La Amandla Enuzi Ebuthakathaka ingenye yamandla amane ayisisekelo efiziksi lapho izinhlayiya zihlangana khona, kanye namandla aqinile, amandla adonsela phansi kanye nozibuthe kagesi, le-Weak Nuclear Force inomfutho obuthaka kakhulu. Funda kabanzi ngalesi sihloko esithandekayo lapha!
Amandla Enuzi Ebuthakathaka
Amandla abuthakathaka angomunye wabane Amandla Ayisisekelo Emvelo ezibusa zonke izinto ezisemkhathini, ezinye ezintathu amandla adonsela phansi, amandla kazibuthe kagesi, namandla aqinile, kuyilapho amanye amandla ebamba izinto ndawonye, amandla abuthakathaka adlala indima enkulu ezintweni eziwohlokayo noma eziwohlokayo .
Amandla abuthakathaka, noma ukusebenzisana okubuthakathaka, kunamandla kakhulu kunokudonsela phansi, kodwa kuphephe kuphela kumabanga amafushane kakhulu, asebenza ezingeni le-subatomic, futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuliseni izinkanyezi nokudala izakhi, kanye nokuba nesibopho sokuningi imisebe yemvelo ekhona endaweni yonke.
Isazi sefiziksi esingumNtaliyane u-Enrico Fermi sacabanga ngenkoleloze yango-1933 ukuze ibonise ukubola kwe-beta, okuyinqubo lapho i-neutron ekuyi-nucleus iphenduka iproton futhi ikhiphe i-electron, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-beta particle kulo mongo .
Wachaza uhlobo olusha lwamandla, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukusebenzisana okubuthakathaka, okwakubangela ukubola kanye nenqubo yayo eyisisekelo kwakuwukuguqula i-neutron ibe iproton, i-electron ne-neutrino, kamuva okwanqunywa ukuthi iyi-anti-neutrino. , uGiulio Malta wabhala.
Ngokusho kweMaltese, uFermi ekuqaleni wathi lokhu kusho ukuthi yini efana nebanga elinguziro noma amandla lapho izinhlayiya ezimbili kuzodingeka zixhumane ukuze amandla aqhubeke, kusukela lapho sekuqinisekisiwe ukuthi amandla abuthakathaka angamandla akhangayo asebenzayo. ebangeni elifushane kakhulu okungenani lamaphesenti angu-0.1 obubanzi beproton.
Ama-propiedades
La Amandla Enuzi Ebuthakathaka Inochungechunge lwezakhiwo esizisho ngezansi, amandla abuthakathaka ahlukile kwamanye amandla:
- Iwona kuphela amandla aphula i-parity symmetry (P).
- Iwona kuphela amandla aphula i-charge parity (CP) symmetry.
- Iwukuphela kokusebenzelana okungashintsha uhlobo olulodwa lwe-quark lube olunye noma ukunambitheka kwalo.
- Amandla abuthakathaka asakazwa izinhlayiya zenkampani yenethiwekhi ezinobuningi obubalulekile (cishe 90 GeV/c).
Inombolo eyinhloko ye-quantum yezinhlayiya ezisebenzisanayo eziphukayo iyindawo ebonakalayo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-isospin ebuthakathaka, efana nendima edlalwa i-centrifuge kagesi kumandla kazibuthe kagesi kanye nokushajwa kombala emandleni aqinile.
Leli inani eligciniwe, kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi noma yikuphi ukusebenzisana okubuthakathaka kuzoba nesamba sengqikithi ye-isospin ekupheleni kokuxhumana kanye nasekuqaleni kokusebenzelana.
Izinhlayiya ezilandelayo zine-isospin ebuthakathaka ye-+ 1 / 2:
- i-electronic neutrino
- i-neutrino
- i-neutrino
- Sukuma
- i-quark charm
- i-quark ephezulu
Lezi zinhlayiya ezilandelayo zine-isospin ebuthakathaka - 1 / 2:
- Electron
- UMoon
- I-Tau
- quqa phansi
- i-quark engavamile
- ingemuva le-quark
I-Z kanye ne-W bosons inkulu kakhulu kunamanye amamitha amamitha axhumanisa amanye amandla, izinhlayiya zinkulu kangangokuthi zibola ngokushesha kakhulu ezimweni eziningi.
Amandla abuthakathaka ahlotshaniswe kanye namandla kazibuthe kagesi njengamandla owodwa ayisisekelo we-electrodepression, amenyezelwa ngamandla aphezulu, isibonelo, lawo atholakala ngaphakathi kwama-accelerator ezinhlayiyana.
Lo msebenzi wokuhlanganisa waklonyeliswa ngoMklomelo KaNobel we-1979 ku-Physics, futhi umsebenzi owalandela wokukhombisa ukuthi izisekelo zezibalo zamandla we-electroweak zakwazi ukuhleleka kabusha waklonyeliswa ngoMklomelo KaNobel ku-Physics we-1999.
Izinhlobo Zokusebenzelana
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokusebenzisana okubuthakathaka ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-vertices, uhlobo lokuqala lubizwa ngokuthi "ukusebenzelana kwamanje okukhokhisiwe" ngoba kulamulwa yizinhlayiya ezithwala ishaji kagesi, lunesibopho sokwenzeka kokubola kwe-beta.
Uhlobo lwesibili lubizwa ngokuthi "i-neutral current interaction" ngoba ixhumanisa i-particle engathathi hlangothi, inesibopho sokuphambuka kwe-neutrinos, izinhlobo ezimbili zokusebenzisana zilandela imithetho ehlukene yokukhetha.
Ukusebenzisana Kwamanje Okushajiwe
Ohlotsheni lwamanje lokusebenzisana olushajiwe, i-lepton eshajiwe (njenge-electron noma i-muon, eneshaji elingu--1) ingakwazi ukumunca i-W+ boson, okusho inhlayiya eneshaji engu-+1 futhi ukusuka kuleyo modi ibe okuhambisanayo. i-neutrino eneshaji engu-0 lapho uhlobo lwe-neutrino, okungukuthi i-electron, i-muon noma i-tau ifana nohlobo lwe-lepton ekusebenzelaneni.
Ngokufanayo, uhlobo lwe-down quark olukhokhiswa - 1 / 3 ingaguqulelwa kuhlobo lwe-quark oluphezulu, ngenkokhiso engu-+ 2 / 3 ), ngokukhipha i-W- isifuba noma ukumunca i-W+ I-Boson Ngokunembayo, i-quark yohlobo oluphansi iba i-quantum superposition yama-quarks ohlobo oluphezulu: okungukuthi, inethuba lokuba enye yezinhlobo ezintathu ze-quarks, kanye namathuba anikezwe kumathebula e-matrix.
Ngokuphambene, i-quark ephezulu ingakhipha i-W+
boson, noma ubambe i-W- boson, futhi ngaleyo ndlela iba uhlobo oluphansi lwe-quark.
I-W boson ayizinzile, ngakho-ke izobola ngokushesha, ngesikhathi sokuphila esifushane kakhulu, ukubola kwe-W boson kweminye imikhiqizo kungenzeka, ngamathuba ahlukene.
Kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-beta decay ye-neutron, i-down quark ngaphakathi kwe-neutron iveza i-W engacacile- boson ngakho-ke ishintsha ibe i-quark ephezulu, iguqule i-neutron ibe iproton.
Ngenxa yamandla ahilelekile kule nqubo, okungukuthi, umehluko wesisindo phakathi kwe-down quark kanye ne-up quark, i-W.- I-boson ingaba i-electron kanye ne-electron antineutrino.
Ukusebenzisana Kwamanje Okumaphakathi
Ekusebenzelaneni kwamanje okungathathi hlangothi, i-quark noma i-lepton (isibonelo, i-electron noma i-muon) ikhipha noma imunce i-Z boson engathathi hlangothi, njenge-W.± isifuba, isifuba sibola ngokushesha.
Ngokungafani nokusebenzisana kwamanje okukhokhisiwe, okunemithetho yokukhetha ekhawulelwe ngokuqinile ubumnene, ukushaja kagesi, noma i-isospin ebuthakathaka, i-Z yamanje engathathi hlangothi.0 ukusebenzisana kungabangela ama-fermions amabili kumodeli evamile ukuba aphambuke: izinhlayiya nama-antiparticles kwanoma iyiphi i-charge kagesi, kanye ne-chirality yesokunxele nesokudla, nakuba amandla okuxhumana ehluka.
ukwephulwa kwe-symmetry
Ukuphulwa kwe-Symmetry kuyisimo lapho izinxushunxushu ezincane eziqhubekayo ohlelweni oludlula endaweni ebucayi ziphetha isiphetho sohlelo ngokuthola ukuthi yimaphi amagatsha athathwayo, kumsizi wangaphandle, engazi ngezinxushunxushu, ukukhetha kuzovela ngokungafanele.
Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukwephulwa kwe-symmetry, ngoba izinguquko ezinjalo ngokuvamile zidlulisela isistimu kusuka esimweni esilinganayo kodwa esiphazamisekile ngaphansi kwesimo esisodwa noma ngaphezulu, ukuphazamiseka ku-symmetry kucatshangwa ukuthi kudlala indima ebalulekile kumaphethini.
Ngokuphulwa kwe-symmetry eqondile, izibalo zamanje zesistimu zimile, kodwa uhlelo alukho ngenxa yesisekelo sesistimu esingaguquguquki, ukuphulwa okunjalo kwe-symmetry kwenziwa ipharamitha kusetshenziswa ipharamitha ye-oda, icala elikhethekile lalolu hlobo lokuqedwa kwe-symmetry ukuphulwa kwe-symmetry enamandla.
Ukuhluleka kwe-Symmetry kungafaka noma yiziphi izimo ezilandelayo:
- Ukwephulwa kwe-symmetry ngqo engaphansi kwemithetho yefiziksi ngokwakheka okungahleliwe kwesinye isakhiwo.
- Isimo ku-physics lapho ubuncane besimo samandla sinokulingana okuncane kunesistimu ngokwayo.
- Izimo lapho isimo sangempela sesistimu singabonisi ama-symmetries ayisisekelo we-dynamics, njengoba isimo esicacile esicacile asizinzile futhi ukuzinza kutholakala ngenxa ye-asymmetry yendawo.
- Izimo lapho i-equation ye-theory ingaba nama-symmetries athile, kodwa izixazululo zayo azikho, ngoba ama-symmetries "afihliwe".
Esinye sezimo zokuqala ze-symmetry ephukile okuxoxwe ngayo ezincwadini ezibonakalayo sithinta umumo othathwe umzimba ozungezayo omfaniswano woketshezi olungenakucindezelwa ekulinganeni kokudonsela phansi kanye ne-hydrostatic.
Bobabili uJacobi noLiouville bavumelana ngo-1834 ukuthi i-ellipsoid ye-axis emithathu yayiyisixazululo sokulinganisa kule nkinga, lapho amandla e-kinetic eqhathaniswa namandla adonsela phansi omzimba ojikelezayo edlula inani elithile elibalulekile.
I-axial symmetry emelelwa ama-spheroids iphukile kuleli phuzu legatsha, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphezu kwaleli phuzu legatsha kanye nomfutho we-angular njalo, izixazululo ezinciphisa amandla e-kinetic ziyi-axially non-symmetric Jacobi ellipsoids esikhundleni sama-spheroids we-Maclaurin.
I-nuclei ye-athomu, isibonelo, yenziwe ngama-proton ne-neutron, futhi siyazi ukuthi zonke izinhlayiya ze-subatomic azizona izinto ezingaguquki, kodwa kunalokho ziyakwazi ukuguqula omunye nomunye, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokusebenzisana okubuthakathaka kwe-nuclear.
Isibonelo, inyutroni, enoziro kagesi, ingabola ibe iphrothoni kanye ne-electron yamacala alinganayo naphambene, kanye nezinhlayiya ezintsha zeshaji enguziro, i-antineutrino, futhi ngokufanayo, i-antineutron ingabola ibe i-antiproton, i-positron. kanye ne-neutrino.
I-Electroweak Theory noma Imodeli
Amandla abuthakathaka asebenza kuphela ezindaweni ezincanyana kunenucleus ye-athomu, kuyilapho amandla kazibuthe angadlulela ebangeni elikhulu, njengoba kubonakala ekukhanyeni kwe-athomu. Izinkanyezi efinyelela yonke imithala, efiphala kuphela ngesikwele sebanga.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqhathanisa amandla okusebenzelana okuyisisekelo phakathi kwama-proton amabili, ngokwesibonelo, kwembula ukuthi amandla abuthakathaka abuthaka ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyizigidi eziyishumi kunamandla kazibuthe, nokho okunye okuyinhloko okutholwe ekhulwini lama-10 kube ukuthi la mandla amabili anamandla. izici ezihlukene zamandla avuzayo kagesi abaluleke kakhulu.
Ithiyori ye-Electroweak yavela ngokuyinhloko kusukela emizamweni yokukhiqiza ithiyori yegeji evumelanayo yamandla abuthakathaka, ngokufanisa ne-quantum electrodynamics, ithiyori yesimanje ephumelelayo yamandla kazibuthe kagesi eyasungulwa phakathi nawo-1940s.
Kunezidingo ezimbili eziyisisekelo zethiyori ye-gauge yamandla abuthakathaka, okokuqala, kufanele ibonise ukulinganisa kwezibalo okuyisisekelo, okubizwa ngokuthi i-gauge invariance, ukuze imiphumela yamandla ifane ezindaweni ezahlukene endaweni kanye nesikhathi. Okwesibili, ithiyori kufanele iphinde ilungiswe, okungukuthi, akufanele iqukathe amanani angenamkhawulo angenakunyakaziswa.
Izibonelo Zansuku Zonke Zezinguquko Zenuzi
Isibonelo esisobala kakhulu se-Weak Nuclear Force ukuboshwa kwama-proton, anokunengeka ngokwemvelo ngenxa yokushaja kwawo okuhle.Ngesilinganiso esikhulu, la mandla anesibopho samandla amakhulu okubhubhisa ezikhali zenuzi, ukukhululwa kwamandla lapho kuqhunyiswa .isikhali senuzi sibangelwa amandla enuzi anamandla.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngendlela efanayo zisetshenziswa ezitshalweni zamandla enuzi ukudala ukushisa, lokhu ukuze kwakhiwe amandla, njengogesi, Amandla Enuzi Ebuthakathaka Iyakwazi ukuguqula i-neutron ibe yi-proton kanye ne-proton ibe yi-neutron, lawa mandla avela ekuphikiseni okuningi, njengokubola kwe-radioactive, ukushiswa kwelanga, ukuthandana kwe-radiocarbon, njll.
- Ukusabela kokuqhekeka endaweni yokuphehla amandla enuzi kunikeza amandla anele ukunika amandla amadolobha amakhulu.
- Ukusabela kokuxubana elangeni kunikeza iplanethi yethu wonke amandla ewadingayo ukuze izinto eziphilayo ziphile.
- I-runaway fission reaction inikeza amandla abhubhisayo ebhomu lenuzi.