Yiziphi izincwadi ze-Gauchesca? Yazi umlando wayo obalulekile!

Sikumema ukuba ufunde kulesi sihloko mayelana I-Gaucho Literature Yazi umlando wayo obalulekile! Lolu hlobo lwasungulwa ngenjongo yokwandisa iqoqo elicebile lemisebenzi nababhali abavela ku-Río de la Plata. Thola ubukhona bayo kanye nemvelo.

Yiziphi izincwadi ze-Gauchesca?

Imibhalo ye-Gaucho, i-subgenre yohlelo lolimi lwaseLatin America, ihlose ukwenza kabusha ulimi lwe-gaucho nokulandisa indlela yakhe ekhona. Ingqikithi yayo isekelwe ekugcineni i-gaucho njengabasebenzi abakhulu, kanye nokudlulisa imicimbi ezindaweni ezivulekile, hhayi ezinabantu abaningi, njengoba kwenzeka e-Argentina Pampas.

Iwuhlobo oluncane olulungisiwe lwezilimi ze-Hispano-American, izama ukuguqula ulimi lwe-gaucho futhi iphinde isho indlela yokuphila kwayo. Isimo salo sisekelwe ekugadeni i-gaucho njengabasebenzi ababalulekile, nokudlula ezenzakalweni ezindaweni ezivulekile, ezingenabantu, njengoba kwenzeka e-Argentina Pampas.

Uhlobo lwe-gaucho lubhekwa njengolokuqala esifundeni saseMelika: eNyakatho Melika naseNingizimu Melika, lapho kwethulwa khona indlela yokuphila, ukucabanga nokwenza endaweni yenhlalo yomphakathi etholakala ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yendawo ye-American Argentina.

Lolu hlobo lwezincwadi ze-gaucho lufaneleka njengoluyiqiniso endaweni yaseMelika: ikakhulukazi eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, izindawo lapho ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwenzeka khona, imicabango kanye nemicimbi yayo, endaweni yomphakathi, ebonwa kuphela kule ngxenye yendawo.

Ngokuphakama kwe-Romanticism namandla ezimbongi nababhali ukukhombisa imininingwane yezwe labo, kwaqala ukuvela izincwadi ze-gaucho. Iwuhlobo oluncane olusha e-Latin America, futhi lukhombisa ikakhulukazi impilo yesigaba somphakathi eyafakwa ku-Pampas yase-Argentina.

Njengoba kwenzeka kwezinye izindawo ezifana neSifundazwe saseTucumán, izifundazwe zaseSalta, Córdoba, Santa Fe, Province of Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Río Grande del Sur kanye ne-Banda Oriental.

Ababhali bafuna ngemibhalo yabo, ukuveza ukuthi ubuqiniso obuyingxenye yomphakathi wabo, futhi abazange bakujabulele ukubonakala kahle phakathi kwezazi noma abantu bonxiwankulu. Bheka isihloko: Ngiculela iBolivar

Kodwa, lapho kufika umnyakazo wothando, ababhali baphendulela amehlo abo emazweni abo, futhi bafuna ukugcizelela izici zabo zangempela namasiko. Ngale ndlela, ama-gaucho aphinde abe sezingeni elibalulekile emphakathini namasiko awo.

Nakuba le nqubo yayingelula, ukungabaza ngobuqhwaga nokuhlehla kwama-gaucho kanye nokuba lula kwawo kwakunzima ukukunqoba. Kwaze kwaze kwaba yilapho umsebenzi we-"Martín Fierro" uvela, ukuthi umuntu akakwazi ukuphawula ngendaba, ebonisa ngokuqinisekile uthando, inhlonipho nokuncoma ama-gauchos. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, izikhathi eziningi i-gaucho eyayiboniswa ngazo ezincwadini, wayebonakala edelela.

Ngokuvamile, ezincwadini ze-gaucho, kunobufakazi bokuguqulwa kwe-folkloric namasiko, okusetshenziselwa ukucwaninga, ngaphezu kokudalula ukugxekwa komphakathi. Olimini lwesigodi, ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwezingathekiso, amagama, ama-archaism, namagama omdabu kuyahlukaniswa. Ukusetshenziswa okuncane komqondofana kuyabonwa, futhi i-monologue inqoba inkhulumomphendvulwano.

Kodwa-ke, kukhona amacala ahoxisiwe ezincwadi ze-gaucho, kusukela ekhulwini le-XNUMX, bese kuthi ngekhulu lama-XNUMX lapho efakwe kahle njengohlobo. Izibonelo zekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye ziyi-epic: amavesi ezombusazwe ka-Bartolomé Hidalgo, izinkondlo zika-Hilario Ascasubi, ngesikhathi sokudingiswa, i-Santos Vega ka-Rafael Obligado, kanye nomsebenzi ka-Estanislao del Campo no-Antonio Lussich.

Phakathi kwezinkondlo ze-gaucho, edume kakhulu ingabizwa ngokuthi uMartín Fierro nguJosé Hernández. Ingxenye yokuqala yale nkondlo yavela ngo-1872, kwase kuba ingxenye yesibili, eyaziwa ngokuthi iLa Vuelta de Martín de Fierro ngo-1879. Emlingiswani kaMartín Fierro, uHernández wabonisa i-gaucho eyayenza samuntu wonke ama-gaucho. ukucabanga nokuziphatha ngokuvumelana nesenzakalo.

izakhi ezichazayo

Imibhalo ye-Gaucho ibhekisela ohlotsheni lwendalo yombhalo, lapho imbongi igxile ekusiboniseni ubukhona be-gauchos namasiko abo. Ngakho-ke, kuwumbhalo lapho izethulo zendawo kanye nezehlakalo zansuku zonke zalaba bafokazi abangabalimi zichichima.

Ezincwadini ze-gaucho, umlobi uvame ukukhombisa isithombe se-gaucho ngendlela eqondile, ngokuphambene nendlela ebesiboniswe ngayo kuze kube manje. Kuphawulwa ngohlobo lomuntu oluzibandakanya nemvelo, onamandla, ophilayo, onesibindi, obuye abe ngumculi.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, iqhawe lothando lilungile, umuntu wendabuko kanye ne-folkloric, oxhumene ngokuqinile nemvelo.

Esikhundleni sokubheka abalimi njengezidalwa ezingazi lutho futhi ezingahlanjululwanga nhlobo, babhekwa njengabathwali bokuhlakanipha kwezwe, amasiko kanye nabantu abakhululekile abahlala emvelweni ejulile nentsha.

Izincwadi ze-Gaucho zaba nesiqalo ngekhulu le-XNUMX, nokho, kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX lapho lolu hlobo oluncane lungaxoxwa ngempela ngendlela egcwele nephelele.

historia

Izincwadi ze-Gauchesca zinomlando wazo futhi ziyachuma, okungakhulunywa ngazo zenzeka ngaphambi kwe-Independence, futhi zingachazwa ngezigaba ezintathu ezichazwe kahle, ngasinye sinezici zayo, okungukuthi:

Ngonyaka we-1818, imbongi eyaziwayo yaseMpumalanga uBartolomé Hidalgo yanyathelisa eBuenos Aires umsebenzi othi "Cielito Patriótico", lapho yabela khona i-gaucho inkulumo eyisikhumbuzo ukulandisa ngesigameko seMpi yaseMaipú, nebutho laseSan Martín liphuma. onqobayo. , ngaphambi kwamasosha angokoqobo.

Inqubo u-Hidalgo ayilawulayo namanye "ama-cielitos" kanye "nezingxoxo ze-gaucho", ithathwa ngabanye abantu bemibhalo, abangaziwa, nabanye abafana noLuis Pérez, uJuan Gualberto Godoy noHilario Ascasubi, abathatha inkulumo ye gaucho ukuze akhulume ngezimpi zeNkululeko kanye nezigameko ezenzeka phakathi nempi yombango nepolitiki.

Ezimweni zazo, kuhlanganiswe izici ezinjengokwesabisa, amahlaya, kanye nezinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi zobuntatheli zempi, ulwazimagama kanye nemisho. Bheka isihloko: I-Hispanic American Literature

Njengoba kubonakala, enkondlweni edumile ka-Ascasubi ethi "La refalosa", eyavela okokuqala ephephandabeni i-Jacinto Cielo, e-Montevideo ngo-1834, lapho le nkulumo inikezwa isitha sezombangazwe, okuyicala eliqondile elithi: i-gaucho " mazorquero” ovela ebuthweni likaGeneral Manuel Oribe, ngaleso sikhathi, owavimbezela idolobha laseMontevideo, ukuze kuthi lapho elandisa indlela yokufela ukholo nokubulawa, edume ngokuthi “la refalosa”, injabulo yomhlukumezi, iphawule okunye ukusonteka. uvalo lwepolitiki.

Ngonyaka ka-1886, umlobi u-Estanislao del Campo, encwadini yakhe ethi Fausto, udweba umfanekiso ohlekisayo we-gaucho: ulandisa, emavesini e-gaucho, ingxoxo phakathi kwabantu ababili bendawo, mayelana nokuvakasha komunye wabo eTeatro Colón, etholakala. edolobheni laseBuenos Aires, lapho kudlalwa khona i-opera ethi "Faust" kaC. Gounod.

Ngakho-ke, umlingisi ongakhululekile, ukuqonda lokho akubonayo, ngenxa yendawo engavamile endaweni yakhe yasemaphandleni, yilokho okwenza umthombo oyinhloko wamahlaya. Kodwa, amahlaya afanayo, aholela kwamanye amasiko namalungiselelo ezindawo zasemadolobheni ezinesimo.

Ekupheleni kwesigaba sesithathu, okuwunyaka we-1872, uJosé Hernández ushicilela incwajana, elandisa ngokuphila kuka-El gaucho Martín Fierro, nokho, into entsha ukuthi inikeza i-gaucho ithuba lokuxoxa indaba yokuphila kwakhe, Umlando wakhe osenganekwaneni, ulandisa into emangazayo ngomsebenzi wakhe wokuzilibazisa, okhiqizwa uhlelo lwezombangazwe olukhohlisayo futhi oluhlasela ubukhona bakhe bubuguqule unomphela.

Ngonyaka we-1879, umbhali ubuya ukuzothatha impilo ye-gaucho Martín Fierro, futhi wengeza ezinye izindaba zama-gauchos, iziginci kanye neziphakamiso ezivela kubazali ezinganeni zabo emsebenzini wakhe othi "Ukubuya kukaMartín Fierro. Kodwa, uLucio V. Mansilla, nendaba yakhe ethi "Miguelito" emsebenzini wakhe othi "An excursion to the Ranquel Indians" wonyaka we-1870, waqhubekisela phambili impilo kaMartín Fierro.

Okuhumusha ukuthi, ukuthi inqubekelaphambili yohlobo iyabonwa, kusukela emzweni wezincwadi ze-melancholic, ukuyiguqula ibe uhlobo lwemibhalo kanjalo, ngoba ezigabeni zokuqala, izinkondlo ziyakhula, ubuqiniso bohlelo lolimi kanye nesipiliyoni, okunikeza indlela yokucabanga isenzo.

Ezincwadini zohlobo lwe-gaucho, izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwazisa abantu abangenalo kalula lokuthola umbhalo, umshini wokunyathelisa, noma imfundo, futhi okuthi ngemva kokuthuthela edolobheni elikhulu, bavunyelwe endaweni ezungezile, baveze lokhu. , kulapho kubhaliswa inani elikhulu labantu.

Uma uzindla ngobulili, i-genesis yayo itholakala ezicini ezintathu ezihlukene: umnotho okhululekile oguqula uhlobo lokukhiqiza nomnotho wesifunda, ukusungulwa kwamadolobha okuhamba kancane, nokukhula kwemfundo osebeni loMfula i-de la Plata. , noJosé Pedro Varela kanye noDomingo Faustino Sarmiento, njengabagqugquzeli benguquko.

U-Lauro Ayestarán wayengumculi wezomculo wase-Uruguay, ugcizelela ukuthi lolu hlobo lufana nomlingo wezincwadi, ngoba lubhekisela ekusesheni okuqhubekayo kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, ukudlulisa imicabango nemizwa yesifunda esithile somphakathi, noma kunjalo, ngaphezulu kwezifiso zokudweba. umfanekiso we-gaucho we-decadences.

U-Bartolomé José Hidalgo, umbhali wasempumalanga, iphayona lezinkondlo ze-gaucho ezivela ezifundazweni ezihlangene zaseRío de la Plata, obhekwa "njengembongi yokuqala ye-gaucho", encwadini yakhe ethi Patriotic Dialogues ka-1822, waqala izincwadi ze-gaucho; U-Estanislao del Campo, e-El Fausto Criollo, ku-Fausto Criollo ka-1866, u-Hilario Ascasubi, encwadini yakhe ethi Santos Vega ngo-1870.

Ezincwadini ze-gaucho, kwakukhona ababhali abahlukene abasungula izinkondlo ze-gaucho, ezavela ezifundazweni zaseRío de Planta, phakathi kwazo kubonakala umbhali wasempumalanga owaziwa ngokuthi uBartolomé José Hidalgo, ochazwa ngokuthi "imbongi yokuqala ye-gaucho", ngomsebenzi wakhe odumile. I-Patriotic Dialogues kusukela ngonyaka we-1822. Njengo-Estanislao del Campo, nomsebenzi wakhe u-El Fausto Criollo kusukela ngonyaka we-1866, no-Hilario Ascasubi, nomsebenzi wakhe odumile othi Santos Vega kusukela ngonyaka we-1870.

U-Antonio Dionisio Lussich Griffo, umnikazi wemikhumbi wase-Uruguay, umdwebi wezihlahla kanye nomlobi, uthathwa nguJorge Luis Borges njengomuntu wangaphambili "uMartín Fierro", owayephila ngesikhathi sakhe nosaziwayo uJosé Hernández, omunye wama-gauchos amathathu asempumalanga, omunye njengoMartín Fierro, eyahlelwa ngo-1872, futhi ikhombisa i-gaucho ephakeme, enomoya ogqamile, ethakaselwa abantu bakule ndawo ngenxa yamandla akhe angokomzimba nokuziphatha.

Ngendlela efanayo, kusukela ngonyaka we-1830, izincwadi ezinkulu kakhulu zekhulu le-1845, izincwadi zikaJuan Baltasar Maciel, zigqama, azi ukuthi ngomzuzwana wokungabi nanjongo kwemibhalo, mayelana nesihloko se-gauchos, nansi umsebenzi wokuqala we-gauchos. San Juan Sarmiento; ngekhono indodana ye-gaucho, ne-Facundo yakhe ngonyaka we-XNUMX.

Ogcina isixhumanisi esixubile sothando nenzondo kulokho okubhekisela ku-gaucho: ufaneleka i-gaucho njengenhle: umhloli wamazwe nowaziyo, okhona esimweni sokuhlangana nemvelo; nokubi: “indoda ehlukanisile nomphakathi, evinjwe umthetho;… igqoke ezimhlophe”, equkethe umculi, omasha “esuka e-tapera eya esibayeni”, ekhuluma ngezakhe izigigaba nezingafanele.

Ngonyaka we-1857, uSantiago Ramos wazuza udumo, ngomsebenzi wakhe wokubhala onesihloko esithi "El gaucho de Buenos Aires".

U-Eduardo Gutiérrez, uthole ukuthandwa okukhethekile, cishe ngamanoveli ayishumi nambili alandisa nge-gaucho, egxile ngokuzimisela ku-gaucho embi, imisebenzi yakhe igcwele ukulwa okuchitha igazi, ukudlwengula nezenzakalo ezimangalisayo.

Phakathi kwamanoveli akhe adume kakhulu kunoJuan Moreira, kusukela ngonyaka ka-1879, eyabhalwa endabeni ye-gaucho eyahola ukuba khona kwakhe phakathi kodlame olunesijeziso kanye nezombusazwe. Ngokufanayo, u-Elías Regules wasempumalanga angashiwo njengomunye umbhali omkhulu we-gaucho, owayeyintandokazi phakathi kwabafundi bezwe ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, njengoba kuboniswe nguJorge Luis Borges endabeni yakhe ethi "Umlando wengane eyabona i-duel".

Futhi phakathi kwababhali abavelele kukhona uMartiniano Leguizamón, othuthukisa izingqikithi ze-gaucho.

Ngonyaka ka-1895, ababhali be-gaucho be-Río de Plata benza incwadi ethi El Fogón, eyayikhethekile ezincwadini ze-gaucho.

Ukwaziwa kwezindaba ze-gaucho kanye nemibhalo yezincwadi, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, kwathuthukiswa ngendlela ehlaba umxhwele, lapho kwakhiwa imiphakathi eminingi ezungeze iBuenos Aires, kanye nase-Uruguay, abalingani babo ababengabafuduki ikakhulukazi ababegqoke izingubo ezifana ne-gauchos, futhi. phinda amasiko abo. Ngokuhamba kwezinsuku kwasungulwa amaphephandaba lapho kwakuxoxwa khona ngezindaba zegaucho.

Kwabaningi kwakubonakala sengathi umehluko phakathi kwe-gaucho enhle nembi, phakathi kwenganekwane yakhe, ugqame kakhulu ngoba uyavuma ukuqonda ukutholakala kwale nganekwane.

I-Sarmiento igcizelela ukuhlala unomphela kwe-gaucho, esimweni sakhe sengqondo sokudelela, emandleni akhe okuphila ePampa, okumjabulisa ngobuhle bayo be-antimagnetic kanye nobungozi obufihliwe, ikakhulukazi ngoba uqaphela umhlali wePampa njengomuntu ovamile, ngokuphambene nalokho. ekuthuthukisweni, ngokuhambisana nezakhamuzi ezicwengekile "ezigqoka izingubo zaseYurophu, ziphila impilo ephucukile ... [iphi] imithetho, imibono yenqubekela phambili, izindlela zokufundisa ... njll."

Ukuba khona kwe-gaucho embi kuyafana kuJuan Moreira yonyaka we-1880, umsebenzi wokubhala ka-Eduardo Gutiérrez. Kule noveli, ulandisa ngobukhona bomuntu womlando ojwayelekile endaweni yendabuko yasePampas: uJuan Moreira. Ilandisa mayelana nemidlalo yale "Robin Hood", yase-Argentina, ukuthi izicukuthwane zakhe zihluke ngensalela yokubulala okunyantisayo, nokufa okunenkohliso. Kodwa, lobo bugebengu bunesizathu esithethelela i-gaucho.

Encwadini kaGutiérrez yezincwadi, i-gaucho, ilinyazwe umphakathi, yenziwa yaba yingozi ngenxa yokungabi nabulungisa abhekene nayo, imibhikisho ephikisana nomthetho. Ububi bakhe futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ubuwula bakhe, isisekelo senganekwane yesiCreole, eyaqalwa uMartín Fierro.

Ukubukela phansi kwakhe umphakathi, kanye nethonya lakhe elibi kudinga ukuthi i-gaucho ihoxe, ibe umuntu onamawala nongahlali nabantu. Lolu hlobo lwe-gaucho ludume nge-"gaucho matrero"

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, uGaston Maspero, isazi saseGibhithe saseFrance, sanyathelisa ocwaningweni lwakhe olunesihloko esithi "Sur quelques singularités phonetiques de l'espagnol parlé dans la campagne de Buenos-Ayres et de Montevideo", okuhunyushwa ngokuthi "On some singularities of the ISpanishi esikhulunywa emkhankasweni waseBuenos Aires naseMontevideo”, indatshana enjalo ifanele ukukhushulwa okukhethekile, kubhekiselwa kumininingwane yephonological yolimi lwabomdabu bomkhankaso emazweni afanele emachwebeni aseBuenos Aires naseMontevideo.

Futhi, ngalezo zikhathi kuze kube ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu lama-XNUMX, izincwadi zomdabu zase-Entre Ríos, u-Eleuterio F. Tiscornia, azilibaleki.

Uhlelo lwakhe lokuqala luka-Don Segundo Sombra lwangonyaka ka-1926. U-Ricardo Güiraldes, ku-Don Segundo Sombra, uphinde waphendula inkundla ibe yingqophamlando. Ngokwamazwi kaLugones: “Indawo nomuntu kukhanyisa kuyo ngemivimbo emikhulu yethemba namandla. Yeka ukuphana komhlaba okuzala leyo mpilo, yeka ukulondeka kokunqoba ohambweni olukhulu oluya enjabulweni nasebuhleni”.

Uma iphakamisa i-gaucho ngokuthinta okumangalisayo kobuhle nesibindi ngesibopho esiphelele sobumbano nemvelo, ithuthukisa umqondo owakhe umfuziselo we-gaucho, okhunjulwa kakhulu esikweni lase-Argentina.

Lapho ekhuluma indaba ye-gaucho embi, umuntu kuzodingeka aqale nge-Santos Vega, lapho i-gaucho inonya futhi inecala, futhi iqhubeke noMartín Fierro, ephoqelelwe umthetho ongalungile ukubulala nokulwa "iqembu", noma kunjalo, ijoyina. ekugcineni nohlelo.

Ngenkathi eseMoreira, i-gaucho matrero, iba yiqhawe elikhulu, okuthi noma ilinyazwe kakhulu ubulungiswa, ekugcineni ishone emthethweni wayo.

Ekhuluma ngenganekwane yeqhawe elivukela umbuso: sithola, ezinsukwini zethu, iqhawe lesigelekeqe uMate Cosido, owahlukumeza eChaco ngamaphoyisa, ungumlingiswa abamthandayo futhi ovikelwe izakhamuzi, ngoba wenza. hhayi ukuntshontsha kwabampofu, kodwa kosomabhizinisi abakhulu abaxhaphazayo, ngaleyo ndlela abe umphindiseli wabacindezelwe.

Kufanele futhi kucatshangelwe ukuthi bobabili u-Juan Moreira kanye noMate Cosido babengabantu bangempela, hhayi nje abalingisi abavela ezincwadini zokubhala, njengoba kwenzeka ku-Martín Fierro. Ngokubhekisela ku-Santos Vega, umlingiswa wezincwadi, mhlawumbe kusekelwe kumlingisi owayekhona ngempela, nokho, akukho lutho olwaziwayo ngobukhona bakhe nhlobo.

Emgudwini wekhulu lama-XNUMX, izincwadi ze-gaucho ziyehla, nakuba zisekhona, ikakhulukazi ekuthuthukisweni kwamavesi, nasemazwini ezingoma zesintu, njengoba kungase kuboniswe ezinkondlweni zikaManuel J. Castilla, waseSalta, kanye nezwe lakubo. i-“cuchi” Leguizamón, noma labo bomdabu waseBuenos Aires, uHéctor Roberto Chavero, owaziwa ngelika-Atahualpa Yupanqui, owazinikela kanye nomkakhe ongumFulentshi uPaula Nenette Pepín, ababesenyakatho yesifundazwe sase-Argentina, iCórdoba. ekuqambeni izinkondlo ze-gauchescas engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-XNUMX.

Nokho, isenzakalo esiyinqaba senziwa: ukubonakaliswa kwe-gaucho emgqeni wamahlaya, kube amacala kaLindor Covas, nguWalter Ciocca; Santos Leiva, kaRicardo Villagrán, noRaúl Roux, El Huinca; UFabián Leyes, usebenza ngu-Enrique José Rapela; imisebenzi kaCarlos “Chingolo” de Casalla njengokuthi “El Cabo Savino”, enemibhalo yomklami ofanayo kanye noJulio Álvarez Cao, uChacho Varela noJorge Morhain, owabonisa i-gaucho yekhulu le-XNUMX ngezindlela zakhe eziyisibonelo kakhulu.

Lawa ma-comic gauchos ayephakanyiswe ngobuningi, ayenokuqhathaniswa kwawo ekulandiseni okubonakalayo kwemifanekiso edwetshwe ekupheleni kwekhulu le-70, futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, nguCao, ubaba, kanye nemidwebo echazwe nguFlorencio Molina Campos, umusa uboniswa i-gauchaje yomuntu eyengeziwe, ngeminyaka yawo-XNUMX, isiko elibonakalayo elenza samuntu ngokuhlekisa, nakuba ngokutuswa i-gauchaje iqhutshekwa ngamanye ama-gaucho opopayi.

I-gaucho Carayá, futhi ikakhulukazi, i-Inodoro Pereyra, El Renegau, inkokhiso esezingeni eliphezulu ngendlela ehlekisayo, eyenziwe nguRoberto Fontanarrosa. Ngo-March 2000, i-Martín Fierro yanyatheliswa, nemidwebo kaCarlos «Chingolo» Casalla. Ngonyaka ka-2014, kuboniswa uhlelo lukaMartín Fierro, oluqondiswa uCarlos Montefusco.

Ayengobani ama-gaucho?

Ama-gaucho abhekisela ohlotsheni oluvamile lwabantu emiphakathini yaseLatin America, olwaqala ukubonakala kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ama-gaucho kwakungabantu ababehlala emaphandleni emazweni afana ne-Argentina. Kwakungabantu ababezinikele ekulimeni amasimu, futhi behlakaniphe kakhulu ekushayeleni ngamahhashi njengendlela yokuthutha.

Ngenxa yesimo sabo senhlalo, ngokuvamile babengabantu abalula abanemithombo yezomnotho elinganiselwe, nokho, benenkululeko ephelele yokuhlala endaweni ezungezwe imvelo. I-gaucho ibonakala ngeso lengqondo abanye abathandana nabo njengendoda ebabazekayo, umuntu oxhumene unomphela nendawo ezungezile futhi ekhululekile kukho konke okumzungezile futhi engalimaza futhi iguqule umoya wodumo.

Ngokufanayo, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ama-gauchos ayenezingoma eziningi ezithandwayo, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngenxa yabaningi abathandanayo babefaneleka njengezimbongi zeqiniso. Ama-gaucho, abhekisela kubantu abasebenza ensimini, futhi kwabafundile, ayengabantu abangazihlanganisi nezenhlalo, ngakho basuswa emasikweni futhi bahlaziswa nesithombe sabo.

Izici 

Kulesi sihloko, esikhuluma ngezincwadi ze-gaucho, kubalulekile ukwenza kwaziwe izici zayo ezihlanganisa lolu hlobo lwemibhalo, sizokwazisa ngezansi:

I-gaucho njenge-protagonist

Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zalolu hlobo lwezincwadi ukuthi umlingiswa oyinhloko yi-gaucho, okuxoxwa ngayo ngezenzo zakhe, ukuziphatha kanye nemikhuba yansuku zonke.

indawo yemvelo

Ngokunjalo, ngokujwayelekile, ngenxa yesikhundla sakhe njenge-gaucho, indawo lapho kuxoxwa khona umsebenzi noma inkondlo yenzeka endaweni yemvelo. ILa Pampa Argentina, ingenye yezindawo ezidinga kakhulu.

Gaucho ubuntu

Ngokuvamile, uhlamvu lwe-gaucho luboniswa njengendoda ehlala phansi, ethobekile, elula, kodwa-ke, uhlala unomphela endaweni ezungezile, futhi unamandla okuhamba ngokwemvelo endaweni ezungezile.

Izinto ezibalulekile

Ukuze siphethe ngesithombe esihle kakhulu se-gaucho yendabuko, kuvamile ukuba ababhali babonise lesi sibalo kanye nezinye izici ezikhethekile ezifana nalezi: amahhashi, i-poncho yakhe, ummese, kanye nomngane womshado wendabuko abanakushiywa.

izwe vs idolobha

Ngokuvamile, ingxenye enkulu yezincwadi zokubhala ezilandisa ngama-gauchos, ikhombisa ukufana phakathi kokuphila kwasemaphandleni, okuhloswe ngabathandanayo, epharadesi elilahlekile langempela; kanye nokuphila edolobheni, okwethulwa ngokuningiliziwe ngombono ongenangqondo noyingozi.

Izincazelo eziningi

Ezincwadini ze-gaucho, kukhona nezincazelo eziningi kuzo zonke izici. Esicini semvelo, njenge-gaucho, amasiko, imisebenzi yasensimini, phakathi kokunye. Ababhali bangathanda ukuthuthukisa umfanekiso we-gaucho, ngakho bamnikeze indawo enedumela elibi ezincwadini.

ulimi oluguquliwe

Ngaphandle kwalolu hlobo lwemibhalo, umbhali angakhombisa i-gaucho ngendlela eyiqiniso kakhulu, ehumusha, inkulumo esetshenziswa lapho umbhali enikeza umlingiswa wakhe ulimi lokuxoxisana, olungakahleleki nolugcwele izinkulumo. Ngokunjalo, kubalulekile ukukuphawula ukuthi kulolu hlobo lwemibhalo, i-monologue inqoba inkhulumomphendvulwano, yonke into njengoba sekushiwo, i-gaucho ingumnumzane.

Ukugxekwa komphakathi

Ingxenye enkulu yezincwadi zemibhalo yohlobo lwe-gaucho, sithola ukuthi umbhali wayefuna ukugxeka umphakathi wangaleso sikhathi, owawuhlukanise futhi uphathe kabi i-gaucho, lapho iqiniso, ngomfanekiso wakhe wonke umkhuba wawufihliwe. iningi langempela lomphakathi.

Kungaphethwa ngokuthi izincwadi ze-gaucho zijabulela ukuba nesici se-homogeneity, ihlangene, enengxabano ebumbene, eshintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kunzima ukuhlukanisa abalobi bayo, ngenxa yesitayela, inobunye obungenakushintshwa, obuqinile futhi obuqinile. isakhiwo.. Ukugcizelelwa kubekwe ebuhlotsheni obuhlanganisa i-gaucho nemvelo ngohlobo lwe "i-psycho-cosmic parallelism", eveza ithonya imvelo enalo kumlingiswa walolu hlobo lomculo.

Ukuvela kohlobo

Njengoba i-gaucho iguqulwa ibe umsekeli obalulekile womzwelo wezwe wezizwe zase-Argentina, izincwadi ze-gaucho zizochichima ngokuhlobisa futhi ziphendule inganekwane esebenzisa ikhophi ebunjwe uHernández.

Umsebenzi wokubhala we-gaucho, owethulwe ngu-Eduardo Gutiérrez, uJuan Moreira ngonyaka we-1882, uqala esikhathini esibanzi samapheshana e-gaucho, lapho ama-protagonists asengaseyona i-gaucho evela emasimini, kodwa kunalokho i-gaucho ephakanyiswe amanoveli.

Kukhona, nokho, ababhali abathile abanweba umbono we-gaucho ngaphandle kokuwudunga, ophethe uhlu uRicardo Güiraldes, 1887 kuya ku-1927, ngokushicilelwa konyaka we-1926, nenoveli yakhe ethi Don Segundo Sombra, ukuvela kabusha kohlobo lwe-gaucho. . Kuyafaneleka ngokufanayo ukubalula umsebenzi wombhalo olandisayo onetimu ye-gaucho wombhali u-Roberto J. Payró.

Abalobi 

Izincwadi ze-Gauchesca, kanjalo, ngokuqinisekile zisuka ekhulwini le-XNUMX, nababhali:

U-Hilario Ascasubi: 1807-1875

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi i-gauchesco yokuqala yemibhalo. Kuningi kangangokuthi ngonyaka we-1829, waqala ukuhlela iphephandaba lokuqala lezombangazwe ne-gaucho elibizwa ngokuthi "El arriero argentina". Kwathi ngo-1833, wanyathelisa incwadi yakhe yokuqala ye-gaucho eyayinengxoxo phakathi kukaJacinto Amores noSimón Peñalva.

U-Hilario Ascasubi: 1834-1880

Lo mbhali wezincwadi ze-gaucho uqala ukubamba iqhaza kwakhe ephephandabeni elaziwa nge-"Los debates". Ngaphansi kwesiteketiso "Anastasio el Pollo".

U-Antonio D Lussich: 1848 - 1928

Umlobi wase-Uruguayan, ngokuhlanganyela kwakhe "Ama-gauchos amathathu asempumalanga", avele ngonyaka we-1872, ngokungenelela kwakhe kuzuzwe ukuthi uJosé Hernández, uzoshicilela umsebenzi wakhe "Martín Fierro".

UJose Hernandez: 1834 - 1866

Waba umlobi oyinhloko wezincwadi ze-gaucho, owashicilela umsebenzi wakhe ngo-1872: "El gaucho Martín Fierro", owathola impumelelo enkulu ngendlela eqondile. U-Hernández ubeke endaweni edumile neyaziwa njengomuntu ohlukanisiwe nomphakathi wase-Argentina. Umlingiswa waba iqhawe lase-Argentina kanye nesimanje sothando.

Ababalisi bezincwadi zeGaucho

Kubabalisi balolu hlobo lwemibhalo, batholakala bebalulekile njengalaba:
U-Benito Lynch, umqambi wamaqiniso, umbhali we- El Inglés de los güesos, ngonyaka ka-1924, kanye ne-Romance de un gaucho, unyaka ka-1936. U-Leopoldo Lugones, nomsebenzi wakhe u-La Guerra Gaucha wonyaka ka-1905. URicardo Ricardo Güiraldes, umbhali we-Don Segunda Sombra del año 1926 .