El Incwadi Yothando Oluhle, umlando wobufundisi, owenzelwe ikhulu leshumi nane. Yabhalwa nguJuan Ruiz. Kubhekwa njengeminye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yesikhathi sezincwadi zenkathi ephakathi evamile yaseSpain.
Incwadi Yothando Oluhle
Incwadi Yothando Oluhle, eyayibizwa nangokuthi iNcwadi yoMkhulukazi ngisho neNcwadi yabahlabeleli, ithathwa njengomlando we-mester de clergy, ojwayelekile wekhulu le-1700. Yakhiwe cishe izitanza eziyi-XNUMX ezinezici ezihluke ngokuphelele.
[su_note]Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ukuthuthuka kokulandisa kusiholela endabeni ehlelwe kumlando ongelona iqiniso, obhalwe nguJuan Ruiz, ongu-Archpriest of Hita endabeni. I-Libro de Buen Amor, ithathwa njengomunye wemisebenzi yobuciko eyingxenye yezincwadi zeSpanishi. Iqokomisa ikakhulukazi lezo ezenzelwe inkathi yeNkathi Ephakathi.[/su_note]
Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi i-Libro de Buen Amor ineqembu lezici ezihlukahlukene zezindikimba ezihlukahlukene ezihlangana ndawonye ngokuthuthukiswa kokulandisa kwe-autobiographical. Lapho izimo ezisekelwe ezicini zothando umbhali wendaba abhekana nazo.
[su_note]Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi umbhali we-Libro de Buen Amor angabonakala engxenyeni yencwadi ngomlingiswa ka-Don Melón de la Huerta. Ngakho ungakwazi ukubona ngeso lengqondo ukumelwa kwazo zonke izithandani ezaziyingxenye yempilo yakhe futhi ngokulandelayo zathuthukiswa esigabeni senhlalo ephakeme eSpanishi yenkathi ephansi ephansi.[/su_note]
ukuphikisana okweqile
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ekuthuthukisweni komlando weNcwadi Yothando Oluhle, ukuphathwa kwezinganekwane kanye nabaxolisi bangabonwa, okuvumela ukuthi lokhu kube iqoqo eliyisibonelo ngokuphelele ezincwadini.
[su_box title=”Incwadi Yothando Oluhle, Umfundisi Omkhulu Wama-Hita” radius=”6″][su_youtube url=”https://youtu.be/kHW5XkbkN9k”][/su_box]
Ngendlela efanayo kusingathwa izifaniso, njengokuziphatha, izintshumayelo ngisho ne-goliardesque. Ama-elementi ajwayelekile ezingoma zamagama athathwa njengezwe angaphinda aboniswe. Okubuye kubone ngeso lengqondo ama-serranilla, ama-parodic, nawo ahlobene nezinye izinkolo, abonakala emaculweni nasekujabuleni kweNcasakazi noJesu.
izinto zokulandisa
Izinto ezilandiswayo zihlobene ngokuqondile nezici ze-parodic, ezijwayelekile zamahlaya athathwa njenge-elegiac, ayingxenye yezikhathi zenkathi ephakathi. Ukuveza ngokwako izigigaba umbhali azilandisayo mayelana nezothando, zona ezivezwa ngezinkondlo ezivezwa ngeso lengqondo ngqo nezixhumanisi zezithandwa zabo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uPamphilus wachazwa eNcwadini Yothando Oluhle, eboniswe ngokukhethekile kuDon Melón kanye noDoña Endrina. Ngokufanayo, ihlobene ne-parody ye-liturgy yamahora we-canonical, kanye naleyo yezingoma ezidumile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhi ezifana ne-Don Carnal ene-Doña Cuaresma ziyaphathwa.
Ngokufanayo, ezinye izincwadi zingabonakala kule ndaba, njengezitshalo. Lokho kungabonakala uma kwenzeka ukufa kweTrotaconventos. Lo mlingiswa wayebalulekile, ngoba wadlala indima yokumela i-La Celestina, ngendlela efanayo kuma-satires. Okuphinde kubonakale ngokuphelele kubanikazi besifazane, kanye nasemalini. Ama-elementi nawo aphathwa ngaphakathi kwezinganekwane zasendulo ezibizwa nge-Aesopic.
Konke lokhu ngenhloso yokuqhakambisa izici zemfundo ezihlobene nothando. Ufuna ukufunda komuntu ukuthuthukisa lo muzwa okhethekile.
Ngakho-ke, i-Libro de Buen Amor ifuna ukukhombisa ukubaluleka kwezincwadi zesiLatini zasendulo. Ikakhulukazi lena, ehlukaniswa njengezincwadi zabefundisi.
Isifingqo
Incwadi Yothando Oluhle ilandisa ngendlela u-Archpriest ayefuna ngayo ukuyenga abantu besifazane, ngenhloso yokuthola uthando lweqiniso. Lo mlingiswa ulekelelwa yiTrotaconventos, nokho, yonke imizamo yakhe igcina ngokuhluleka.
[su_note]Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi isandulela sakhe, ngokungafani nemisebenzi eminingi, sibhalwe ngephrozi. Lapho kumenyezelwa khona izinjongo zoMphristi Omkhulu wakwa-Hita, ezibhalwe ngokuqondile esejele, okubuye kubhekisele kulokho okufanekiselwa ukuphila emhlabeni.[/su_note]
Indaba igxile othandweni oluhle, okusho ukuthi kuyadingeka ekuphileni konke ukufunda ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokuhle nokubi. Ngokufanayo, izimo zengqondo ezinjengokuziphatha okubi nokuziphatha okubi ziyaboniswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, libonisa inhlonipho nobuhle babesifazane.
Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kokuqala komlingiswa oyinhloko nabesifazane kuphelile ngokwehluleka. Kungale ndlela lapho sibonisa khona ubungozi bokuphila uthando olugcwele ubuhlanya nokuxhwala. Ukuqokomisa izinzuzo ezilethwa uthando oluhle.
UJuan Ruiz, umbhali, uzinikela njengomlingiswa oyinhloko futhi yena abe ngumlandisi. Kucatshangelwa ochwepheshe abaningi ukuthi Incwadi Yothando Oluhle ithathelwe indaba kaPamphilus yekhulu le-XNUMX.
Endabeni, amabhadi axosha umlingisi oyinhloko, lapho ekwazi ukuyenga, owesifazane uvame ukufa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umsebenzi ugcwele ezinye izigigaba ezimelela izinganekwane. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi i-Archpriest iphetha nge-blackberry, lapho kuboniswa khona isifundo sothando oluhle.
Izinhlamvu Zencwadi Yothando Oluhle
Abalingisi abakha le ndaba ebalulekile yenkathi ephakathi yilaba abalandelayo:
Umpristi omkhulu kaHita
Lo mlingiswa angathathwa njengovelele ngendlela emangalisayo, hhayi nje ngoba ungumlingiswa oyinhloko wendaba, kodwa futhi ngoba ungumbhali walo msebenzi. Ungumfundisi owaziwa ngokuthi u-Archpriest. Okunesici sokuphikelela bese kuthi umuntu angabi muhle njengokuthatheka.
Umlingiswa uzama kuwo wonke umlando ukuzuza lokho okubizwa ngabaningi ukugcwala kothando. Nokho, naphezu kokuphikelela kwakhe, akatholi lutho ngaphandle kokuhluleka kothando.
I-Trotaconventos, i-pimp
Lo mlingiswa ubhekwa njengowokuqala emlandweni weNcwadi Yothando Oluhle. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, abaningi uthathwa njengesandulela se-Celestina. I-Trotaconventos, uzibheka njenge-pimp, ngoba uzibophezela umsebenzi wokusiza u-Archpriest, maqondana nakho konke okubhekiselwe othandweni kanye nokulangazelela kwakhe ukufeza ukugcwala kwalo.
[su_note] Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi phakathi nokuthuthukiswa komsebenzi, u-Don Amor, unikeza iseluleko ku-Archpriest lapho ebonisa khona ukuthi kufanele athathe enye yalezi zintokazi ezihlala zihlezi emasontweni njengesithunywa futhi bona bayazi. mayelana nemihubhe. Okuholela iTrotaconventos ekubeni yisithunywa sakhe esithembekile.[/su_note]
Uthando lwe-Archpriest
Kuyo yonke INcwadi Yothando Oluhle, umlingiswa oyinhloko, u-Archpriest, ulandelela umgomo wokwenza abesifazane abaningi bathandane. Lapho okuphawuleka khona kakhulu, owesifazane oyingxenye yezinga eliphezulu lenhlalo, onenhlanhla enkulu futhi omunye walabo abajabulela ukuziphatha okuhle.
Ngendlela efanayo, uyakwazi ukunqoba umbhaki ongenangqondo, futhi ngokumangalisayo indelakazi ehloniphekile, intokazi enesimo somfelokazi, owayefunwa amadoda amaningi kanye nentombazane yasentabeni.
[su_note]Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi umlingiswa ka-Doña Garoza uyindela enezinjongo ezichazwe kahle kakhulu empilweni, okusho ukuthi akathonywa muntu kalula. Amandla akhe ayancipha ngemva kokuphikelela okukhulu kwe-Trotaconventos.[/su_note]
izinhlamvu ezingokomfanekiso
U-Doña Cuaresma ungumlingiswa ovela ku-Libro de Buen Amor, onohlaka oluncane kakhulu, ngendlela efanayo, unezinkinga zesikhumba, uyi-ladino futhi ubuthakathaka. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, uthathwa njengomlingiswa onezimo zengqondo eziningana ezingezinhle. Naphezu kwalokhu, u-Doña Cuaresma ubonisa ukuthi uthembekile. Abanye abalingiswa abafana no-Doña Venus kanye no-Don Amor nabo bayagqama.
Imibhalo yesandla
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Incwadi Yothando Oluhle inemibhalo yesandla emithathu. Kodwa-ke, u-Ramón Menéndez Pidal empeleni wayephendula ngokubhekisela ezenzweni ezimbili ezazisekelwe ngokuqondile ezikhathini ezihlobene nempilo yakhe:
S Umbhalo Wesandla
Lokhu kwavela eSalamanca, ikakhulukazi kuMeya yaseColegio de San Bartolomé. Kungemva kwalokhu lapho wayeseRoyal Library yaseMadrid. Kamuva, kuze kube manje, izoba seLabhulali yaseNyuvesi yaseSalamanca.
Incwadi yayo yenzelwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, kungenzeka ukuthi kube nombhalo wesandla ophelele. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi imininingwane eyengeziwe ayitholakali kweminye imibhalo yesandla. Lesi sici esibalulekile sizuzwe ngenxa ka-Alonso Paradinas.
Umbhalo Wesandla we-G
Igama layo libangelwa ukuthi lalingaphansi kwamandla kaBenito Martínez Gayoso. Njengamanje iyingxenye yoMtapo wezincwadi weRoyal Spanish Academy. Yenzelwe ikhulu leshumi nanhlanu. Ungayeki ukufunda I-Hispanic American Literature.
Umbhalo Wesandla we-T
Umbhalo wakhe wesandla ubizwa kanjalo ngoba wawugcinwe eSontweni LaseToledo. Okwamanje ingeyeNational Library yaseSpain. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi imibhalo yabhalwa ngekhulu leshumi nane.
Itimu nesakhiwo
Incwadi Yothando Oluhle, yaqanjwa kanjalo nguMenéndez Pidal ngonyaka ka-1898. Yakhuthazwa yizo zonke izindawo ezethulwa ngaphakathi kwendaba elandiswe encwadini. Isekelwe kakhulu enombolweni yozimele 933b. Okusekelwe ngokuyinhloko ku-hemistich yokuqala ebonisa uthando oluhle.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuphathelene nosuku okwabhalwa ngalo, kusekelwe embhalweni wesandla. Omunye wemibhalo yesandla uthi umbhali uphelile unyaka ka-1330 kanye nomunye ohlobene no-1343.
Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi ngo-1330 uJuan Ruiz wenza isibuyekezo futhi walungisa izilungiso, ezazisekelwe ekwakhiweni okusha kokulandisa kwale ndaba evelele yenkathi ephakathi. Kufanele kucace ukuthi le ncwadi isekelwe ngokuphelele ezicini ezilandelayo, okuyilezi ezilandelayo:
[your_list icon=”icon: check” icon_color="#231bec”]
- Okuqukethwe, okusekelwe esibonelweni, ukulandisa okuhlobene nothando, ama-serranilla, kanye nezakhi ze-didactic kanye nezingoma zabo zezingoma.
- Amamethrikhi ahlobene ngokuqondile nama-elementi afana nohlaka olusekelwe ezigabeni ezenziwe ezisekelwe emavesini ayishumi nesithupha, kanye nezigaba kanye ne-zejelescas.
- Ithoni, esekelwe ochungechungeni, kanye nezinto zemikhosi, zenkolo nezomhlaba.[/su_list]
core materials
Izinto ezimaphakathi lo mlando oqukethe yilezi ezilandelayo:
Isingeniso
Kulokhu umbhali uchaza yonke into encike ezicini zokuhumusha indaba. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi wethula umkhuleko ngaphansi kohlaka nge, oqondiswe ngokuphelele kuBaba waseZulwini nakuMariya uMariya.
Umthandazo ufuna ukucela usizo lokuthola i-proem ku-prose yakhe. Okungase kufaniswe nentshumayelo evamile esekelwe ekukhulekeleni uNkulunkulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lesi sici singabhekwa njenge-parodic, ngaphezu kwalokho, sinomunye umusho ohlobene nomusa waphezulu ophelele, ukuba nethuba lokwenza incwadi ngendlela efanele. Ezethula ngezinjabulo zomculo ezibhekiswe kuMariya uMariya. funda mayelana I-Biography kaMartin Blasco.
i-autobiography eqanjiwe
Incwadi Yothando Oluhle ihlelwe ngaphansi kwencwadi echaza umlando oqanjiwe yombhali wayo. Ngakho-ke, yakhiwe ngaphansi kwesakhiwo sokuziphatha esisekelwe ezenzweni zayo.
[su_note] Ngakho-ke, le ncwadi ilandisa ngezindaba zothando zombhali nezinhlobonhlobo zabesifazane. Kuyo, abesifazane abahlukahlukene baboniswa, abanemvelaphi ehlukene futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo izimo zomphakathi. Phakathi kwalaba, ababegqame kakhulu kwakuyindela, owesifazane ongumMoor, umbhaki, umnikazi weshede lokuthandazela, ngokufanayo, owesifazane osesikhundleni esiphakeme, kanye nabalindi bezintaba abambalwa.[/su_note]
Ukuqoqwa kwezibonelo
Leli qoqo lama-enxiemplos lisekelwe ku-apologetics, izindaba kanye nezinganekwane. Bonke laba bafuna ukufundisa ngokuziphatha, isikhathi ngasinye lapho iziqephu zale ncwadi ziphela. Ungase ube nesithakazelo esihlokweni Iqhawe eligqoke izikhali ezigqwalile.
Ingxabano phakathi kombhali noDon Amor
Kukhona ingxabano phakathi kombhali noDon Amor, ongumlingiswa othathwa njengomfanekiso. Umbhali unquma ukusola lo mlingiswa ngokuba necala kuzo zonke izono ezibulalayo ezenzeka endabeni ngayinye.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kucatshangelwa izici ezihlobene ngokuqondile nendlela owesifazane okufanele abe ngayo ngokuphelele, kanye ne-heartthrob ethile.
I-Narración
Ikhuluma ngezindaba zothando ezikhula noDon Melón kanye noDoña Endrina. Isekelwe ngokuphelele kumdlalo wamahlaya wobuntu owenziwa ngezinto ze-Medieval Pamphilus.
Impi
Indaba engokomfanekiso yempi phakathi kuka-Doña Cuaresma no-Don Carnal nayo iyalandiswa. Okuthuthukiswa nge-parody ehlobene ngqo nama-chansons de geste ezikhathini zasendulo.
U-Ars Amandi
Ungabona ukuphawula kuka-Ars Amandi, oyimbongi yomdabu waseLatin ogama lakhe lingu-Ovid.
iphimbo nokuqukethwe
Ithoni nokuqukethwe kusekelwe ku-satire kanye ne-goliardic. Okuhlobene ngqo ne-parody yomdlalo we-Horas canonónicas. Futhi kuCantiga de los clerics de Talavera. Lapho ukutuswa okungafaneleki kwabesifazane kubonakala ngokuphathelene nabanikazi besifazane okusekelwe ekubhuqweni.
Ngokulandelayo, izingxenye zezingoma zezingoma zezinga lezenkolo zingabonwa, ngokusekelwe ikakhulukazi kuma-Mariana, ikakhulukazi ku-Joys of Santa María. Okubuye kuzungezwe izingoma ze-lyrical ngokuphelele nezezwe ezihlobene ngqo nokufa kweTrotaconventos.
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Ukuhunyushwa komsebenzi
Ukuhunyushwa kweNcwadi Yothando Oluhle, kunenhloso yayo, ukuthola ukuthi yisiphi isizathu esenza ukuba le ndaba yenziwe. Ukugxila eqinisweni, ekuthuthukisweni okunikezwa yi-heterogeneity enkulu.
Ngokufanayo, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi Incwadi Yothando Oluhle ifuna ukugqamisa uthando oluzinikele. Kanye nezakhi ezibonisa ikhono elihlobene ngokuphelele nothando lwenyama.
Menendez Pelayo nabanye abalingiswa
UMenéndez Peleyo kanye nabanye ababhali bafuna ukuhlela zonke izici maqondana nomlingiswa we-goliadi wendaba. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi alukho ngempela uhlobo lokuhlaselwa kwezinkolelo-ze ngisho nokuvukela umbuso maqondana nendluzula neziphathimandla zaseSpain.
Konke lokhu kusiholela ekuqondeni ukuthi lezi zici ezibalulekile zokufeza kahle izinkondlo ze-Goliardesque. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izazi eziningi zemibhalo zifuna ukuveza ukuthi i-Libro de Buen Amor isakwenza.
Ngokufanayo, kunezinye izinhlobo zababhali, njengoJosé Amador de los Ríos noMaría Rosa Lida de Malkier, ababefuna ukuba nezici ezisekelwe ezimweni zengqondo ze-didactic. U-Américo Castro kanye no-Albornoz Sánchez baphinde bacabangele abanye ababhali, njengoba kwenzeka kuJuan Ruíz, ohlukaniswa njengombhali onoshicilelo, onemikhuba ebacindezelayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uJuan Luis Alborg ufuna ukubonisa isifundo, esifana nalolo olwenziwa yilokho akusebenzisayo. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi lo mlingiswa wenze lesi senzo noCervantes. Konke lokhu kusiholela ekuqondeni ukuthi u-Juan Luis Alborg ufuna ukuziveza ngezindikimba ezihlobene nobuqhawe, okubonisa umbono wakhe siqu wobuciko obuyindida. Okuholela ekutheni azichaze ngokukhululeka kwakhe ngokujoyina ama-didactics enkathi ephakathi.
Umsebenzi
Incwadi Yothando Oluhle igqama ngokuqukatha izinhlelo ezigcwele ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko, ezigxile kakhulu e-Toledo, maqondana nentuthuko yangaleso sikhathi. Ngakho-ke, kubonakala ukuthi abesifazane abaningi bathanda umlingiswa oyinhloko futhi iningi labo lalingenabo ubudlelwano benyama nabo, ngokungafani nalapho kuvela izici ezihlaselwa yintombazane yasezintabeni ngeLa Chata. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi abaqaphi bezintaba babesigubha. Nokho, ama-serrana athathwa njengebalulekile ohlotsheni lwezincwadi.
Kukhona iblackberry eveza ngokugcwele ikhono layo njengomculi, ize igabise wonke umuntu. Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi yena ngokwakhe wenza izingoma ezihlobene nomdanso wama-Andalusi namaJuda.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngesikhathi impi kaDon Carnal kanye neDoña Cuaresma yenzeka, kwenzeka uhambo olude oluya eToledo, ngoba kuleyo ndawo abadayisi benyama kanye norabi bathi ngokuzithoba balindele ukuthi konke kuhlinzekwe ngohlelo. ngendlela ehloniphekile..
Ngaphezu kwalokhu uMaría Rosa Lida de Malkiel, ngakho-ke bangabonwa ngeso lengqondo kusukela ekuqaleni kwabo. Izwakalisa ukulandisa okuhlobene nephrozi enemvumelwano, kanye namagamat enziwa ababhali abahlukahlukene abavela endaweni yama-Arabhu efana namaHeberu athuthukiswa ngekhulu leshumi nambili neleshumi nane.
Incwadi
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Libro de Buen Amor iqukethe izici ezihlobene nombhikisho wohlobo lwe-goliard, wona ngokwawo osuselwe esikhundleni u-Gil de Albornoz awenza ngaso. Okwavumela ukudalula kusifundabhishobhi imfundiso yephepha le-barragana
Okuphinde kuhlobane nokuhlalisana umfundisi abenakho nowesifazane. Okubhekwa njengesiko elilula elisekelwe endaweni enamasiko amaningi. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlubuka kokutholwa kuka-Elipando kufanele kugqanyiswe. Okusenza siqonde ukuthi konke lokhu kulethwa ngenhloso yokukhumbula amaSulumane, amaKrestu namaJuda.
Kungale ndlela lapho ivezwa khona kwabesifazane bese kuba khona abefundisi. Lapho ngaphezu kwalokhu, ukunganeliseki kuvezwa umbhishobhi omkhulu ngokumelene ne-barraganía. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuyadingeka ukwenza umbhikisho ovumela umbhishobhi omkhulu okwazi ukumgcina ejele. Okusiholela ekuqondeni ukuthi ngenxa ka-Enrique, ukwazi ukukhulula ngokuphelele uthando lwakhe ngezincwadi ze-Goliardesque.
uDaniel Eisenberg
Ungomunye wababhali abaqhakambise ukubaluleka kothando oluhle kubantu abafana noJuan Ruiz. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kwabonisa izindaba zakhe zothando, njengoba kwenzeka kumnikazi. Ubani lona wesifazane owayenaye, naye wayeyintombi nto futhi wayefuna ukuba naye njengezaba.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uthando olubi lwaluhlobene ngokuqondile nalolo lwabalindi, ababizwa nangokuthi abantu abasha.
Ubunikazi nokuqomisana
Umbhali weNcwadi Yothando Oluhle uveza izici zesonto ezingabonakala phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kwale ndaba. Njengoba kunjalo ngo-Joan Roiz acipreste de Fita otholakala kuhlaka 19b-c. Kanye naku-Yo Johan Ruiz i-acipreste de Hita eshiwo ngenhla eshiwo ku-c. awu 575.
[su_note]Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi kwakusuka ku-1984, sibonga u-Francisco J. Hernández, ukuthi ubufakazi obuphathekayo bungabonwa ukuthi ngabe u-Juan Ruiz wayekhona ngempela, no-uenerabilibus Johanne Roderici, Archpriest of Fite.[/su_note]
Kulokhu ungabona isihloko sesonto ngokuphelele esihlobene ngokuqondile nezingxenye zokulandisa kweNcwadi Yothando Oluhle. Kodwa-ke, lolu ngolunye lwezingxenye ezimbalwa zolwazi olutholwe ngoJuan Ruiz, umbhali weNcwadi yokuhle. Uthando.Yini eyenza lo mbhalo ubaluleke ukuthi ube ngubufakazi bombhali.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, indaba ebalulekile iwusuku okwabhalwa ngalo iNcwadi Yothando Oluhle, nayo esekelwe olwazini olwatholwa ama-codex atholakale kuwo wonke umlando.
Imibhalo yesandla kanye nosuku lokushicilelwa
Kuyabonakala ukuthi umbhalo wesandla G waqedwa ngonyaka ka-1330. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umbhalo wesandla S, onezindaba ezinoveli ezivela eNcwadini Yothando Oluhle, waqedwa ngonyaka ka-1343.
Kubagxeki beNcwadi Yothando Oluhle, uJuan Ruiz uqhubeke nokusebenzisa iziqephu zakhe esezenziwe ukuze ahlanganise indaba yakhe. Ngakho-ke, kuqinisekiswa ukuthi inguqulo yokuqala yeNcwadi Yothando Oluhle yenziwa ngo-1330.
Ngemva kwalolu shicilelo, umbhali wengeza ezinye izinkondlo, ezisekelwe ikakhulukazi ohlotsheni lwezingoma. Konke lokhu, ukuze kufezeke ngokuphelele iNcwadi Yothando Oluhle, okusho ukuthi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuya phambili okwamanje ishicilelwe ngendlela exoxwa ngayo.
Amafutha
Isici sokuqala esihlobene neNcwadi Yothando Oluhle sigxile ikakhulukazi ezicini eziyinhloko zezincwadi zesonto ezazisekelwe ezikhathini lapho incwadi yabhalwa khona.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uJuan Ruiz wayenendlela yokukhuluma esekelwe ezicini zenkolo ngokuphelele. Kungalesi sizathu-ke lapho umlobi cishe waphathwa khona ebusheni bakhe ukuze afunde esikoleni sesonto lombhishobhi, esivamile senkolo yesigodi sase-Henares noma ngisho nase-Alcalá.
Ngakho-ke, okuningi kokubhala encwadini kusekelwe esakhiweni sezintshumayelo, esibhekwa njengesaziwayo, esibizwa ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa okungeziwe. Kungalesi sizathu-ke ukuthi kuhlanganiswe izihloko ezihlobene nokuziphatha, okwabe kuyisici esibalulekile sesibonelo.
Ngokufanayo, eNcwadini Yothando Oluhle, izinhlelo zokuvuma izono ziyavela, amakhathekizimu kanye nemithandazo ngendlela yamahubo abonisa ukuzinikela okukhona kuBaba waseZulwini.
[su_note] Kubalulekile futhi ukusho ukuthi isihloko esibaluleke kakhulu eNcwadini Yothando Oluhle uthando. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lwakhe lusekelwe ezincwadini ze-Ovidian European kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Okuphinde kugqamise amahlaya asezingeni eliphezulu ahlobene ne-Ars Amandi kanye ne-Remedia amores. Ivumela lolu lwazi ukuthi lumelwe futhi lwembulwe kulo lonke elaseYurophu.[/su_note]
Ngokunjalo, zonke izici ezishiye uphawu lwazo ngaphakathi kweNcwadi Yothando Oluhle kuxoxiswana ngazo.Uthando lwasenkantolo luyingxenye ebalulekile yendaba, yona esekelwe emibhalweni ye-Goliardesque.
amafonti avelele
Imithombo ebaluleke kakhulu ngaphakathi kweNcwadi Yothando Oluhle igxile kakhulu ezicini ezihlobene nemibhalo yomsuka waseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Naphezu kwalokhu, kufanele sicabangele ukuthi INcwadi Yothando Oluhle iqukethe isibonelo esivela ezincwadini zesi-Arabhu, eziye zahunyushwa ngesiLatini eduze nenhlonhlo ngekhulu leshumi nantathu.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi abalingiswa abafana no-Américo Castro baqhubekile nokuxhumanisa ngokuqondile i-Libro de Buen Amor nezici ezakha izincwadi zesi-Arabhu. Ngakho-ke, uyibiza ngokuthi inyunyana ye-Mudejar, ngenxa yokunwetshwa kwemethrikhi. Okubuye kuguqulwe phakathi kwenganekwane neqiniso. Okuholela ekutheni kube yindatshana yomlando wothando.
U-Américo Castro, uqhathanise Incwadi Yothando Oluhle, ihlobene ne-El Collar de la Paloma, yombhali u-Ibn Hazm. Naphezu kwalokhu, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi izici eziyingxenye yalezi zindaba nazo zithathwe ikakhulukazi izincwadi zaseYurophu futhi ziphendukele kwi-autobiography. Ikakhulukazi ezindabeni eziphathelene nemisebenzi evusa inkanuko. Okuyisici sezinto ze-Ovid zezikhathi zasendulo.
[su_note]Kufanele kushiwo ukuthi mancane kakhulu amathuba okuthi u-Juan Ruiz azi isi-Arabhu sakudala. Ngakho-ke, iNcwadi Yothando Oluhle, naphezu kokuba iqukethe izichazamazwi zamaMoor, akufanele ihlotshaniswe nolwazi oluthile lwe-colloquial Arabic, oluhlobene ngokuqondile nabantu baseMudejar. Okwenze ihaba phakathi kwe-Hita, yona eyenza ingxenye yendawo ezungezile.[/su_note]
ubulili befonti
Ku-María Rosa Lida de Malkiel, Incwadi Yothando Oluhle ihlobene ne-autobiography kanye nohlobo lwesiHeberu lwegamat. Okuphinde kuhlobane ngqo neNcwadi Yezinjabulo yombhali u-Yosef ben Meir ibn Sabarra, ncamashi ku-n. 1140.
Ngokulandelayo, igxile ezintweni ezingezinhle ezigxile kakhulu emibhalweni yesi-Arabhu bese iphinde igxile olwazini oluncane lwemibhalo yesiHebheru. Okugqamisayo ukuthi umbhali ubengazi ngala masiko futhi kuncane kakhulu ngemibhalo yawo. Nokho, uRuiz akazange adlulele ngale kwemisebenzi yobuKristu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uGybbon Monypenny ugqamisa izici ezihlobene nohlelo lwe-Libro de Buen Amor, olwenziwe ngo-1984. Isekelwe kumlando wempilo enezici zothando lwaseFrance.
Lapho ungabona khona ukufana kwayo nokusebenza neVoir Dit ka-Guillaume de Machaut. Okuphinde kube nesifaniso esifanayo, esibona ngeso lengqondo ezinye izingoma ezinomculo.
Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, kwakufunwa ukuxhumanisa Incwadi Yothando Oluhle nezinkondlo zothando, ezibuye zifane nezenzakalo ezivusa inkanuko. Okuvumela ukuthi izinkondlo ezinezinhlamvu zenze ubudlelwano obuqondile nalo msebenzi.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kukhona izimbongi ezifana noNicole de Margival noDit de la Panthére obona ngeso lengqondo izici ezifana nomsebenzi. Lapho kubhekiselwa khona othandweni olukhona phakathi konkulunkulu bese kuthi imizwa ingabonwa enkondlweni njengoba kwakunjalo ngo-Adam de la Halle.
Ngokufanayo, Incwadi Yothando Oluhle icaphuna umlando wothando, ohlobene nezingoma zomculo ezifana ne-Frauendienst, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1255.
imithombo ephathekayo
Ezinye zisekelwe ezindabeni zendabuko yaseMpumalanga ezethulwa ngokuqondile ngesi-Arabhu saseNhlonhlo, njengoba kwenzeka kuCalila noDimna kanye neSendeba. Ungabona futhi izingcaphuno ezithile kanye enanela kanye nendaba yamaHubo, iCanonical Hours, Apocalypse, Saint Gregory the Great kanye neNcwadi kaJobe. Ngakho-ke, abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi umbhali uphefumulelwe yile mibhalo.
ukugxeka
Kubagxeki ngokwejwayelekile, Incwadi Yothando Oluhle ihlobene namahlaya anezici ezinhle, u-De Vetula kanye no-Pamphilus. Lapho ama-protagonists exoxa ngezigigaba zothando ngezinkondlo ezilandiswa ngeziqephu ezimele abantu.
Ngokufanayo uPamphilus ubhekwa njengebalulekile emibhalweni yeNcwadi Yothando Oluhle, lapho umlobi ofanayo ebonisa ukuthi isiqephu lapho isimo esinoDon Melón noDoña Endrina sivela khona, simelela i-comedy yesiLatini.
Kufanele kukhulunywe ukuthi abapristi ababehambisana neNkathi Ephakathi bafuna ukulandisa izintshumayelo zabo ngokusebenzisa amasu asekelwe ezintweni ezihehayo ezisekelwe ekufundiseni.
Ngakho-ke uJuan Ruiz, ngokusebenzisa izakhi eziyindida futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo engaqondakali, usekelwe ezintshumayelweni ezazenziwa enkathini ephakathi. Ukwenza kumuntu wokuqala, okwenza kube lula kubafundi ukungena endabeni.
Lyric izinkondlo
[su_note]Encwadini Yothando Oluhle, okuqukethwe okuhle okuhlobene nezinkondlo zamagama kuyaboniswa. Ngalesi sizathu, kugqanyiswa ukuthi okuqukethwe kwakho okuyinhloko kubhekiselwa ekulandiseni komsebenzi yi-tetrastrophe ne-monorrimo. Kungakho ungabona inqwaba yezinkondlo ezingamavesi ezigqamisa uthando oluhle.[/su_note]
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, e-Libro de Buen Amor, iyindaba yokuqala yamagama olimi lwesi-Spanish. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinto eziningi ezisankondlo ezivela eCastillas ziyiGalician noma isiPutukezi.
Isibonelo esihle salokhu singabonakala entshumayelweni yephrozi etholakala ekuqaleni kweNcwadi Yothando Oluhle Lapho uJuan Ruiz efuna ukuchaza izici eziholele ekutheni abhale le ndaba, ezimi kanje.
Nikeza izifundo ezithile kanye nesampula ye-metering ne-rrimar ne-trobar.
Incwadi yothando oluhle, ed. kusukela eGibbon-Monypenny, 1984, pp. 110-111.
Ngakho-ke, singaqinisekisa ukuthi Incwadi Yothando Oluhle imelela izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlamvu zezingoma. Ibala ngezinhlobo zayo, ivumelane nelyric eyingxenye yeCastilian. Lapho ngisho nengoma esekelwe enkolweni ihileleke, njengamahubo, izinjabulo ngisho nemithandazo.
Esilo
Umbhali, uJuan Ruiz, obuye abizwe ngoMphristi Omkhulu wakwaHita, wazibhala njengembongi yokuqala ekwazi ukufunda zonke izinhlobo ezakha ulimi lwesiCastilian. Ngakho-ke, iNcwadi Yothando Oluhle ibhekisela ngokuqondile esikweni labefundisi.
Ngokufanayo, iqukethe ulimi olubanzi, oluthathwa njengoluqanjiwe futhi oluhlukahlukene. Okubuye kukhombise izakhi zansuku zonke futhi kube nzima kakhulu, njengoba kwenzeka emithandazweni yesonto. Incwadi Yothando Oluhle ibonisa isandiso esihle kusichazamazwi sayo. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, amagama athile akha inkulumo yesi-Andalusian Arabic eyayisetshenziswa ezikhathini zasendulo angabonakala.
[su_note]Encwadini amagama afanayo amaningi abonisiwe athathwa njengengxenye futhi akwazi ukukhulisa umqondo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amasu avumela ubudlelwano obuqondile nezintshumayelo ayabonakala. Okwamanje lapho Incwadi Yothando Oluhle iphela khona, umbhali wayo ukhombisa ukuthi noma yimuphi umuntu unethuba lokwengeza noma alungise uhlobo oluthile lwephutha kuyo. Nokho, iqukethe ngemva kwalokhu umbandela wokwenza isenzo ngendlela efanele.[/su_note]
Isimo sengqondo sikaJuan Ruiz sasingqubuzana ngokuphelele nesabanye ababhali bangaleso sikhathi, ababefuna ukusungula futhi bagxilise imibhalo yabo, njengoba kwaba njalo ngoDon Juan Manuel, omunye umlobi owayevelele ngokuphelele. Kubalulekile ukuthi ucabangele, yiziphi izibalo zokukhuluma ongazibona ngeso lengqondo ngaphakathi kweNcwadi Yothando Oluhle:
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- Ukuphindaphinda.
- Ngokufanayo, iziphakamiso.
- Futhi eziphindaphindwayo.
- Imibuzo eyingxenye ye-rhetoric.[/su_list]
Iligi
Ku-Libro de Buen Amor, ama-f avame ukugqama futhi ama-h ambalwa nawo andile ekuqaleni, njengoba kwenzeka ngeSpanishi esisaziyo namuhla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umehluko othile ubonakala ngokuhlobene nonkamisa wokuqala we-preterite elula fezo kanye ne-veno. Okuphinde kufane nendlela yamanje ye-fizo newayini.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ungabona ongwaqa d, n, l, ll, r kanye no-z abahlale besetshenziswa njenge-apocope ka-e evezwa ngaphansi kuka-pi, vien, val, quier kanye nobuso. Okusho ukuthi manje buza, woza, kulungile, funa futhi wenze.
Amathonya
Incwadi Yothando Oluhle inemibhalo yesandla emithathu, engaphelele kunoma yikuphi. Le nqubo, futhi, iwubufakazi bokuthi Incwadi Yothando Oluhle yanyatheliswa futhi yafundwa ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Ukubonisa lesi simo, kwaze kwaba yilapho ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwafika ekusungulweni komshini wokunyathelisa.
[su_note]Kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi kukholakala ukuthi inguqulo eyizicucu yekhulu leshumi nane yenziwa, ngaphansi kolimi lwesiPutukezi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Libro de Buen Amor yabhekwa njenge-repertoire enenani elihle lezinkondlo. Okuphinde kukhombise ukuthi iziqephu zale ndaba zingadluliswa ngezinsiza zomlomo iminyaka eminingi.[/su_note]
Ngendlela efanayo, kunenkolelo yokuthi bekungaba nethonya elikhulu emotweni uJuan Ruiz, emsebenzini weChaucer. Njengoba kukhona izingcaphuno ezivela encwadini kaJuan Ruiz kusukela ekhulwini leshumi nanhlanu. Lapho kuxoxwa khona nge-Archpriest yaseTalavera kanye neMarquis yaseSantillana.
Naphezu kwalokhu, kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, ithonya elakhiwe ezincwadini zezici zakamuva, lilahlekelwa cishe ngokuphelele amandla elalinawo emlandweni weNcwadi Yothando Oluhle.
[su_note]Ngakho-ke, ukwamukelwa okufanele kweNcwadi Yothando Oluhle kufundwe abaningi. Isibonelo salokhu u-Alan D Deyermond, ethula imibono yakhe ngaphansi kwesihloko sakhe, esibizwa ngokuthi Ukusatshalaliswa nokwamukelwa kweNcwadi Yothando Oluhle, kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo nomlobi uJuan Ruiz kuya ku-Antonio Sánchez, ngaphansi kokulandelana kwezikhathi zesikhashana. Ebonisa izifundo zakhe ezincwadini eziphawula iphethini ngeNkathi Ephakathi.[/su_note]