canids:
"Naphezu kokufana kwe-anatomical phakathi kwezimpisi ezimpunga nezimpisi ezimbi, okuvela kulo msebenzi ukuthi izimpisi ezimbi nezimpisi ezimpunga zingase zihlotshaniswe ngendlela efanayo abantu banamuhla namaNeanderthal ababekhona ezikhathini zasendulo." I-dire wolf iyilungu lakamuva lozalo lwasendulo, ngokungafani nelo lawo wonke ama-canids aphilayo., engakabi khona kuze kube namuhla.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, kuyilapho abantu basendulo namaNeanderthal bebonakala bezalana, njengoba kwenza izimpisi ezimpunga nezimpungushe zanamuhla, idatha yethu yofuzo ayizange inikeze ubufakazi bokuthi ama-diwolves ahlangana nanoma yiziphi izinhlobo ze-canine eziphilayo. Yonke imininingwane yethu ikhomba lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezimpisi zifana kakhulu nabazala abakude, njengabantu nezimfene."
Umphumela wamasiko asishiya
I-giant wolf yayiyisilwane esimangalisayo esahlala endaweni enotshani yase-Pleistocene America ngokufutheka okulingana nebhubesi emathafeni ase-Afrika lapho yaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi inkosi yasehlathini.
I-giant wolf ihlala emcabangweni wamanje weqoqo njengento enkulu uphawu lwamandla namandla, ekubeni isilwane sasenganekwaneni ukuthi i-cinema ikhiqiza, njengoba sibona ochungechungeni oludumile lwe Umdlalo Wamakhosi noma ku I-Twilight Saga.