Inhloko yeHhovisi Lomkhathi kanye Nezinqubomgomo Zemkhathi Yehhovisi Likamongameli LoMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe ukhuluma nge-AI (ubuhlakani bokwenziwa): "Imisebenzi yasemkhathini nayo iyithuba lokwethula kabusha umnotho wezwe."
I-United Nations kanye ne-AI
Njengoba kubhalwe yiNhlangano Yezizwe, eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha emva kweSputnik, isathelayithi yokuqala yokwenziwa ukuzungeza Umhlaba ngo-Okthoba 4, 1957, abanye Izinto ezingama-8.000. Inombolo ekhuphuke yaba 14.000 eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. Ngo-2021 kuphela, kwathunyelwa imishini eyi-1800 ngale komkhathi. Kusho ukuthi, ngisho nonyaka ophawulwe wubhubhane, isibalo sokwethulwa komkhathi emhlabeni jikelele sasiphindwe kashumi kunango-2012.
Ukwanda okuphawulekayo: okokuqala, kuveza, ngokusheshisa kwezibalo, ubunzima obukhulayo, kodwa futhi phakathi nendawo yomkhakha. Hhayi nje ngoba namuhla intuthuko ehamba phambili kwezobuchwepheshe nesayensi, inhlalakahle yezomnotho kanye namasu e-geopolitical ahlangana emkhathini. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi, ngokwandayo, indawo igcwele ukuphila okuhlangene, kangangokuthi isigxilise ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. indawo esekelwe.
Okwesibili, ukushuba kokushisa kwemisebenzi engaphezulu komkhathi kusikhumbuza ngokuphuthumayo enye inkinga eyinkimbinkimbi: isidingo sokwenza indawo. esimeme, ngokwemibandela yezomnotho, mayelana nomthelela wemvelo kanye nokuhlanza kanye nokuphathwa kwe-orbit. Ukwengeza, kusobala ukuthi amathuluzi akhulayo anekhono kanye nezindlela zokucubungula ziyadingeka ukwenza ukukhuliswa kwedatha kutholakale kumadivayisi azungezayo kube usizo (futhi kube nengqondo). Imiqondo efana ikhompyutha ephezulu kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa buhambisana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwendawo.
Elena Grifoni Winters and AI (artificial intelligence)
Elena Grifoni Winters, manje oseyinhloko yeHhovisi Lomkhathi kanye Nezinqubomgomo Zemkhathi Yehhovisi Likamongameli LoMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe, kufanele ubhekane nalobu bunzima nsuku zonke.
Wazalwa ngo-1963, wakhulela ePisa umndeni wakwaFlorentine - " enye into okungelula ukuyiphatha ” - ngokushesha ngemuva kokuphothula izifundo zeComputer Science wathathwa ngu I-European Space Agency, lapho ahlala khona iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili waze waba yiNhloko Yezisebenzi kumphathi jikelele, uJosef Aschbacher, isikhundla okwathi ngo-2020, umongameli uSergio Mattarella wamnikeza udumo. Knight of the Order of the Star of Italy.
" Angizanga emkhathini ngobizo, kodwa ngesifiso esinamandla sokuthola ulwazi phesheya ", uthi. “ Ngemva kokuphothula, lapho ibanga elihle - 107, ed - namanje kwakusho ukuthi izinkampani zingithinte, Ngenqaba umsebenzi e-Olivetti ukuya e-ESA. Inhloso kwakuwukuhlala lapho unyaka. kwavela okuhlukile ".
Futhi hhayi okuncane: ngemuva kokusebenza futhi e-United States naseParis, uGrifoni Winters wabuyela e-Italy kuphela ngo-2022, lapho ungqongqoshe wangaleso sikhathi uVittorio Colao emnikeza umthwalo wemfanelo we-ejensi entsha yasemkhathini, eyadalwa ngoSepthemba, hhayi ngaphandle kwabanye. impikiswano okwamanje - ukusekela uNdunankulu emisebenzini yakhe "abaphathi abaphezulu, umthwalo wemfanelo wezepolitiki ojwayelekile kanye nokudidiyela izinqubomgomo zoNgqongqoshe ezihlobene nezinhlelo zasemkhathini nezomkhathi ”. Isibopho, kufanele sigcizelelwe, kamuva siqinisekiswe uhulumeni wamanje.
Uma sikhuluma ngezihloko ezihlanganisiwe kodwa ezijwayelekile, sisebenza kanjani isikhala ne-AI namuhla?
“Ukusetshenziswa kobuhlakani bokwenziwa kuyakhula kuyo yonke imikhakha yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu; ukufunda ngomshini y ukufunda okujulile ziya ngokuya zixhashazwa emisebenzini yasemkhathini. Ngaphezu kwakho konke ngenxa yezizathu ezintathu: ukwandisa isivinini sokuhlaziywa kwedatha ekhiqizwe kusuka futhi kuya emkhathini.
Sinezinhlelo ze-AI ezisisiza ukuthi sinciphise inani lolwazi oludluliselwa emhlabathini lube inani eliwusizo. Ngo-2020, ngokwesibonelo, i-AI yokuhlola egibele isathelayithi ye-PhiSat-1, eklanyelwe ukuqapha iqhwa elisendaweni epholile kanye nomswakama wenhlabathi, yachitha izithombe njengezingabalulekile. ezinye ezimbili ezinkulu izizathu zokusebenzisa i-AI emkhathini kukhona ukunciphisa izindleko kanye nezingozi. Ngenxa yobuhlakani bokwenziwa, amasistimu asebenza kahle kakhulu futhi amathuba ephutha mancane. Akukona nje ukuqondana ukuthi namuhla asetshenziswa kakhulu kwezokuxhumana, ukuhlola indawo kanye nokubuka umhlaba.
Yimaphi amaphrojekthi athuthuke kakhulu ku-AI?
“Ngokwesibonelo nje, ngingasho ukusebenzisana, okusayinwe ngo-2022, phakathi I-Thales Alenia Space y Aiko, isiqalo se-AI esiholayo, esiza ukuthuthukisa amasu okulawula ukwenza ukuthunywa kuphephe. Okunye ukuqalisa okuthakazelisayo kubizwa Imephu Yesitudiyo: isebenzisa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa ekubonweni komhlaba futhi kusiza ukulawula ithrafikhi yasolwandle ngokuhlukanisa nohlobo lomkhumbi. Ngokuqondene ne phansi komfula, ngesivumelwano nenkampani yakwamanye amazwe ekhethekile ku-AI, Enel izokwazi ukuqapha ukuncibilika kweqhwa phezulu komfula wezitshalo zamandla kagesi ngamanzi.
Inhloso wukwenza ukulawulwa kokugeleza kwamanzi kusebenze kahle. exosoul, uhlelo oludalwe i-Gran Sasso Institute of Science kanye neNyuvesi yase-L'Aquila, luhlose ukwakha isofthiwe emele 'izinto esizithandayo', into esaziyo futhi engasivikela, kancane, ezinhlelweni eziphazamisayo uma kungezona ezinonya » .
Ingabe ubuhlakani bokwenziwa bungenza indawo isimeme?
“Kufanele sivumelane nomqondo ‘wokusimama’. Empeleni kunezinhlobo ezimbili: eyokuqala nokukhulunywe ngayo kakhulu yilena ukusimama okuluhlaza Futhi kule ndawo, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa bungasiza ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nenani ledatha okufanele ligcinwe. Ngaphezu kwezibonelo esezinikeziwe, ngingasho iphrojekthi ye-Digital Twin, ukudalwa kwemodeli ebonakalayo neguquguqukayo Yomhlaba lapho amapharamitha angashintshwa ukuze kuhlolwe imiphumela. Ukuthi lokhu kuwusizo kangakanani ngezinjongo zokubikezela kuyabonakala.
Okunye ukusimama kungokomnotho: ngokunciphisa izindleko nezingozi, indawo ifinyeleleka kalula futhi imodeli yayo yebhizinisi iyaqiniswa. Ngamafuphi, singakwazi yenza indawo eyengeziwe ".
Impela. Njengoba kungenakuphikwa ukuthi impi yase-Ukraine igqamisa ukuthi kungakanani ukutholakala kwedatha kanye nengqalasizinda yendawo kwenza umuntu afaneleke. Ingabe lokho akuyona ingozi yokuphepha?
“Kumele sicabange isikhathi eside ngalo mbuzo. Nokho, ingqalasizinda yamasu azimele ayiyona into entsha. Ngicabanga, isibonelo, ngokuthuthwa kwe-Dunkirk ngo-1940: noma kunjalo ingqalasizinda yamasu kwakungeyezakhamuzi. Yibo, nge-flotilla, abakhipha amasosha ogwini lwaseFrance, isici esadlala indima ebalulekile.
Futhi kuthiwani nge-United States, lapho izimboni eziningi zamandla enuzi zingezona ezomphakathi, noma isinqumo sethu sokwenza umkhakha wezamandla ube yimfihlo? Okubalulekile ukuthi ohulumeni unganciki kubantu ngabanye, okuhlanganisa ngendawo yokulawula efanele. Ziyizinto ezimbili ezibaluleke nakakhulu emkhathini, umkhakha othuthuke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva. Ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka ngokushesha kunamazinga, kodwa kulokhu kufanele siziphoqe ukuthi sisheshise ukuze singalahlekelwa ukulawula izinqubo”.
Usho ukuthini?
“Uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi nge-drone noma ngemoto ezimele, ngubani owenza lokhu? Futhi, emkhathini, isimo esinjalo senziwa kabusha kanjani? Akudingekile ngisho nokuvusa impi: kalula nje, isikhala sivela endaweni engenalutho yomthetho, noma kunoma yikuphi ngohlaka lokulawula oluphelelwe yisikhathi. Umcabango kanye nezinhlelo ezenziwayo, njenge Isivumelwano se-Outer Space, kufanele sivumelane nezimokusukela ngo-1967, ukuze babonise ukufana.
Ngokushesha sizoqala ukuxhaphaza izinsiza zenyanga, lezo zamaplanethi, mhlawumbe ngisho nalezo zaseMars. Kuzoba nzima ukukhumbuza inkampani ebhekene nezindleko ezinkulu, mhlawumbe ezezimayini noma ingqalasizinda, ukuthi ukutshala kwayo kuzohlomulisa wonke umuntu. Kodwa yilokhu okusungulwa yiSivumelwano sika-1967. Kudingeka sisheshise izinqubo zethu zomthetho, sigcine izimiso zawo ziqinile, yebo, kodwa futhi sizenze zibe ngokoqobo ngokwengeziwe, zivumelane kakhulu nempilo yanamuhla. Yiqiniso, ukuzindla okufanayo kuhilela nendima yomuntu siqu. Ngibuyela esibonelweni se-Exosoul: kuzodingeka sizivikele ekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe esizikhiqizela thina”.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali emkhathini kwe-Italy akukaze kube kukhulu njengoba kunjalo namuhla. Yiziphi izinjongo zezwe, esimweni senhlekelele yase-Europe kanye nokuncintisana okukhulayo, ngisho nangasese?
"Okwamanje, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi i-Italy ibilokhu itshala imali emkhathini, kusukela ekuqaleni komkhakha, nakuba yebo, ingakaze ibe njalo eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. Cabanga nje ngokubhaliselwe koNgqongqoshe be-ESA ngo-2019 (ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-2.280, ed) futhi okukhulu nakakhulu ngo-2022, ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-3.000. I-Italy nayo ingelinye lamazwe agxile esikhaleni sokutshalwa kwezimali kwe-Next Generation Eu. Ngamafuphi, kuyacaca ukuthi i-Italy ikholelwa emsebenzini wasemkhathini futhi ukuqalisa kabusha umnotho wezwe.
Imiphumela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, mihle kakhulu: sinemboni eqinile, ewinayo izivumelwano zomhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, siye sabonisa ukuhambisana endaweni eyodwa, indawo eyodwa, lapho izinhlelo kufanele zicatshangelwe esikhathini eside, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho neminyaka engamashumi amabili ngaphambili. Ngakho-ke, ngokombono wohlelo, izinto eziza kuqala kithi zihlala zingashintshile: Ukubuka umhlaba, iziqalisi kanye nokuhlola.
Kodwa-ke, kuNgqongqoshe wakamuva we-ESA sikhulume ngezindawo ezintsha, ezifana nezokuphepha: I-Italy inenjongo eqinile yokujoyina lolu hlelo. yokuxhumana Segurade I-European Commission, ngoba ikholelwa ukuthi isango lokuya kokuthile ekwandeni okukhulu. Ngakho-ke, inkathi enzima ngokungangabazeki: yingakho ngicabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ukunaka kakhulu inqubomgomo yezimboni. Kudingeka siqinisekise, ikakhulukazi njenge-Europe, ukuthi sinikeza imboni yethu amathuluzi ukuze ihlale ikwazi ukuncintisana emhlabeni jikelele. "
Ngendlela, ingabe iYurophu ingaqhubeka nokubanga indima ebalulekile emkhathini?
“Kubalulekile futhi kuyaphuthuma ukuthi kufinyelelwe esivumelwaneni mayelana nenqubomgomo yezimboni ethi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibonise izifiso zezwekazi futhi, ngakolunye, ihloniphe izinhloso zamasu kazwelonke. Konke lokhu ngaphandle kokukhohlwa isidingo sokuncintisana emhlabeni jikelele. Kuyinselelo okumele siqale ukuyilungisa kulo nyaka. IYurophu inendima eyinhloko yendawo, akunakuphikwa: sinohlelo oluqinile lwezemfundo kanye nemboni enamandla ngokulinganayo. Singabaholi emikhakheni ebalulekile, efana nokubuka umhlaba.
Iqiniso liwukuthi akwanele, noma akusanele; imboni iyashintsha futhi kufanele sizivumelanise nezimo. Ngicabanga ukuthi kunemihlahlandlela emithathu yokuziqinisa nokugcina indima yethu: okokuqala, ukutshala imali eningi kwezemfundo nocwaningo. Okwesibili, ukuthola izindlela zokuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana okukhulu nokuphatha ukuncintisana phakathi kwezizwe.ukuncintisana kwangaphakathi.
Ngakho-ke, into yesithathu, sidinga ukusebenzisa imithetho eyenziwe lula yemboni yethu. Kudingeka sisheshise izikhathi yezinkontileka, lula izinqubo. Akumangalisi ukuthi lesi sici singelinye lamandla endlela ye-United States yokubheka indawo. "
Isikhala siwumkhakha ngokwesiko wabesilisa. Yini eyenziwayo eYurophu ukuze kuguqulwe lesi simo?
“Zonke izimboni zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ngabesilisa. Namuhla kunezinhlelo eziningi ezikhuthaza amantombazane ukuthi aphishekele amakhono esayensi, isibonelo ngicabanga nge-PinKamp evela eNyuvesi yase-L'Aquilao e-STEM Days e-Turin. Kukhona futhi izinhlangano ezikhomba umphumela ofanayo. Kancane kancane izinombolo ziyashintsha. Ukukhethwa kwakamuva kosomkhathi yi-European Space Agency, ngoNovemba, nakho kufakazela lokhu: kwabakhethiwe abangu-22.000, abangu-5.000 kwakungabesifazane, ukwanda okukhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nomncintiswano odlule. Futhi, kosomkhathi abahlanu abakhethiwe, ababili ngabesifazane.
Eqenjini eliphelele, elihlanganisa nezindawo zokulondoloza imvelo kanye namapharaastronaut, abesifazane benza ingxenye. Njengoba bengisho, ukukhula kuhamba kancane, kodwa kuyaqondakala: kuyinqubo esezingeni eliphansi futhi kuncike ekutheni mangaki amantombazane abhalisa emakolishi esayensi, noma angena kulo mkhakha ngaphandle kokulahleka endleleni. Lapho ubukhona besifazane buntula khona, noma kunoma yikuphi kukhula nge-phlegm engamukeleki, esikhundleni salokho izindima eziholayo.
Kufanele sibe nesibindi sokuqasha abesifazane ezikhundleni eziphezulu, ngisho noma, ngamakhono afanayo, kufanele babe nolwazi oluncane kunozakwabo besilisa. Nginesiqiniseko sokuthi lo 'mdlalo' obonakalayo uwufanele ngempela. Kulokhu ngengeza esinye isici esivamile: kuyadingeka, ikakhulukazi emazweni lapho abesifazane benendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphatheni umndeni, ukuthola amathuluzi okunciphisa umthwalo. Kunalokho, sizoqhubeka nokuhlakaza ithalente elibalulekile.”