Kuso sonke lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo uzokwazi ngokuningiliziwe isifinyezo esinemininingwane yencwadi Igama le-rose kanye nohlu lwezinhlamvu. Le ndaba yenzeka endaweni yezenkolo lapho kuphenywa khona uchungechunge lobugebengu, ngakho siyakumema ukuthi ufunde le ndaba ethokozisayo.
Bhukha Igama likaRose
Lo mlando waqala lapho u-Adso osemusha waseMelk enquma ukuphelezela uWilliam waseBaskerville esigodlweni sezindela engazi ukuthi bazokwenzani. Yenziwe esimweni esinesiyaluyalu nesenkolo sekhulu le-XNUMX, le noveli ilandisa ngophenyo olwenziwa nguFrari William waseBaskerville kanye nomfundi wakhe u-Adso waseMelk, olubandakanya uchungechunge lwamacala angaqondakaliyo enzeka esigodlweni sezindela enyakatho ne-Italy.
Impendulo enkulu kule noveli idonse izinkulungwane zamakhasi kubahleli ababucayi be-"The Name of the Rose," kuphawula u-Jorge Luis Borges, u-Arthur Conan Doyle) kanye nesifundiswa uWilliam wase-Ockham. Umbhali ushicilele i-“Apostilles to the Rosa de Rosa”, indatshana esankondlo lapho aphawule khona ngokuthi wayibhala kanjani le noveli futhi kungani wayibhala futhi wanikeza abafundi imikhondo ethile. Umsuka womsebenzi uyembulwa, nakuba imfihlakalo yawo ingadalulwanga.
Kuye kwahlongozwa. Igama likaRose liwine i-Strega Award ngo-1981 kanye ne-Foreign Medici Award ngo-1982, futhi wenza i-New York Times "uhlu Lokukhetha Komhleli Ka-1983"; inoveli yaba yimpumelelo enkulu futhi yathola ukutuswa okubanzi, okuholele ekukhiqizweni kwenguqulo yefilimu enegama elifanayo.
Umongo Wencwadi Igama likaRose
Encwadini yakhe yangaphambili yetiyetha ethi "Faraquette's Faraquette," u-Eco uye wachaza embhalweni waphansi "impikiswano phakathi kwamaFranciscans Okomoya kanye noPapa ngekhulu leshumi nane mayelana nokutholakala kwempahla nobumpofu babaphostoli. Kule mpikiswano kwagqama umcabango kaFrancisca uWilliam wase-Ockham, owafunda umoya wemfundiso kaFrancisca yobumpofu kanye nemfundiso yaseRoma, izingxabano phakathi kukaPapa namaSheshi, kodwa uPapa namaSheshi bambheka njengesolisayo, ngisho ama-republic aseDominican ahlubukayo.
Izihlakaniphi eziqokiwe uWilliam wase-Ockham, osolwazi bakhe kanye nezazi zefilosofi zesayensi, basebenzise lokho okubizwa ngensingo ka-Ockham, ukuze kuthathwe njengosizo ekwakhiweni komlingiswa u-Eco, uWilliam waseBaskerville onquma isizinda somlando wenoveli nengxenye yesiqephu esincane. ireferensi, ngokusho kwe-Eco, ukube i-Gruppo 63 yayingekho, ngabe angizange ngibhale » Bhukha Igama likaRose".
Leli qembu liyinhlangano entsha yombhalo we-avant-garde lapho umbhali eyingxenye yalo, futhi lenze uphenyo lokuhlola ukuthola amafomu nokuqukethwe kwezilimi okungenzeka kube khona. Ngezinhlelo zendabuko; ubakweleta ezinye izigigaba, uthando lwezingcaphuno namakholaji, esebenzisa eyakhe inkolelo-mbono, «Bhukha Igama likaRose» yisahluko sokuqala se-opera, inoveli evuliwe; inamazinga okufunda amabili noma ngaphezulu, i-Eco igcwele izingcaphuno, futhi ibeka izingcaphuno eziningi ezivela kubabhali benkathi ephakathi emilonyeni yabalingisi.
Abafundi be-Naive bangayijabulela ezingeni eliyisisekelo ngaphandle kokuqonda okuyisisekelo, khona-ke kukhona abafundi bezinga lesibili abakwazi ukubhekisela, izingcaphuno nemidlalo, ngakho-ke into ebaluleke kakhulu i-irony»; Naphezu kokubhekwa njengenoveli enzima, noma ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezingcaphuno nemibhalo yaphansi, le noveli ibe yimpumelelo yangempela. Umbhali uphakamisa umbono mayelana nalokhu, wokuthi mhlawumbe isizukulwane sabafundi sifuna ukuphonselwa inselelo, sibheke ezinye izigigaba zokubhala.
Umbono wokuqala we-Eco wawubhala inoveli yobugebengu, kodwa inoveli yakhe ayiyona ingxenye yephrojekthi, kodwa yesithombe; Ngakho-ke, umqondo wokucabanga nge-Benedictine esigodlweni sezindela wanyamalala, wafa lapho efunda ikhava eqinile ye-manifesto. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, kwathatha unyaka ukwenza kabusha indawo yonke lapho indaba yenzeka khona.
Kodwa ngiyakhumbula ukuthi angizange ngibhale imigqa unyaka wonke. Ufunda, adwebe izithombe, imidwebo futhi ekugcineni adale umhlaba. Ngidwebe amakhulukhulu ama-labyrinths kanye nephansi lezindela ngokusekelwe kweminye imidwebo nezindawo engizivakashele; ngale ndlela, angajwayelana nesikhala, umzila, abone umlingiswa wakhe futhi abhekane nomsebenzi womlandi ofunwa yizwi. Ngemva kokubuyekeza indaba yombhali wenkathi ephakathi, wayibuyisela esicashuniwe, ngakho le noveli kufanele Iqale ngombhalo wesandla otholiwe.
Isiqubulo
Ngomoya wesasasa, ngafunda indaba embi eyathakazelisa u-Adso de Melk, yangikhanga kangangokuthi ngacishe ngiyihumushela ezincwadini zokubhalela ezinefomethi enkulu ezivela kuPapeterie Joseph Gibert. Lezo zinhle kakhulu ukuzibhala ngepeni elithambile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, sifinyelela emaphethelweni eMelk, efinyelela umvuthwandaba ejikeni emfuleni, lapho i-Stift enhle, ebuyiselwe phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, isamile. Njengoba umfundi ubezoqagela, kumtapo wolwazi wezindela angitholanga mkhondo wombhalo wesandla ka-Adso.
Cishe ngobusika buka-1327 ngaphansi kukaPapa waseRoma uJohn XXII. UFrancisca William wase-Baskerville kanye nomfundi wakhe u-Adso waseMelk, i-Benedictine novice, bafika endlini yezindela enyakatho ye-Italy, okwakumangalisa. Umtapo wolwazi owaziwa ngokuthi umtapo wolwazi unemithetho eqinile yokufinyelela; UGuillermo kuzodingeka ahlele umhlangano phakathi kwabamele uPapa nabaholi bamaFranciscans, lapho ezoxoxa khona ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlubuka kwemfundiso yobuphofu babaphostoli ekhuthazwa igatsha lamaFranciscas: imimoya.
Impumelelo yalo mgubho yasongelwa uchungechunge lokufa ngenxa yesicelo salowo owayesebenza emtatsheni wezincwadi uJorge de Burgos, izindela ezinezinkolelo-ze zazikholelwa ukuthi zazilandela iphethini ye-"Apocalypse".
UGuillermo kanye no-Adso bayizule kaningi imithetho yesigodlo, bezama ukuxazulula le mfihlakalo, bathola ukuthi empeleni ukufa kuhambisana nokuba khona kwencwadi enobuthi, incwadi ethathwa njengelahlekile. Umqulu wesibili "Poetics". Aristotle. Ukufika kwenxusa nomphenyi wemibuzo kaPapa Bernardo Ji kwaqala inqubo yokuphenywa, izinkumbulo ezibuhlungu zikaGuillermo, owathola umtapo wezincwadi omangalisayo none-labyrinthine ekusesheni kwakhe.
Personajes
Okulandelayo sizokhuluma ngabalingiswa abahlukene lo msebenzi wokubhala othokozisayo onawo:
UWilliam waseBaskerville
Wayeyikholwa laseBrithani likaFrancisca ngekhulu le-XNUMX futhi esebenza njengomcwaningi. Umsebenzi kaWilliam waseBaskerville kwakuwukuhambela esigodlweni sezindela saseBenedictine esiqhelile ukuyothamela umhlangano lapho kwakudingidwa khona labo abazibiza ngamambuka egatsheni likaFrancisca: abakholelwa emimoyeni, ukuqondana kwale ncazelo kanye negama kuholela ekutheni umuntu acabange ukuthi isimilo sikaWilliam. angase abhekisele kuWilliam wase-Ockham.
Ngesicelo sikaMichael waseCesena, wangenela ngokuphumelelayo engxabanweni yobumpofu babaphostoli, ecabanga ukuthi uPapa John XXII wayeyimbuka. Eqinisweni, u-Echo ekuqaleni washintsha uWilliam waseBaskerville no-Ockham njengendima ehamba phambili, ngaphezu kwalokho, kule noveli, kukhona ubungane phakathi kwabantu ababili; lapho esefikile khona lapho, umphathi-dolobha wayala ukuba anikezwe idumela lokuqonda nokuba nengqondo, wamcela ukuba aphenye ngokufa okuxakile kwendela ukuze kuvinjwe ukubhuntsha komhlangano.
Incazelo enoveli kaWilliam isikhumbuza uHolmes. Mude kunomuntu ojwayelekile, mncane, amehlo akhe abukhali futhi ayacwebezela, ikhala elicijile nelimanzi kancane ligcina ubuso bakhe bubheke phansi.
I-Adso kaMelk
Izwi lenoveli, yindodana yesikhulu sase-Austria u-Baron Melk, okwathi kule noveli walwa ngokubambisana noMbusi Ongcwele WaseRoma uLudovico IV waseBavaria. Njengoba ayengumfundi kaBenedict, uWilliam waphathiswa umndeni wakhe njengombhali nomfundi lapho enomndeni wakhe eTuscany, futhi wasiza umfundisi ukuba aphenye. Njengoba kushiwo kule noveli, lo mlingiswa uqanjwe ngama-abbots ayisishiyagalombili aseFrance u-Adso de Montier-en-Der owazalwa ngo-920.
Wabhala umlando wakhe, onesihloko esithi "Nature Versus the State", futhi wagqugquzelwa uDkt. Watson, umsizi kaDetective Holmes. Engxoxweni yenguqulo ye-DVD yefilimu ethi "El igama lencwadi rose«, umqondisi wakhe uJean-Jacques Annaud wamqinisekisa ukuthi u-Umberto Eco wamtshela ukuthi u-Arzo "ukhubazekile", "Akaqondi uthisha wakhe", futhi ekugcineni akaqondi lutho, akaqondi ikilasi likathisha wakhe.
UJorge de Burgos
UmSpain uJorge de Burgos wayeyindela endala, eyimpumputhe eyakhothama futhi "yayimhlophe njengeqhwa." Ezinye izindela zamhlonipha, zammangaza ngendlela efanayo, igama lomlingiswa liyinhlonipho kuJorge Luis Borges, u-Eco wacabanga ngendoda eyimpumputhe ukuvikela umtapo wezincwadi, futhi waphawula ku-Apostille, umtapo wezincwadi wendoda eyimpumputhe. ngu-Borges kuphela ongahlinzeka.
Izibalo zomlando
Kukhona abalingiswa bomlando abehlukene kule ndaba, sizobe sibalula ngezansi:
UMichele waseCesena
UMichele da Cesena (1270-1342) wase-Italy ungumongameli kanye nesazi sezenkolo samaFranciscans. AmaFranciscas "okomoya" abhekana noPapa John XXII ekulweni nobumpofu bevangeli, kule noveli, ungumholi weqembu likaFrancisca elisekelwa uMbusi waseBavaria uLudovico IV.
UBernardo gui
Kule noveli, uqokwa njengejaji, eliphethe ukuqondisa inkokhelo yeSonto LamaRoma Katolika. Uvezwa njengesitha sikaWilliam waseBaskerville futhi uthathwa njengesifaniso sobudlelwano phakathi kukaSherlock Holmes noSolwazi Moriarty.
I-Análisis
Ngokusho kombhali wencwadi ethi "Izenzo", isihloko sesikhashana sale noveli sithi "Izindela Zobugebengu", kodwa yashiywa nguye ngoba igxile ekuhlelweni kwamaphoyisa. Uthe iphupho lakhe wukubiza ngokuthi i-Adso of Melk, okuyisihloko esingathathi hlangothi, ngoba indima ka-Adso ingumbalisi womcimbi, ngokusho kwengxoxo ngo-2006, "igama likaRose" laligcina isihloko, kodwa "bonke labo ukufunda uhlu uthe "igama likaRose" lingcono kakhulu."
Lesi sihloko wasithola cishe ngephutha. Umfanekiso ongokomfanekiso werose uminyene futhi unenjongo, njengoba kusho encwadini yezEnzo. Cishe ulahlekelwe yikho konke: i-rose engaqondakali, Phila impilo yakho yama-rose, ama-war roses amabili, i-rose iyi-rose, i-Rosicrucian, siyabonga nge-rose ekhanyayo, wonke amakha ama-roses amasha? Ku-Eco, kungenxa yokuqoqwa kwencazelo eyeqile. Lokhu kwaholela ekuntulekeni kwencazelo yokugcina, okwasabela embonweni wakhe wokuthi isihloko "kufanele sidide umcabango, singahleleli umcabango."
Imfihlakalo yesihloko Bhukha Igama likaRose ihlanganiswe nemfihlakalo yesiLatini evala inoveli. Mayelana nalokhu, umbhali uchaze encwadini yeZenzo zabaPhostoli ukuthi nakuba umfundi esekwazile “ukufunda okungase kwenzeke” kule nkondlo, lo myalelo uzobe usekupheleni kokukhethwa komfundi kwezinhlobonhlobo zamathuba. Isikhathi sesifikile. Wasabela encazelweni yaleli vesi, ethi kwakuyivesi elithathwe emisebenzini kaBernardo Morliacense, uBenedict wekhulu leshumi nambili. Washintsha ingqikithi yobuhle wengeza ngokuthi kuyo yonke inkazimulo elahlekile, okusele igama.
Isakhiwo nomxoxi
Ngokwesethulo, "Naturally, a manuscript," The Incwadi Igama likaRose isekelwe embhalweni wesandla wombhali othi "Le manuscript de Dom Adson de Melk" ngo-1968. Le ncwadi yabhalwa "u-Abbe Vallet" othile e-Melk Abbey eMfuleni iDanube e-Austria. Le ncwadi kuthiwa iqukethe uchungechunge lwemiyalo emibi yomlando ethi iyikhophi yangempela yombhalo wesandla wekhulu le-XNUMX otholakala eMelk Abbey.
Ngalesi sisekelo, le noveli yakha kabusha ngokuningiliziwe impilo yansuku zonke yesigodlo kanye nokuhlukaniswa okuqinile kwesikhashana kwempilo yezindela, izahluko zenoveli zihlukaniswe ngezinsuku eziyi-7 futhi zichazwe ngokwesikhathi esihambisanayo sokujwayelekile: Maidin, Hymn, Tang Brother, okwesithathu, okwesithupha, uNona, u-Eva futhi waqeda. Lwela indawo efanelekile ukuze umbhali akwazi ukusebenzisa isiLatini ngokuphindaphindiwe, ikakhulukazi ekushintshaneni kwezindela phakathi kwezindela.
Le ndaba ye Incwadi Igama likaRose yamenyezelwa ngokomuntu wokuqala ngu-Asso osekhulile manje, owayefuna ukugcina irekhodi lezenzakalo azibona esigodlweni sezindela esemncane, ku "Izenzo", u-Eco waphawula ngobubili bendima: uyindoda iminyaka yakhe engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili futhi ulandisa ngesigameko esihilela u-Adso oneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili ubudala. Umdlalo uqukethe njalo ukuletha u-Adso omdala endaweni yesehlakalo nokubonisana ngalokho ayekukhumbula ngesikhathi ekwenye i-Adso encane.
Ngiwuthakasele kakhulu lo mdlalo we-double brand. Ngakho-ke umsindo olandisayo uwumsindo odlula ezihlungini eziningi. Ngemuva kokuthi izinhlamvu zihlungwe ngokungenakugwenywa ngokweminyaka nobudala, isingeniso senoveli sichaza ukuthi umbhalo wokuqala we-Adso of Melk waqoshwa ngu-J. Mabillon futhi kamuva u-Ah Quoting Abbe Vallet.
Indaba uzoyiboleka kubani umbhali? Njengoba i-Eco ichaza ku-Apostilles, lesi sihlungi esiphindwe kathathu sakhuthazwa ukusesha komlandi kwemisindo yenkathi ephakathi, eqaphela ukuthi ekugcineni izincwadi zihlale zikhuluma ngezinye izincwadi, futhi indaba ngayinye ikhuluma indaba eseyishiwo kakade.
Ukungafani kwemvelo
Ikakhulukazi u-Adso uthathwa njengokuhlonipha u-Simplicio, umlingiswa wengxoxo ka-Galileo Galilei ohlelweni lomhlaba oluyinhloko u-Galileo Galilei futhi ufana nomlingiswa womngane wakhe uDkt. Watson, umlingiswa oyinhloko uWilliam. UDe Baskerville ubhekise kuSherlock Holmes.
Inoveli Bhukha Igama likaRose kuveza indlela yesayensi nokucabanga okuncishisiwe. UWilliam usebenzisa ngobuchule ukucabanga okuguquguqukayo ukuze axazulule le mfihlakalo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukhumbula indima yakhe ku-Holmes noWilliam wase-Occam (1288-1349), izazi zefilosofi zesikole samaFrancisca nesiNgisi, abasunguli bokuzisholo, ababhekwa ngabanye njengoyise we-epistemology yanamuhla ifilosofi.
Kuphinde kusikisele ukuthi uMqulu Wesibili Wezinkondlo zika-Aristotle, nakuba ngokusobala ucatshangelwa (futhi inoveli ikhomba kuleli phuzu) ukuthi ibandakanye amahlaya nezinkondlo ezingaqondakali, ngokusobala yalahleka ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Incwadi yenoveli yabulala izindela ezimbalwa.
U-Teodosio Muñoz Molina ukhulume okunye ukuqondana kokuthi "Ojo de Alá" kokuthi "Indaba elindile phakathi kwe-ecology no-Borges." Kukhona omunye umphenyi wenkolo wamaNgisi, abazalwane bakwaCadfar, umlingiswa oyinhloko wochungechunge lwamanoveli abhalwe ngu-Ellis Peters ekhulwini leshumi nambili.
Eco futhi Borges
U-Boggs wahlabeka umxhwele nge-Eco lapho eneminyaka engu-22 noma engu-23 ubudala, lapho umngane wakhe emboleka uFicciones (1944) ngo-1955 noma ngo-1956, lapho uBorges engaziwa ngempela e-Italy. Ababhali abayi-12 base-Argentina izindaba zabo zavela ku-Garden of Forking Paths (1941) zaziseMtatsheni Wezincwadi Wombhoshongo WaseBabele Ezinganekwaneni.
Ngiveze ukufana okuthile phakathi komtapo wezincwadi wesigodlo sezindela ohlanganisa indawo eyinhloko yenoveli nomtapo wolwazi ochazwe uBorges endabeni yakhe: hhayi nje isakhiwo se-labyrinthine kodwa nokuba khona kwezibuko emisebenzini kaBorges Iphethini ephindaphindayo.
Mfundi othandekayo hlala nathi kulokhu kufundwa okuthokozisayo kwalokhu:Isifinyezo Sokubaluleka Kokuba Oqotho.
