La izincwadi zochungechunge: amavesi, izinkondlo, izindaba kanye nemicimbi ebhalwe emakhasini axegayo futhi ashiwo abadayisi basemgwaqweni, ezigcawini, ezimakethe kanye nemibukiso yangaleso sikhathi, qhubeka ufunda! Lolu hlobo lwemibhalo luzokuthakasela.
izincwadi zochungechunge
La izincwadi ze-twine Iwuhlobo lwemibhalo olusuka enyakatho-mpumalanga yeBrazil. Iyingxenye yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi izincwadi ezithandwayo, futhi nakuba ihlehlela emuva ekupheleni kwekhulu le-1930, ukuhlanganiswa kwayo kwenzeka ekhulwini leminyaka kamuva, phakathi kuka-1960 no-XNUMX.
Ngokuyisisekelo, lezi izinkondlo ezibhalwe ngabaculi abangafundile ukuze zishiwo ezigcawini zomphakathi futhi zishicilelwe njengamapheshana. Ngokuvamile, lezi zincwajana zihlanganisa amashidi amane aboshwe ngezintambo angalengiswa ngazo. Ngakho igama elihlakaniphile elinikezwe lo mkhuba wokubhala.
Ngokufanayo, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi izincwadi ze-twine Ithinta izici ezihlobene, ikakhulukazi, neqiniso lamakilasi acwaswayo, ngaphandle kokudebeselela ezinye izihloko, njengalezi: ezothando, izinhlekelele zemvelo, izigigaba zendawo, izehlakalo zesifunda noma zesifunda kanye, eminyakeni yamuva, ngisho nezamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, namuhla, ibhekana nezindaba ezinkulu ezifana, isibonelo, izinkinga zezomnotho, ezombusazwe kanye nezenhlalakahle ezikhiqizwa emazweni ahlukene.
Origen
ukuzalwa kwe izincwadi ze-twine Kungahunyushwa njengempendulo eyinkondlo ochungechungeni lwezehlakalo ezenzeka eBrazil njengomphumela wokuwa koMbuso nokudalwa kweRiphabhulikhi Entsha. Izenzakalo ezingokomlando ezenzeka kulelo zwe ngonyaka ka-1889.
Mayelana nalokhu, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi lezi zenzakalo zabonisa ukuqala kwesimanje sezwe, okwadala ukusola kanye nomuzwa oqinile wosongo kubantu basemaphandleni, abazama ukubambelela ezinkolelweni zabo namasiko kuzo zonke izindleko.
Ngakho, i izincwadi ze-twine kuwukubonakaliswa okuphezulu kokumelana noshintsho okwenzeka ngenxa yesimanjemanje. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kweminyaka kwasuka ekubeni izinkondlo kuya ekuguqulweni nasekuhlanganisweni njengohlobo lwemibhalo.
Ngokuphathelene nalesi sici sokugcina, kufanele siphawule ukuthi kwakusekhulwini lama-XNUMX kuphela lapho izincwadi ze-twine yayeka ukubandlululwa. Ngoba ngaphambi kwalolo suku kwakubhekwa njengokuphikiswa kwezincwadi zamasiko. Njengamanje, ijabulela ukuvikelwa uhulumeni wase-Brazil kanye nentshisekelo yezinhlangano ezikhethekile ekutholeni nasekukhipheni kabusha imibhalo yakudala.
Izici
Njenganoma yimuphi umnyakazo wemibhalo, i izincwadi ze-twine Iwumkhiqizo weminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo lapho izakhi ezintsha zihlanganiswa, ezakha izici zayo eziyinhloko. Ezinye zazo zibalulwe ngezansi:
La izincwadi ze intambo iwuhlobo lwenkumbulo edumile esebenza njengomthombo wolwazi lwendawo, noma ngabe elomasipala othile noma izwe, noma izwe lonke. Ihlanganisa indlela yokubona nokuhlaziya izici ezithile zezenhlalo, zenkolo nezombusazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyasiza ukugxeka izimo noma izimo zengqondo ezihlobene nazo.
Isebenza njengendlela yokuxhumana ukudlulisa ulwazi lomlando, i-ethnographic nentshisekelo yezenhlalo. Ngenxa yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke okusondelayo, indlela okusatshalaliswa ngayo izincwajana ezinochungechunge ezinezintambo iye yashintsha emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, yaze yasakazwa nge-Internet.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imakethe yabathengi ye izincwadi ze-twine kwandiswa. Ayisakhethekile kumakilasi adumile, kodwa ivulekele noma ngubani onentshisekelo yokwazi isiko lezwe lendabuko, iBrazil.
Sakaza
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, i izincwadi ze-twine lalibhekwa njengelidumile nelifinyeleleka kalula. Lokhu, cishe, kungenxa yendlela okwasatshalaliswa ngayo nokusatshalaliswa kwayo.
Ngale ndlela, ukukhuluma ngokusakazwa kwayo akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuvuma ukuba khona komlingiswa ongavamile kakhulu: umdayisi ohambahambayo wangaleso sikhathi, owaziwa nangokuthi Oyimpumputhe, ngaphandle kwalokhu kusho ukuthi yena ngokwakhe akanalo umbono.
Ngakho, laba bathengisi basemgwaqweni yibona ababeletha amaphepha ezintambo emphakathini jikelele. Ngendlela efanayo ababelengisa ngayo oculweni ukuze bahehe umphakathi, yibo futhi ababecula noma besho izitatimende, iphrozi, amavesi, imibhangqwana, baze bamemezele izehlakalo zakamuva, izindaba, ezothando nezimangaliso. lokho kwakwenzekile. Ngendlela efanayo, njengoba nje bekwazi ukuvakashela amadolobhana nezindawo ezingomakhelwane, babekwazi ukusungula ama-kiosk ezindaweni ezivame kakhulu, imibukiso nezimakethe.
Ekugcineni, njengoba sesishilo kakade, izinguquko kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okukhiqizwa emkhakheni wolwazi ngenxa yesimanjemanje somphakathi, kugcine ukuqeda lolu hlobo lwakudala lokusabalalisa ulwazi. string Literature, kuze kube yilapho kutholakala ukuthi isatshalaliswa ngezindlela ezahlukene zobuchwepheshe zamanje.
Ukwakheka kwamashidi
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, ukwakheka kwamashidi ezintambo kwakuklanyelwe ukubamba ngokuphumelelayo ukunaka komphakathi. Ngale ndlela, izitatimende eziculwa noma ezishiwo abathengisi basemgwaqweni zazihlanganisa izingxenye ezine: Ukusungulwa kwesimo salokho okuhilelekile kanye nendlela yokuziveza, incazelo yezici eziyinhloko zomcimbi, ukuhlonza i-protagonist yomcimbi, kanye nendawo yangakini futhi, ekugcineni, nokuqhubeka kwesiphetho sendaba.
uhlobo lokushicilela
Ngokuvamile, i- izincwadi ze-twine lawa amafomu esikhathi eside, abizwa ngokuthi ama-loose sheets. Okugqamile kwayo kubalulwe ngezansi:
Ifomethi ye-folio ayisetshenziswa, ibusa cishe ifomethi yesi-4 kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igoqwe kabili.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umbhalo usakazwa ngamakholomu amabili. Kufaka phakathi isitatimende kanye nemidwebo yokhuni. Ukwengeza, kusetshenziswa i-typography eyindilinga, ehlanganiswe nemiphumela yokuhlanganisa ukuze kugqanyiswe ezinye izihloko noma izingxenye ezithile zokusabalala.
Okokugcina, sebenzisa iphepha lekhwalithi ephansi futhi uphinde usebenzise izinto zokuthayipha. Lokhu ukuze kwehliswe izindleko futhi kuncishiswe isikhathi sokukhiqiza.
amajamo nezindikimba
La izincwadi we twine ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinkondlo ezidumile. Nokho, ukuze uvune ukugcinwa kokuqukethwe ngumphakathi ongafundile futhi, kwezinye izimo, ongafundile, kuvamile ukuthola izinsiza zenkumbulo ezifana nokuphikisa, ukuphindaphinda nokubala.
Ngendlela efanayo i izincwadi ze-twine ngokuvamile usebenzisa ulimi lokuxoxisana, kanye nezaga, izisho nemishwana ethandwayo eveza imizwa enkulu, egcwele amahlaya nothando ngaphezu kwakho konke.
Ngokuphathelene nalokhu, ungase ube nesithakazelo ekufundeni isihloko esithi ulimi oluhlanganayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwanela kwezinhlamvu zezinhlamvu ezithuthukisiwe ezincwadini ezidumile kungabonwa, okubangela uthando lwezindikimba ezahlukene, ezifana: zakudala, i-chivalric, ezomlando, ezothando, izigebengu, ezenkolo, ubugebengu, phakathi kwezinye. Ngokunjalo, sivamise ukuthola amamitha ajwayelekile ezingoma zomculo, phakathi kwazo: izingoma zothando ezijabulisayo nezizwelayo, ezenkolo, ezombangazwe, ezomphakathi, ezothando, njll.
Kulokhu, kufanelekile ukucacisa ukuthi uthando luwuchungechunge lwamavesi e-octasyllabic anemvumelwano ye-assonance ngababili. Ngenkathi izingoma zomculo zibhekisa kuma-couplets, okweshumi namaglosi ahambisana nomculo nemidanso edumile.
I-Tremendism kanye nokwenza okungalungile
I-Tremendism kanye nokwenza okungalungile kuyingxenye yezinkondlo ezivamile ze- izincwadi zochungechunge. Zisuselwa ikakhulukazi ezicini zohlobo lwemibhalo eshiwo, ngokuyisisekelo kubhekiselwa ezindikimbeni namafomu okukhulunywe ngawo esimisweni esidlule.
Ngale ndlela, kungukuthi i-tremendism iqukethe ihaba leqiniso ngendlela engakholeki. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, ngenhloso yokuthwebula inani elikhulu labafundi ngokumangala nokumangala ezingeni eliphezulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwenza okungalungile kubhekisela endikimbeni yezinye izingoma eziqondile eziphathelene nezigelekeqe, ababaleki, ababulali namasela, okuthi ekugcineni kwendaba bahlengwe ngesizathu esihle, esithethelela izenzo nokuziphatha kwabo. Ekugcineni, laba balingisi abathile bagcina bebonwa ngendlela enhle ngabafundi futhi bamukeleka ngempela.
Ngamafuphi, esiqeshini sezingoma ze- izincwadi ze-twine Iziqephu zobudlova obungokomzimba ezikhishwa ezindaweni ezinegazi zivamile. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokuhlupheka okudabukisayo nokude kwe-protagonist, futhi ngemva kokukhishwa okusheshayo, indaba ifika esiphethweni esijabulisayo.
ama-exponents
Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka kuye kwaba nabasekeli abaningi bezincwadi zezintambo. Kangangoba kulinganiselwa ukuthi njengamanje kunababhali ababalelwa ku-4000 eBrazil. Ukuzisho zonke akunakwenzeka, kodwa phakathi kwazo kugqama okulandelayo:
ULeandro Gomes Barros
Wazalwa ngo-1865, wayengumbhali wokuqala waseBrazil wezincwadi zezintambo, futhi wathathwa njengembongi edume kakhulu eBrazil. Inqwaba yemisebenzi yakhe ekhaliphile yasebenza njengesisekelo sezindaba zabanye ababhali.
Joao Martins de Athayde
Imbongi nomshicileli waseBrazil, owazalwa ngo-1880, owaba neqhaza elikhulu ekusakazeni izincwadi ezinezintambo ngomshini wakhe wokunyathelisa. Igalelo lakhe eliyinhloko ekuziphendukeleni kwezincwadi ze-cordel libhekisela ekufakweni kwezithombe zabaculi baseHollywood esembozweni sezincwajana.
UFirminio Teixeira Do Amaral
Wayeyimbongi edumile kanye nentatheli owazalwa ngo-1896. Kuyo yonke impilo yakhe emfushane wagqama njengomunye wababhali abakhulu bezincwadi ezidumile. Kuye kufanele kudale i-twister yolimi, njengohlobo olusha lwengoma.
UJose Fernando Souza noSilva
Wayeyimbongi ebalulekile nesazi sezinkanyezi owazalwa ngo-1902. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, waziwa ngokuba ngumqambi we-almanaka edume kakhulu enyakatho-mpumalanga yeBrazil, i-Almanac de Pernambuco, eyadlula amakhophi angu-70000 1936 phakathi kuka-1972 no-XNUMX.
U-Apolonio Alves Dos Santos
Lo mmeleli we izincwadi ze-twine wazalelwa eBrazil ngo-1926. Waqala ukubhala amapheshana lapho eneminyaka engu-20 ubudala futhi ekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe wayesenezingu-120. Nokho akakwazanga ukushicilela inoveli yakhe yokuqala wagcina eyidayisele omunye umculi ngo-1948, owayishicilela ngemuva konyaka.
Ukwakhiwa
Ngokungangabazeki, izincwadi zochungechunge zinemisebenzi engenakubalwa, ngayinye enezici ezihlukile ezizenza zikhetheke. Lapha sizosho ezinye zazo:
Noma i-Dinheiro.
Ihhashi elikhiphe imali.
Impi ka-Oliveiros ngokumelene neFerrabrás.
Ummese nothi lwekhandlela.
Ingxoxo yezimbongi ezimbili.
Iqhawe uJoao Cangucu.
Umhambi wasenyakatho.
U-Olegario no-Albertina phakathi kobugebengu nothando.
Siyabonga ngolwazi olubalulekile, luphelele kakhulu.