Umsebenzi wobuciko akuwona nje umdwebo obonisa izithombe ezithile, futhi uyindlela yokuveza iqiniso, ukuthwebula ubuntu bomdwebi ku-stroke ngayinye futhi uveze ngisho nokucabanga nokukhathazeka kwesikhathi esithile. Ngakho-ke ngalesi sihloko, sizohlola yonke imfihlakalo ngemuva Incekukazi kaVermeer.
Ukuhlonza kanye Nencazelo Yencekukazi kaVermeer
I-Milkmaid ingamafutha angu-45,5 x 41 cm kukhanvasi ngumdwebi odumile waseDashi uJohannes Vermeer waseDelf. Kulo msebenzi, umdwebi uthwebula ngayo yonke imininingwane nokuvikeleka kwawo, ubuhlakani nokuzimisela isisebenzi sasekhishini sasekhaya esenza ngakho omunye wemisebenzi yakhe evamile: ukuthela ubisi ezitsheni zobumba. Umdwebo okwamanje useRijksmuseum e-Amsterdam, eNetherlands.
Abadwebi bangaleso sikhathi babevame ukumelela emisebenzini yabo yansuku zonke noma izenzo ezivamile zokuphila njengemisebenzi yasendlini, isibonelo, ngakho-ke uhlobo lwe-costumbrista luyinto ephawulekayo kulo msebenzi kaVermeer, ngaphezu kokuba nesitayela se-baroque saseDutch esasetshenziswa. okuningi ukumela ingcebo yemindeni yamaDashi ngaleso sikhathi. Nakuba unyaka oqondile lo mdwebo owaqedwa ngawo ungaziwa, ochwepheshe banquma ukuthi wawupendwe phakathi kuka-1658-1661.
- kumbhali: Johannes Vermeer
- Isikhathi sesikhathi: 1658 - 1661
- Amasu: Amafutha kukhanvasi
- Ubukhulu: 45,5 x 41 cm
- Ubulili: Uhlobo noma umdwebo we-costumbrista
- Esilo: I-Dutch Baroque
- Indawo yamanjeIndawo: Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, The Netherlands
ukuhlaziywa komdwebo
Into yokuqala oyibonayo kulo msebenzi owesifazane othela ubisi ngejeke yobumba embizeni eyenziwe ngento efanayo. Ubisi oluchithiwe luba isikhungo sokunakwa ngenxa yobuqili bokubunjwa; okuwukwakhiwa kwama-diagonal amabili engqondo ahlangana ezihlakaleni zowesifazane. Nakuba imbiza itshekele phambili (njengakulo mdwebo) noma ibanjwe ngendlela ethile esikiselayo, ngokusho kwabagxeki abaningi umdwebo ubhekisela ku-anatomy yowesifazane.
Kukhona netafula elimbozwe ngendwangu yetafula eluhlaza futhi kulenga indwangu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ithebula libuye libe nezakhi zempilo esekhona njengezingcezu ezimbalwa zesinkwa, ubhasikidi wesinkwa nojeke oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka we-ceramic, (kuyathakazelisa ukubona ukuthi umdwebi usebenzise kanjani amachashazi amancane akhanyayo esinkwa, lena inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-puntillés) .
Ubisi lukaVermeer naye oyisisebenzi, ngokunokwenzeka wenza iphalishi lesinkwa ebhodweni. Umfanekiso oqinile wensikazi ukhanyiswa ukukhanya okudlula ngefasitela, uye wagxila emsebenzini wakhe ukuze ubuso bakhe bubonise ukucwiliswa emicabangweni yakhe noma umane ekulungiseleleni kwakhe. Abanye ababukeli balo mdwebo bathi imicabango yakhe ingase ihlotshaniswe nokuphupha ngothile, bephawula ukuthi ukucwayiza ezihlathini zakhe kungase kuwuqinisekise lo mbono.
Njengezingubo ezimele kakhulu i-Dutch contemporary yekhulu le-XNUMX, ugqoke isigqoko selineni esimhlophe, ijakhethi yoboya ephuzi, imikhono egoqiwe eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka engafakiwe ejazini lakhe, iphinifa eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nesiketi esibomvu. Endaweni yesigameko, ukukhanya kwelanga kungena ngefasitela elingakwesokunxele.
Ngokufanayo, ubhasikidi wesinkwa ungachazwa ngemininingwane elenga odongeni kwesokudla sefasitela. Umdwebo omncane onokuqukethwe okungaziwa ulenga ngaphezu kukabhasikidi futhi isiqukathi sensimbi siphinde silengiswe kwesokudla saso. Udonga lwangemuva olukhulu lumhlophe lapho ungabona khona ukuba khona kwesipikili futhi ezinye zingekho ngenxa yezimbobo ezincane ezikhona emsebenzini, ngaphezu kwalokho lolu donga lukhanyiswa ukukhanya kwelanga ngefasitela.
Engxenyeni engezansi yalolu donga, kukhona uchungechunge lwamathayili we-Delft Blue. Okuphambene nalawa ma-tile uhlobo oluthile lokufudumala kwezinyawo ezinezimbobo eziyisishiyagalolunye engxenyeni engenhla kanye nesitsha esigcwele amalahle ngaphakathi, le nto iphakamisa imizwa yokufudumala nokuntuleka kwayo. Ngokuphathelene ne-iconography, kuye kwabhalwa kabanzi ukuthi ukubonakaliswa kwalokhu kubonisa ukuvuswa kobulili bowesifazane, ngoba ama-embers afakazela ukuthi ngeke afudumale izinyawo zakhe kuphela kodwa zonke ezinye izingxenye zomzimba ezifihliwe ngaphansi kwesiketi sakhe.
Ngakho-ke i-foot warmer ingase ibonise idumela elikhona lezisebenzi zasendlini, ikakhulukazi izisebenzi zobisi, njengoba zitholakala ngokocansi, futhi ngokombono we-pragmatic zingase zibonise ukuzikhandla kwabesifazane kanye nesidingo sokuphumula phakathi.
Ukuqhubeka nokubhekwa komdwebo, ngakwesobunxele se-heater kukhona i-tile enomfanekiso we-Cupid, kuyilapho i-tile engakwesokudla kwe-heater imelela indoda enomhlanga omude. Lesi sibalo esishiwo ekugcineni singaqinisekisa futhi lokho okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla ngokuphathelene nomcabango wesifazane, ngakho-ke kungathiwa umlingiswa womcabango wakhe ungumthandi ongekho. Isithombe sethayela elihlangene kwesokudla esikude sibonisa isithombe esingenakuchazwa ngamabomu.
Ikhwalithi yezinto ezibonakalayo
Lo msebenzi we-milkmaid kaVermeer uveza imininingwane ehlukahlukene ekhombisa ifa elithile lesikole sokudweba i-Flemish Renaissance sekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, phakathi kwesici esikhulu salo msebenzi kubaluliwe okulandelayo: imininingwane yebhasikidi ye-wicker, isipikili esisodongeni. kanye ne-heater enesitsha esigcwele amalahle avuthayo.
Ukwakheka nomuzwa wesikhala
Into yokuqala edonsa ukunaka kwe-"Vermeer's Milkmaid" ilungiselelo eliqinile likanxantathu elakhiwe owesifazane, isinkwa netafula. Le ndawo iqukethe iningi lemibala, imisebenzi, nezibani ebhodini. Futhi, kunomugqa oshiwo owenziwe umkhakha wombono wowesifazane lapho ebuka ubisi oluchithekile. Ngandlela thize, lokhu kusiza ukugcina ukunaka kwakho kule ndawo engunxantathu: ngakho-ke lokhu kukwenza ufune ukubona ukuthi owesifazane ubheke kuphi.
Ngaphandle kwendawo eshiwo ngenhla, kukhona imibono engabalulekile kangako ekubunjweni kwayo: amathayili e-Delft kanye nokufudumala kwezinyawo ngaphansi kodonga; ubhasikidi olenga kwesokunxele; isipikili nezimbobo ezincane odongeni; ifasitela; nalokho okubonakala kuwuhlaka lwesithombe olulenga ekhoneni eliphezulu kwesokunxele.
Ngokwazo, lezi akuzona izici ezibalulekile zomdwebo, kodwa zidlala indima ebalulekile ekubumbeni indawo futhi zidonsele ukunaka kwakho emdwebeni. Ngakho-ke umdwebi naye wengeza isici: ngakho-ke lapho ubheka kakhulu, imininingwane iba ecashile. Okokugcina, kungaphawulwa ukuthi yonke imininingwane ehlanganiswe umdwebi, kuhlanganise nokuhlangana phakathi kwamaphethelo aqinile, athambile futhi angekho, afaka isandla emqondweni ophawulekayo wobuqiniso kulo mdwebo.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi imiphetho eqinile iphakamisa izinguquko ezingazelelwe esihlokweni, njengokushintsha kusuka ekukhanyeni kuya kwendwangu emnyama noma kusuka kwendwangu ephuzi ukuya eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Amaphethelo athambile, alahlekile akhombisa ukuntula ukucaca ezindaweni ezisithwe izithunzi.
Imibala, ukukhanya nokuthungwa
Ngokuqondene nemibala, u-Vermeer wasebenzisa inombolo encane yombala uma kuqhathaniswa nomdwebi wakhe wamanje kanye nomkhiqizi wemibala u-Rembrandt, owasebenzisa izingulube eziyikhulu. Kodwa-ke, kutholwe izingulube ezingaphansi kwamashumi amabili emisebenzini kaVermeer futhi eziyishumi kuzo zibonakala zisetshenziswa njalo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi osukwini lukaVermeer, i-pigment ngayinye yayihlukile kwenye ngokuhlala isikhathi eside, isikhathi sokumisa, nomsebenzi. Ubunzima bokudweba ngalezi mibala kwakuwukuthi eziningi zazo zazivame ukungahambisani futhi kwakudingeka zisetshenziswe ngokuhlukana. Nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukuthi uVermeer wayenazo zonke izingulube kuphalethi yakhe lapho edala noma yimiphi imisebenzi yakhe, kungenzeka ukuthi wayenezingulube ezidingekayo engxenyeni ngayinye yomdwebo ayesebenza kuwo.
Lo mdwebi wayesebenzisa izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa ezihlukene njengalezi: umthofu omhlophe, i-ocher ephuzi, i-vermilion, obomvu obuhlanyayo, oluhlaza okotshani, inhlaka eluhlaza kanye nomnyama wendlovu. Iqiniso eliphawulekayo lingaba ukusho ukuthi e-La Lechera kune-shades eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukudweba. Ngakho u-Vermeer wasebenzisa i-pigment ekhethekile ebizwa ngokuthi i-ultramarine, eyayibiza kakhulu futhi icolekileyo kune-azurite evame ukusetshenziswa.
Manje ngokuqondene nokuhlaziywa komdwebo, kusukela ebusweni bowesifazane, kubalulekile ukugxila ekukhanyeni okuhlunga ngefasitela futhi kubonakala ngokuqondile ebusweni bakhe emthunzini nasezikalini ezikhanyayo, okwenza umphumela we-three-dimensional. Ebusweni, umdwebi usebenzise ama-dab kapende amancane anjenge-ocher ebomvu, emhlophe, ekhanyayo, kanye nensundu exutshwe ndawonye ukuze apende isimo sobuso bakhe.
Iwindi liba ngenye yezindawo okugxilwe kuzo emdwebeni, eliletha ukukhanya nokukhanya kusithombe. Ngakho u-Vermeer unaka kakhulu yonke imininingwane yomdwebo; into evamile njengefasitela le-rustic lipendwe ngokucophelela linaka imininingwane emincane njengocezu lwengilazi ephukile noma ukungahambi kahle kohlaka lwefasitela. Njengakulo mdwebo neminye kaVermeer, amafasitela enziwe ngesitayela sejometri kangangokuthi, kwezinye izimo, abonakala eyimisebenzi yobuciko engabonakali ngokwawo.
Ubhasikidi wethusi kanye nebhakede ngezakhi zefasitela zomdwebo, zidwetshwe ngomhlophe, i-ocher kanye nomnyama, okugcina kuhlanganiswe ukufanisa ukuma kwe-wicker yebhasikidi. Manje, ukuthungwa okunezimbobo kancane kwejeke ye-ceramic kanye nokugoba isinkwa esipendwe ngakho kunikeza isithombe ukukhanya nokungokwemvelo ngendlela emangalisayo.
Maqondana nezingubo, abaningi abathi ingubo yasebusika ngenxa yenani lezendlalelo enazo, umdwebi wasebenzisa ukuthinta okusheshayo nokujiyile kwe-pigment ephuzi nensundu ukuze anikeze ukuthungwa okulukhuni okudingekayo.
Manje indlela uVermeer afake ngayo imiphumela yokukhanya kwelanga kulo mdwebo iphawuleka ngokukhethekile. Ukukhanya kubonakala kakhulu uma ubheka izindonga. Udonga lwesokunxele lusethunzini kanti udonga lwangemuva lukhanya ngokukhanyayo. Ungabona futhi izithunzi ezahlukene odongeni olungemuva. Okusobala umthunzi wesitsha sensimbi ngakwesobunxele sodonga olungemuva.
Elinye iphuzu okufanele liqokonyiswe maqondana nomsebenzi wokukhanya libonakala efasiteleni elifakwe kancane kuphela, lapha singathola umbono omuhle wobukhulu bayo bangempela ngokubheka ubukhona noma ukungabikho kwethunzi. Isibonelo, lapho umthunzi we-milkmaid ungekho, kubonisa ukuthi iwindi alidluli kude ngakwesobunxele. Nokho, siyasibona isithunzi sozipho phezulu kohlaka (phezu kwehlombe elingakwesokudla le-Milkmaid), okubonisa ukuthi iwindi lide impela.
Amaqiniso ajabulisayo
Lapho umdwebo ubhekene nombono we-X-ray noma amasu okuhlaziya anamuhla, kungabonakala ukuthi umdwebo wamanje unoshintsho olukhulu lwe-pentimento noma isizinda, okungukuthi, izinto u-Vermeer azibeke kuqala kodwa kamuva wanquma ukushintsha nabanye zingabonakala. Izinto.
Umdwebi waqala ukufaka umdwebo wemephu yomhlaba odongeni olumhlophe. Nokho, njengoba imidwebo yayimba eqolo ngaleso sikhathi, wayisusa ukuze akhe udonga olungenalutho ukuze kube lula igumbi. Okwesibili, wafaka nobhasikidi wokuwasha eduze ngezansi kwesokudla sesiketi esibomvu salona wesifazane, kodwa kamuva wasikhipha leso. Cishe uye wasusa lo bhasikidi ukuze agcizelele kakhulu isihloko esiyinhloko salo mdwebo futhi angaphazamisi kakhulu umbukeli.
Mayelana nokuthi ungubani lona wesifazane, abanye abagxeki bacabange ukuthi uTanneke Everpoel ubeyincekukazi yomndeni wakwaVermeer. Futhi ngandlela-thile, lo mfanekiso uhlotshaniswa naye ngenxa yeminye imibhalo yengobo yomlando kusukela ngo-1663 lapho kwaziwa khona ubukhona bakhe kanye nomlingiswa.
Mayelana nokunyakaziswa komdwebo, kunolwazi lokuthi cishe imisebenzi engama-1674 kaVermeer yathengwa umxhasi wakhe wakwaDelft, uPieter van Ruijven, ngesikhathi umdwebi eshona ngo-21. Lapho le midwebo ithengiswa endaweni yomkhwenyana ka-van Ruijven, uJacob Dissius ngo-1696, i-Vermeer's The Milkmaid yachazwa ngokuthi "inhle kakhulu" futhi yayala inani lesibili eliphakeme ekuthengisweni (idolobha elidumile likaVermeer, View of Delft ( etholakala eMauritshuis eHague), ibibiza kancane).
"I-Vermeer's Milkmaid" yabe isithengiswa endalini ngo-1719 yabe isidluliswa okungenani amaqoqo amahlanu e-Amsterdam komunye wabaqoqi abakhulu baseDutch, uLucretia Johanna van Winter (1785-1845). Ngo-1822 washada emndenini oyisithupha wabaqoqi, futhi kwaba ngezindlalifa zezingane ezimbili zikaLucretia lapho i-Rijksmuseum ngo-1908 yathenga "I-Milkmaid" ngokusekelwa uhulumeni wamaDashi kanye ne-Rembrandt Society.
Umongo, umbhali kanye neminye imisebenzi
I-Milkmaid kaVermeer yayiwumbhalo owadwetshwa ngesikhathi ingcebo enkulu namandla eNetherlands, lapho ezohwebo, ubuciko, nesayensi kuthuthukiswa kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lokuba phakathi kwezidume kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngo-1568, izifundazwe eziyisikhombisa ezasayina i-Union of Utrecht zaqala ukuvukela uFelipe II waseSpain okwagcina kuholele eMpini Yeminyaka Engamashumi Ayisishiyagalombili. Ngaphambi kokuba iSpain ibuyise Amazwe Aphansi, iNgilandi yamemezela impi eSpain futhi yaphoqa amasosha aseSpain ukuba ayeke ukuqhubeka kwawo.
IMpi Yeminyaka Engu-80 yagcina ifinyelele umvuthwandaba Ngokuthula KwaseWestphalia ngo-1648, lapho iSpain ne-United Republic of the Seven Netherlands basayina khona isivumelwano sokuthula. I-Dutch East India Company yasungula ukubusa kwamaDashi kwezohwebo zase-Asia okwathatha amakhulu amabili eminyaka. AmaDashi nawo ayebusa ukuhwebelana phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu, ngo-1680 isilinganiso semikhumbi yamaDashi ecishe ibe yinkulungwane yawela uLwandle iBaltic unyaka ngamunye.
Mayelana nesimo senhlalo, lokho kweNetherlands kwakunqunywa kakhulu ngemali engenayo. Lokhu kwaletha indlela entsha yokubuka izigaba zomphakathi. Izicukuthwane zazithengise amalungelo amaningi emadolobheni lapho kwakubusa abathengisi nemali yabo. Abefundisi babengenalo ithonya, njengoba iSonto LamaRoma Katolika lalicindezelwe ekuqaleni kweMpi Yeminyaka Engu-XNUMX.
Inkolo kaCalvin yayiyinhlangano yezenkolo eyayihamba phambili ngaleso sikhathi, futhi kunamahlebezi ahlobanisa uVermeer nenkolo yamaCalvin, nakuba kungacaci ukuthi waba ngumKatolika ngemva kokushada nomkakhe.
Iqiniso liwukuthi, ngenxa yezimfundiso eziqinile zikaCalvin, abadwebi bangaleso sikhathi babengavunyelwe ukudweba ubulili emidwebeni yabo. Kodwa-ke, u-Vermeer kanye nabanye abaculi bangaleso sikhathi babekwazi ukugwema ukucwaninga ngokushiya izimpawu ezicashile ezivusa inkanuko noma ubulili besifazane, futhi lokhu kuyinto ebonakala kakhulu kubisi lukaVermeer.
Ubani uVermeer?
UJohannes Vermeer wazalelwa emndenini osezingeni eliphakathi ngo-Okthoba 1632, ongowokuzalwa edolobheni laseDashi laseDelft. Uyise, ogama lakhe linguReijnier Jansz, ukuze enze indwangu ephilayo, wabe eseba umgcini wendlu yezihambi futhi ekugcineni waba umdayisi wezobuciko. Umama wakhe, u-Digna Baltus, okungenzeka ukuthi wayengumama wekhaya, alukho ulwazi oluningi ngaye.
Imfundo nokwakheka
U-Vermeer osemusha kukholakala ukuthi wabhalisela uyise umdwebi emsebenzini maphakathi nawo-1640, owayekulungele ukukhokha izimali ezibizayo ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi indodana yakhe inekusasa eliqhakazile. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kobufakazi obunamandla, akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi u-Vermeer wafunda kubani, kodwa izazi-mlando eziningana zisikisela ukuthi umfundi wenkanyezi kaRembrandt, uCarel Fabritius, wamnikeza imfundo yakhe yokuqala. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi uthisha wakhe wayengumdwebi uPieter van Groenewegen, owazalelwa eDelft futhi wakhulela kuGuild of Saint Luke.
Ngo-1653 uVermeer washada noCatharina Bolnes, indodakazi yomndeni ocebile wamaKatolika eDelft. Nakuba womabili amasethi abazali ephikisana nomshado ngenxa yezinkolelo zobuKristu ezingqubuzanayo, umshado wenziwa ngemva kokuguqukela kukaVermeer kubuKatolika.
Mhlawumbe ukuze abonise ukuzinikela kwakhe enkolweni yakhe entsha nasekhweni lakhe, uVermeer wapenda uKristu eNdlini KaMarta noMariya (1654-55), okuwukuphela komfanekiso wakhe owaziwayo wokulandisa kweBhayibheli. Umshado wakhe noCatherine wavumela uVermeer ukuthi akhuphuke kakhulu, futhi kukholakala ukuthi kamuva wanciphisa ngisho nokuxhumana nomndeni wakhe ngesikhathi ehlala ekhaya elibi likaninazala.
Ngalesi sikhathi somshado wakhe, u-Vermeer waqhubeka nefa likayise futhi wasayina njengomdwebi oyingcweti e-Guild of Saint Luke, emnikeza imicimbi ehlukahlukene enethuba, abaxhasi, nokuxhumana ukuze aqhubekisele phambili umsebenzi wakhe. Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala ikhombisa ithonya longcweti abafana no-Rembrandt, i-Italian Caravaggio, nabadwebi be-Utrecht Caravaggisti abafana noGerrit van Honthorst kanye no-Dirck van Baburen.
isikhathi sokuvuthwa
Ngo-1662 u-Vermeer waba inhloko yeGuild of Saint Luke, okusho ukuthi wayezoxhumana eduze nabaxhasi abaningi baseDelft, abaculi nabaqoqi. Isikhundla esisha simenze waba umdwebi ozihloniphayo, nakuba imidwebo embalwa ebikhona iholele osolwazi abaningi ukuthi bakholelwe ukuthi umdwebi ukhiqiza imidwebo emithathu kuphela ngonyaka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingcebo yomndeni womkakhe yenza ukuthi uVermeer akwazi ukudweba ukuze azijabulise, kunokuba ondle umndeni wakhe njengoba kwakunjalo kwabanye abadwebi abaningi, futhi akazange aqashe muntu njengomfundi noma umfundi.
Umdwebi wayaziwa nangokuthi usebenzise izimibala-bala ezibizayo njenge-lapis lazuli yesiketi sikamabisi kanye ne-deep carmine engutsheni yentombazane ye-wineglass. Nakuba abanye bephakamise ukuthi umsekeli ka-Vermeer, u-Pieter van Ruijven, wathenga futhi wanikeza iciko lezi zithako ezikhethekile, mhlawumbe akumangazi ukuthi kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho umdwebi aqala khona ukungena esikweletini sakhe.
Isikhathi sekwephuzile nokufa
Ngonyaka ka-1975 yilapho u-Vermeer eshona khona, washiya izikweletu eziningi kangangokuthi umndeni wakhe wawungakwazi ukumthengela itshe lethuna. Emlandweni wamaDashi, unyaka we-1672 wawubizwa ngokuthi "Unyaka Wenhlekelele" ngenxa yokuhlasela kweDutch Republic ngamabutho aseFrance, amaJalimane kanye naseBrithani. Lokhu kwaholela ekuwohlokeni komnotho okumangazayo kuleli lizwe elake lachuma elisezingeni eliphakathi.
Imakethe yezobuciko yaphahlazeka, futhi uVermeer wayengakwazi ukuzondla yena, umkakhe, unina, nezingane zabo eziyishumi nanye. Wangena ngokujulile ezikweletini, eboleka izinkulungwane zama-guilder futhi waze wabanjwa egcina imali kaninazala.
Ngokukhethekile, uVermeer washona ngoDisemba 16, 1675, ngemuva kokungenwa ukusangana nokudangala. Emarekhodi asenkantolo, umkakhe wathi:
"... phakathi nempi ebhubhisayo neFrance akakwazanga nje kuphela ukuthengisa enye yemisebenzi yakhe, kodwa futhi wahlala engozini enkulu ngemidwebo yabanye amakhosi okwathi ngenxa yalokho futhi ngenxa yomthwalo omkhulu wezingane zakhe ezingenazo izinsiza zakhe. , wawela ekuwohlokeni nasekucindezelekeni kangangokuthi wayezithathe ngokungathi sína njengokungathi ngemva kosuku nesigamu wayengene esiphithiphithini futhi wasuka ephile saka waya ekufeni.
Ifa
Ngenxa yodumo olukhulu lwendawo ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, uVermeer wabonakala enyamalala emhlabeni wezobuciko kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX, lapho abaculi baseFrance abafana no-Édouard Manet; lapho eqala ukubuyisela amehlo akhe kokwangempela nokungazikhukhumezi. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi uVermeer wayenekhono lokuthwebula izikhathi zobuhle obujwayelekile, waba nethonya elinjalo kulaba baculi, abavuselela ukuqwashisa ngomsebenzi wenkosi.
Nakuba kuphela ama-34 (i-Vermeer emithathu ephikisana kakhulu) yezingcezu zakhe ezisindile, u-Vermeer namuhla uthathwa njengomunye wabaculi abakhulu benkathi yegolide yase-Dutch. Ngekhulu lama-1934, i-surrealist u-Salvador Dalí yawuthakasela umsebenzi ka-Vermeer futhi yakhiqiza okwakhe ukuhluka, okuhlanganisa ne-Vermeer's Delft Ghost, engasetshenziswa njengetafula ngo-1955, kanye ne-Lacemaker (emva kwe-Vermeer) ngo-XNUMX.
Abanye abaculi, abanjengomdwebi waseDenmark u-Vilhelm Hammershoi, baguqule ingaphakathi elinokuthula lika-Vermeer ukuze libe nezindikimba zabo zekhulu le-XNUMX nelama-XNUMX. U-Hammershoi wenza Owesifazane Oluhlaza Okwesimanje abe yisimanje ngokufunda incwadi ye-Vermeer, eguqule isithombe futhi ehlisele phansi iphalethi yombala ukuze kucishe kubonakale sengathi izethameli zibheke isithombe esidala segumbi lokuhlala lesi-Danish.
Phakathi kwemidwebo eminingi emihle kaVermeer, intombazane enecici lePearl ibhekwa njenge "Mona Lisa of the North." Ukuba ngokoqobo kwayo okumangalisayo nokungacaci kwemizwa kuye kwakhuthaza abaculi, ababhali, nabenzi bamafilimu amashumi eminyaka. Muva nje, umdwebi wezithombe waseBrithani ongaziwa u-Banksy uye wahumusha kabusha futhi wakhiqiza kabusha umdwebo esakhiweni e-Bristol, e-UK. Kusetshenziswe i-alamu yokugqekeza esikhundleni secici lenganekwane le-pearl.
Izimpumelelo ze-Vermeer
Leli ciko likhethekile ezigcawini zempilo yasekhaya, uhlobo olusize ekuthuthukiseni isichazamazwi se-Baroque. Imidwebo yakhe eminingi iqukethe impahla noma imidwebo efanayo njengoba ehlala esitudiyo sakhe sangasese, futhi amamodeli akhe ayevame ukuba ngabesifazane ayebazi noma izihlobo zabaxhasi.
U-Vermeer uphinde waklonyeliswa ngesihloko esithi "Master of Light" ngemva kokushona kwakhe ngenxa yokunaka okuzwelayo akutholile ekuvezeni indlela ukukhanya okudlala ngayo ngesikhumba, indwangu, namagugu emsebenzini wakhe. Ubuchwepheshe bakhe busukela ekusebenziseni kwakhe amasu e-Renaissance afana ne-chiaroscuro, exutshwe nokusebenzisa kwakhe okuhlukile kokukhanya, isithunzi nombala ukuze avuse ukuthungwa, ukujula kanye nemizwelo.
Imibala nemibala yayithakaselwa kakhulu uVermeer futhi wayaziwa ngenhlanganisela yakhe enhle yama-ethereal hues. Umlandeli wakhe, uPieter van Rujiven, kuthiwa uthenge waphinde wanikeza lo mculi izithako ezibizayo njenge-lapis lazuli ne-carmine ukwenza le misebenzi. Mhlawumbe akumangalisi ukuthi kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho umdwebi waqala khona ukuzikweleta, ephoqelekile njengoba ayephethe izinto zakhe ezibalulekile.
U-Vermeer wayengumdwebi ophumelele ngesizotha ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, kodwa namuhla yimidwebo engu-34 kuphela okuthiwa yenziwe kuye (ezinye ezinye ziyangabazeka), okubonisa ukuphatha komdwebi ngobudedengu emsebenzini wakhe, okwakuzomshiya nomndeni wakhe benezikweletu futhi bephelelwe yithemba.
Njengoba ukungaqiniseki kwezomnotho, ubuhlanya, kanye nokudangala kuqinise impilo yomdwebi, kucatshangwa ukuthi i-idyll Vermeer ethule yayaziwa ngokuyiveza emdwebeni ikhombisa izwe okungenzeka ukuthi wayefuna ukuhlala kulo.
Eminye imisebenzi kaVermeer
Phakathi kwemisebenzi yomdwebi waseDashi u-Vermeer enganconywa futhi ibonwe itholakale emphakathini, okulandelayo kungashiwo:
- UKristu endlini kaMarta noMariya kusukela ngo-1654-1656
- Umbusi we-1656
- Isikhulu kanye Nentombazane Ehlekayo kusukela ngo-1657-1660
- Intombazane Ephethe Ingilazi Yewayini, ngo-1659
- Ukubuka kweDelft kusukela ngo-1660-1661
- Owesifazane OseBlue Reading Incwadi evela ku-1662-1663
- Isifundo Somculo noma Inkosikazi Ezintombini ezinoMnumzane 1662-1665
- Intombazane Ephethe Icici LePearl, ngo-1665
- Inkosikazi kanye neNkosazana yango-1667
- Isazi sezinkanyezi sango-1668
- I-Lady ehlezi ku-Virginal, ngo-1672
- Umfanekiso wokholo kusukela ngo-1670-1674
Uma uthole ezithakazelisayo lesi sihloko mayelana nomdwebo othi "The Milkmaid by Vermeer", sikumema ukuba ujabulele lezi ezinye: