Njengoba kubalulekile ukwazi izwe ohlala kulo, ingcebo yalo yemvelo, izindawo kanye nezwe Izinga lokushisa kanye Nomswakama. Kuyasiza futhi ukufunda kule planethi ehlala abantu. Sikufundisa konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana isakhiwo somhlaba, ngaphakathi nangaphandle, izingxenye zayo nokunye okuningi.
IPlanethi Yomhlaba
Ngokombono oyisisekelo futhi osebenzayo, kuvumelekile ukusho ukuthi iplanethi enguMhlaba iyinqwaba yamadwala. Lokho okuqukethwe okukhulu kwamadwala kwaziwa ngokuthi i-Geosphere.
Le geosphere yakha i- isakhiwo okuqinile weplanethi yomhlaba. Amatshe ayizinto eziqinile futhi ezihlangene. Akhiwe ngamaminerali amaningi, emibala ehlukahlukene kakhulu.
Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe mayelana nezinto ezinamatshe ezakha iplanethi enguMhlaba. Izinhlobo ezintathu zamatshe eziye zahlukaniswa zibalulwe ngezansi:
- igneous
Lolu hlobo lwamatshe luvame ukutholakala oqweqweni lomhlaba. Lezi zingase zakheke, ngenxa yokuncibilika kwe-magma. Baxoshwa ngaphandle kwengqikithi, ngokusebenzisa izintaba-mlilo, baqina ngaphandle.
- i-metamorphic
Angase avele, ngenxa yokucindezela namazinga okushisa aphakeme uqweqwe lomhlaba olwabhekana nalo, phakathi nezigidi zeminyaka.
- i-sedimentary
Lawa matshe akhiwa umphumela wokunqwabelana kwezinye izingqimba zamadwala. Futhi, ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa nempahla yamathambo yezinhlobo zasolwandle kanye nama-exoskeletons ezinto eziphilayo, ezazithuthwa ukugeleza kwamanzi.
ukwakheka komhlaba
Iplanethi enguMhlaba yakhiwe iqoqo lezingqimba ezinesikhungo esifanayo, ngayinye yalezi zingqimba ishintshanisa izakhi eziyihlanganisayo ngendlela evumelanayo.
Bangabona kalula ukuthi bahlukene, ngesikhathi sokuzamazama komhlaba. Njengoba lezi zinyakaza omunye phezu komunye, aze afinyelele ukuzinza kwawo futhi.
Uma wenza ingxenye ephambanayo yomhlaba, ungabona kusukela ngaphakathi nangaphandle, ukuthi inezingqimba ezintathu. Lezi zingqimba ziyi-crust, i-mantle kanye nomgogodla. Lezi zingqimba ziyi Umsuka nokuvela komhlaba futhi kubalulwe ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi:
ICortex
Uqweqwe lomhlaba luyindawo ekha phezulu kakhulu. Yileyo ethintana ngqo nokuminyana okungafika kumakhilomitha angama-70, nge:
- IHydrosphere
- I-Atmosphere
- I-Biosphere
Lolu ngqimba Lomhlaba lwakhiwe uqweqwe lwezwekazi kanye noqweqwe lwasolwandle.
yezwekazi
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa koqweqwe lomhlaba kunobukhulu obuyisilinganiso obungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-30. Lesi sibalo sikhuphuka kakhulu, ngaphansi kwazo, sifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-70.
Ngokulandelayo, uqweqwe lwezwekazi luhlukaniswe: uqweqwe olungaphezulu noqweqwe oluphansi. Lapho ungathola khona amatshe e-sedimentary, amatshe entabamlilo kanye namadwala e-metamorphic, ezinhlobonhlobo zegwadle ne-diorite.
olwandle
Le ndawo yoqweqwe, iveza ukujiya okusondele kumakhilomitha ayishumi. Ihlukaniswa kule ngxenye yoqweqwe, ikhomba lapho kuhluma khona i-magma evela esiphuzweni soMhlaba.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubhekwa izingqimba ezihlukene, ezakhiwe yizicucu zezingqimba ezingaphezulu. Ukwakheka olwandle phansi.
Ngokuvamile, uqweqwe lomhlaba alumeleli i-1% yenani lomthamo woMhlaba.
Ijazi
Izinga elilandela ezingqimbeni ezakha ukwakheka koMhlaba yingubo yasemhlabeni. Ifinyelela ekunwetshweni okungamakhilomitha angaba ngu-3000, phakathi koqweqwe nengxenye engenhla ye-nucleus.
Ukwakhiwa kwalolu ungqimba kuhlanganisa izakhi ezifana ne-silicon, izinto ezinsimbi, i-nickel kanye ne-basaltic material. Njengoqweqwe loqweqwe, isiphuku sibuye sihlanganise iziqephu, ezaziwa ngokuthi: isiphuku esiphezulu nesingezansi.
Isigqoko esiphezulu
Ingadlulela ekujuleni okungamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-600. Lesi sigaba sejazi siqinile impela, kodwa kulula ukusihlela kabusha. Yakhiwe ngamatshe aminyene kakhulu, angaxoshwa ukwakheka kwentaba-mlilo.
Isigqoko esiphansi
Kule ndawo yesiphuku, izakhi eziyihlanganisayo ziqinile. Ukuminyana kwengubo engezansi kungadlula amakhilomitha angama-700 ukujula.
Ngaphakathi kwe-mantle currents akhiqizwa ukudluliswa kokushisa. Ziyingxenye yokunyakaza okwenzeka kumapuleti e-tectonic.
Isibindi
Umnyombo weplanethi enguMhlaba unokubukeka okuyindilinga, ububanzi bayo bungaba amakhilomitha angu-3500. Yakhiwe ngama-alloys ayoni, ungabona futhi amanani e-nickel, ithusi, umoya-mpilo kanye nezingxenye ezincane ze-sulfurous material.
Lesi sigaba somhlaba siphinde sahlukaniswa saba yinkambo yangaphandle kanye nengaphakathi. Lokho kungahlukaniswa ngokunembile, ngesimo lapho ngamunye wabo akuso.
I-nucleus yangaphandle
Umnyombo wangaphandle unokuvumelana koketshezi, unobubanzi obungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-2200. Izakhi eziwuhlanganisayo ziyi-iron ne-nickel. Amazinga okushisa angafinyelelwa kule ndawo aphakathi kuka-4000 no-5500°C.
Ngenxa yesimo samanzi sezinsimbi ezakha umnyombo, zingabunjwa kalula. Ukudluliselwa kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kukhiqizwa, ngoba umnyombo wangaphandle unesibopho sokugcina insimu kazibuthe yesakhiwo soMhlaba.
Umnyombo wangaphakathi
Ngokwengxenye yayo, ingaphakathi elingaphakathi liyibhola elikhulu lomlilo, elakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ngezinto ezinsimbi. Ububanzi bale ndawo bungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-1200 futhi lungafinyelela izinga lokushisa elifinyelela ku-5200°C.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi, izinga lokushisa lidlula izinga lensimbi elingamelana nalo ngaphambi kokuncibilika. Lesi sigaba soMhlaba asilona uketshezi futhi sihlotshaniswa nezingcindezi eziphezulu, akunakwenzeka ukuba sincibilike.
Isakhiwo sangaphandle soMhlaba
Uma sekwaziwa ukuthi ukwakheka koMhlaba kwakhiwe kanjani, ngaphakathi. Sekuyisikhathi sokuthi wazi okwengeziwe mayelana nezingxenye zangaphandle zeplanethi yethu.
Lapha kushiwo izingqimba ezehlukene ezimboza uMhlaba nokuthi ngenxa yazo, kube nokwenzeka ukuthuthukisa nokugcina zonke izidalwa eziphilayo.
I-hydrosphere
Sakhiwe ngokuqoqwa kwazo zonke izixuku zamanzi ezitholakala oqweqweni loMhlaba. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinguzunga zeqhwa, izilwandle, imifula, amachibi, izilwandle kanye nemithombo yamanzi engaphansi komhlaba.
I-hydrosphere ihlezi ishintshana ngoketshezi, ngomjikelezo wamanzi.
Ulwandle nezilwandle zimboza izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zalo lonke ungqimba lomhlaba, yingakho kubalulekile ukuthi lo mthombo wamanzi obalulekile unawo kubantu nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Zingamanzi olwandle, inqolobane enkulu yamanzi emhlabeni. Inomthamo ongaphezu kuka-1.300 million km3. Ngenkathi umthombo wesibili wokulondoloza unawo, amanzi eqhwa anenani elisondele ku-30 million km3.
I-Atmosphere
Uma bengaba semkhathini, bebezokwazi ukubuka umhlaba ngaphandle. Ngakho ungqimba lokuqala ababezohlangana nalo kwakuyoba umkhathi. Uyena osibekele uMhlaba.
Yakhiwe isethi yezakhi esimweni esinegesi, ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kokuphila emhlabeni. Isici esikhona emkhathini, okuyisona esivumela umuntu ukuba aphefumule futhi aphile.
Amanye amagesi atholakala kule ndawo anomthwalo wemfanelo wokufeza umsebenzi wokuhlunga, wemisebe yelanga. Okuthi, uma zithinta ngqo ngaphandle kokuhlolwa, ziyingozi kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo.
Umkhathi uhlukaniswe izingqimba eziningana okuyilezi:
- I-Troposphere
- I-Stratosphere
- I-Mesosphere
- I-Thermosphere
- Umkhathi
I-Biosphere
Eqinisweni, i-biosphere ayinakuhlukaniswa njengenye nje ungqimba lwesakhiwo soMhlaba. Njengoba ehlanganisa yonke imiphakathi yezidalwa eziphilayo noma i-ecosystem.
Zonke izinto eziphilayo ezihlala eplanethini enguMhlaba ziyingxenye ye-biosphere. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uthola i-biosphere oqweqweni lomhlaba, emkhathini nase-hydrosphere.
Ngamunye wabo unezici zabo ze-ecosystem ngayinye. Esinye sezici ezivelele kakhulu ze-biosphere ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziqoqwe kuyo.
