Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuye kwavela inqwaba yababhali bomsebenzi wokubhala. Basinike imibhalo yabo emihle kakhulu ngezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo. Ngakho-ke siya lapha ukuyohlangana nababhali abadume kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Nokuthi basigcwalise ngawo wonke lowomlingo ukuze sijabulele abathandi bezincwadi. Qhubeka ufunda futhi ujabulele lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo. !Uzoyithanda!
Ababhali abadume kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi
Lezi Ababhali abadumile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yilabo abashiye uphawu olungasuki. Futhi lokho kuhlala ngisho nalapho isikhathi sakhe singasenayethu. Labo ababengaphambi kwemicimbi, futhi babonakala emisebenzini yabo yemibhalo, izindaba ezinhle kakhulu zezinhlobo zabo ezahlukene.
Kungabo bonke abathandi bezincwadi abaziwa, abangatholakala emazwini abhaliwe, amandla amakhulu kakhulu emibonweni eminingi ezokhiqizwa. Njengakho, ama-revolution angakhuthazwa. Futhi senze izinguquko endleleni ebesingazibona ngayo, kuhlanganise nathi. Kanye nendawo esingaba nayo emlandweni.
Ngakho-ke manje sizobuyekeza uhlu lwababhali abambalwa ababalulekile, ababhekwa njengabadume kakhulu, kusukela esikhathini esidlule nakudala. ababhali abadumile bamanje.
Kuyajabulisa ukuthi inani labathandi bezincwadi liyakhula
Futhi-ke kuwukuthi abaningi bethu bagqama njengabathandi bezincwadi eziningi kangaka ezaziwayo. Kungaba kuhle kakhulu uma bengezwa abantu abaningi kulokhu okuba abathandi bezincwadi. Futhi bayojabulela, isibonelo, ngokufunda okuningi ababhali abadumile baseMexico.
Ngokucabangela ukuthi kunezihloko eziningi ezethulwa kithi, emisebenzini ye:
- Ama-Thriller
- Amanoveli omlando
- Amanoveli amafantasy
- Amabhuku
- izinkondlo zothando zababhali abadumile
Njengoba kunjalo ukuthi bonke baye baba yingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu maqondana nalokho okuwumlando wesintu. Kuhle ukuveza njengeqiniso elimangalisayo ukuthi iBhayibheli limisiwe, ngokwendinganiso ehambisana neGuinness World Records Book, njengencwadi edayise kakhulu phakathi nomlando.
Kunamakhophi amaningana athengisiwe, angaphezu kwamakhophi angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu. Ngakho kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi awukwazi ukuzibamba kodwa ukhumbule ukuthi, ukuthi ipeni linamandla kakhulu kunenkemba.
Ababhali abadume kakhulu bakhombisa amasiko nezinguquko zomhlaba
Njengoba kunjalo, kwakukhona abantu abaningi abaye bakwazi ukuba nomthelela omkhulu emlandweni. Nokuthi kwakungakhulunywa ngamaqhawe, kodwa ngababhali. Okwaqhubeka nokulolonga umlando wesintu, ukuthwebula izenzakalo ezithile zomlando.
Futhi okwaba okubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuvela emhlabeni wonke amagama ababhali abadumile Kanye nokubonisa isiko elihambisana nezwe elihamba njalo. Kanye noshintsho olwenzeka eduze kwethu, ngendlela ejule kakhulu.
Ababhali abethulwe ngezansi yilabo abathathwa njengababhali abadumile abake baba khona ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo ababelwe kulo, noma uhlobo lokwethulwa kwemisebenzi, noma ngabe yethulwa, phakathi kokunye, ku:
- Iseshashalazi liyadlala
- ama-eseyi
- Izinkondlo
Ngakho-ke, ngeke kubaluleke ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lokufunda olukhethayo. Ngeke wenze iphutha ngencwadi ebhalwe ngomunye wababhali bethu abadumile ozoba nayo ngezansi. Okusho ukuthi, ngababhali abadume kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Kubabhali abadume kakhulu: uWilliam Faulkner
UWilliam Faulkner waziwa njengomunye wababhali abadume kakhulu emlandweni. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe, owashicilelwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, kwadingeka ulinde iminyaka embalwa ukuze wamukelwe umphakathi obanzi.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi wethula amanoveli amane phakathi neminyaka ka-1929 no-1936, afanayo anesihloko esithi:
- Umsindo Nokufutheka
- Ngenkathi ngibuhlungu
- Ukukhanya kuka-Agasti
- Absalomu, Absalomu!
Njengoba kunjalo ukuthi babephethe ukwenza incazelo ngokwesitayela sabo. Ukucwiliswa okufanayo kulokho okuyincazelo ehambisana nokuziphatha, engxenyeni yangaphakathi ye-gothic eseningizimu. Ngokunjalo, wafaneleka ngemisebenzi yakhe ngonyaka ka-1949 ukuthola umklomelo weNobel for Literature. Okwabe sekuqhubeka nokunikeza ithuba elisha, kulokho okwakuwudumo lwakhe kakade.
U-Oscar Wilde ungomunye wababhali abadume kakhulu
Kubabhali abadumile u-Oscar Wilde waziwa, njengombhali kanye nembongi yomdabu wase-Ireland. Igama lakhe langempela ngu-Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde. Ukuba usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa ngosuku lwe-16 lwenyanga ka-Okthoba wonyaka we-1854, edolobheni laseDublin e-Ireland.
Kwathi ngeminyaka yawo-1890, waba umbhali weshashalazi odume kakhulu eLondon. Kanjalo naye waboshwa, lokhu kwaba yisizathu sokushona kwakhe esemncane.
Ngokufanayo, okwamanje, ukhunjulwa ngemisebenzi eyayiphawuleka kakhulu njenge:
- Ukubaluleka kokubizwa ngo-Ernesto
- Isithombe sikaDorian Grey
- Isipoki saseCanterville
- I-De profundis
UWilliam Shakespeare wababhali abadume kakhulu
Ngokuqondene nababhali abadumile, uWilliam Shakespeare kufanele ahlukaniswe njengomqambi wezincwadi ezihlanganisiwe, njengobuhlakani obuphelele. Njengoba yena ngokwakhe uthathwa njengombhali ongcono kakhulu olimini lwesiNgisi, okungelona ize. Kanye nababhali beshashalazi abahamba phambili abebesaziwa emlandweni, abahambisana ne-Literature.
Kwenzeka lokhu nje, phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, bobabili abalingiswa, kanye nezindaba kanye nolimi olusetshenziswe yilo mbhali, bafike babambe abafundi. Kanjalo nabo bebephethe ukufaka isandla, ngendlela enkulu kakhulu ngesiko lesimanje, mayelana nokumodela kwabo.
Ngokufanayo, lezi yizinhlobo zemisebenzi ezingaphelelwa isikhathi, ezihunyushelwe kuzo zonke lezo zilimi ezibhekwa njengeziyinhloko. Futhi ukuthi okwamanje, bayajatshulelwa emhlabeni wonke. Khona-ke kungenzeka ukugqamisa izihloko ezibaluleke kakhulu, okuyilezi:
- Hamlet
- U-Romeo noJuliet
- Macbeth
- Inkosi Lear
- Ukudideka okuningi Mayelana Nalutho
Franz KAFKA
Bambalwa kakhulu ababhali abathi, ngegama labo, babe yisichasiso, ukuze kukhunjulwe isitayela sabo. Lokhu kuwumkhiqizo womthelela oshiywe yilo mbhali.
Khona-ke namuhla, lapho indaba ethile ithatha ithuba elithathwa njengelinyantisayo. Noma ukuthi inophawu olumakiwe lwe-surrealism, bese igqanyiswa lokho okubhekiselwe kubunkimbinkimbi bayo. Njengoba engenakunqotshwa ngaphambi kwesistimu engenabo ubuso, uhlukaniswa ngokuthi "Kafkaesque".
Ngokuqondene nababhali abadumile, incwadi kaFranz Kafka enesihloko esithi "The Trial" iyinoveli, ebonakala ibuhlungu kakhulu. Libhekisela kumuntu oshushiswa isikhulu, esiwazi konke. Ngoba usolwa ngobugebengu obungavezwanga nhlobo.
Umsebenzi odumile I-Metamorphosis
Enye yezincwadi ezidumile zikaFranz Kafka yincwadi enesihloko esithi "The Metamorphosis", okuyincwadi ephazamisa ngokufanayo. Njengoba kunjalo owenza ukulandisa, ngesikhathi sokuvuka kungabhekwa sengathi yisinambuzane esiwubukhulu obukhulu.
Ngakho-ke ukuthi izindaba ezivezwe nguFranz Kafka, zinesibopho sokwenza ucwaningo lokuthi yiziphi izindawo ezimnyama kakhulu. Futhi okungakadluliswa neze esimweni somuntu.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukushona kwalo mbhali kwenzeka engakayihlanganisi iminyaka engu-40, lokhu kungunyaka ka-1924. Leli qiniso ligqamile ngoba ngenxa yokuthi wayephethwe isifo sofuba, wanquma ukuyeka ukudla, ngoba kwakubuhlungu kakhulu ukudla. Ngakho wagcina efile yindlala.
Ngokuqondene nedumela lakhe, lahlanganiswa njengomunye wababhali abamangalisayo bekhulu lama-XNUMX. Ekhuthazwe ukukhiqizwa kwemisebenzi yakhe edumile.
James Joyce
Kubabhali abadumile, lokhu kuvela ukuthi ungumbhali wezincwadi, kanye nembongi yomdabu wase-Ireland, ogama layo langempela kwakunguJames Augustine Aloysius Joycem. Ukuba usuku lwakhe lokuzalwa ngo-February 2, 1882. Futhi uthathwa njengomunye wababhali ababe nethonya elikhulu emlandweni wezincwadi.
Kuhle ukugqamisa ngaphakathi kwemisebenzi eyaziwa kakhulu:
- Ulysses
- AbaseDublin
- Abafile
- I-Eveline
Njengoba kunjalo futhi itholakala edolobheni laseNorth Earl Street eliseDublin, e-Ireland. Isifanekiso esidume kakhulu esakhiwe ngokuhlonishwa kwakhe.
UPhilip K. Dick wababhali abadumile
Kubabhali abadumile, lo mbhali unamanoveli angama-44 kuye, aseshicilelwe. Kanye nezindaba ezimfushane eziyi-121. Nokuthi bamele ifa lezinganekwane zesayensi ngombhali oshiwo, odabuka eNyakatho Melika.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi cishe ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi wakhe wayephila ngobumpofu futhi liyafuna ukwazi. Ngokufanayo, kungenzeka ukucabangela ukuthi ngokusekelwe emisebenzini yakhe, inani lamafilimu ayishumi nanye akhiqizwa. Njengoba idume kakhulu, lapho ungagqamisa khona:
- Blade Runner
- Inselele ephelele
- I-Paychecj
- Ingcosana Umbiko
- Okulandelayo noma ama-Screamers
- Indoda enqabeni
- Ingabe iphupho le-Android lezimvu zikagesi?
- indawo
- Ama-stigmata amathathu ePalmar Eldritch
Kusuka kubabhali abadumile uGabriel García Márquez
Omunye wabalobi ababaluleke kakhulu eLatin America yilo mbhali waseColombia, okungekho lutho futhi lutho oluncane, uthengise amakhophi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-50 zomsebenzi wakhe owaziwayo "Iminyaka Eyikhulu Yokuba Sodwa."
Ukuba le noveli engokoqobo enomlingo, lapho kulandelwa umndeni wakwaBuendía, owasungula idolobha laseMacondo. Futhi ukuthi ekugcineni isingathekiso esibonisa izwe lakhe Colombia.
Le ncwadi isihunyushelwe ezilimini ezingu-37. Ukuba le ncwadi kuthathwa njengesibonelo, mayelana nokuthi iyini i-boom yemibhalo ehambelana neminyaka yama-60s nama-70s, eLatin America. Ngendlela efanayo, eminye imisebenzi evelele ingashiwo, njenge:
- Uthando Namanye Amademoni
- Uthando ngezikhathi zolaka
- Umlando Wokufa Okubikezelwe
Paulo Coelho
Omunye wababhali abadumile okwazile ukuthengisa amakhophi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-65 okukhiqizwa kwakhe kwezincwadi "The Alchemist". Njengoba lena kuyincwadi eyiBrazilian, khona-ke itholakala ngesiPutukezi futhi isibe incwadi ethengiswa kakhulu emlandweni. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi isihunyushelwe ezilimini ezingama-81.
Maqondana nosuku lokushicilelwa kwayo, kwakungonyaka we-1988 nguPaulo Coelho. Lo msebenzi ukhuluma ngomalusi odabuka e-Andalusian, ogama lakhe linguSantiago, othatha uhambo oluya eGibhithe. Ukuba lokhu ekufuneni umqondo wohlobo olungacacile, walokho abehlale efuna ukukuzuza, futhi okuyindikimba eyinhloko yencwadi yakhe.
Ngokufanayo, kungenzeka ukugqamisa ngaphakathi kokuqoqwa kwemisebenzi yakhe, eminye efana nale:
- Isiphingi
- Imizuzu eyishumi nanye
- umhambi
- I-Pilgrim's Confessions
- ingenelisi
Kusuka Kubabhali Abadumile: UGeorge Orwell
Kubabhali abavelele abadumile, uGeorge Orwell ugqama, ongumbhali wencwadi, eyaziwa ngokuphelele emhlabeni wonke, enesihloko esithi "1984". Ngakho-ke iyinoveli ebhekwa njenge-dystopian, echaza ukuphila okucwiliswe embusweni wobushiqela, futhi eye yaqhubeka nokuphuca bonke abantu amalungelo abo.
Ngokuqondene nezindikimba ezihambisana nomsebenzi oshiwo, seziyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yesiko lesimanje. Lapho amagama adalwe khona, ngaphezu kwemibono ethile, ehlanganiswa nomphakathi wethu.
Le noveli igcizelela ngokukhethekile lokho okubhekiselwe ku:
- ukugadwa
- endala
- kanye ne-censorship
Njengoba kunjalo ukuthi ayikho enye incwadi eye yaba neqhaza, kulokho okuqondakala ngokucacile maqondana nalolu hlobo lwendaba, njengoba kwenzeka ngo-1984. Nokho, lo mbhali wabuye washiya olunye uchungechunge lwezincwadi zobuciko ezibaluleke kakhulu, njenge :
- Ukuhlubuka epulazini
- Tribute to ICatalonia
- Ngaphandle kukaBlanca eParis naseLondon
UWilliam Butler Yeats
Ungumbhali wokuqala womsuka wase-Ireland okwazile ukuzuza uMklomelo KaNobel wezincwadi. Njengoba yayigqame ngokuba nobuhlakani obusha kakhulu kanye nembongi.
Ukuthatha emsebenzini wakhe ukuqala komsebenzi wakhe phakathi nengxenye yeMvuselelo yeCeltic, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Irish Literary Revival. Okube yinhlangano lapho u-Yeats, kanye nabanye ababhali, benweba indawo yokubhala ukuze ifinyelele izethameli eziningi. Isenzakalo esenzeka ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezimpawu, okusekelwe kwisitayela senkondlo okwakubuye kube sendabuko, kwanikeza ugqozi kwelinye inani lezizukulwane zababhali.
Ngokuphathelene nomsebenzi wakhe, inkondlo enesihloko esithi "Ukuza Kwesibili", ilayishwe inombolo enkulu yokusetshenziswa okunamandla, ngokwezithombe ezibuKristu ezifakwe maqondana nokugxekwa komphakathi. Ngokunjalo, inezimpahla zayo zokubhala ezinemisebenzi edume kakhulu, njenge:
- Umbhoshongo
- izitebhisi ezi-spiral
Kanye nezinkondlo zakhe zokugcina kanye nemidlalo ehlukene, lapho "i-Byzantium" ingashiwo khona.
UFyodor Dostoevsky
Ngokuqondene nababhali abadumile, ikakhulukazi lona ogama lakhe lokuzalwa linguNovemba 11, 1821, eRussia. Usuku lokushona kwakhe kwakunguFebhruwari 9, 1881. Yena ngokwakhe wayephethe ukubhala amanoveli, kanye nokwenza izindaba nezindatshana.
Ngaphakathi kwemisebenzi yabo kwakuvame ukucwiliswa, izindaba ezihlobene nokusebenza kwengqondo yomuntu. Kanye nezinkinga zemvelo yezenhlalo, kanye nepolitiki izwe laseRussia elalibhekene nalo. Khona-ke, kweminye yemisebenzi ephawulekayo ehambisana noFyodor Dostoevsky, iye yashiwo phakathi kwezinye:
- Ubugebengu nokujeziswa
- Abazalwane bakaKaramazov
- Isilima
- Ehlazekile futhi ecasukile
- Ubusuku obumhlophe
UHaruki Murakami wababhali abadume kakhulu
Akukona nje mayelana nomunye wababhali abahamba phambili emhlabeni. Kodwa usaqhubeka nokuba yindoda yensimbi, egijima ngisho nemijaho yamabanga amade. Iphrofayili yakhe imgcina ephansi, kuyilapho egcina ngisho nempumelelo yakhe yemibhalo ukuthi ingalawuleki. Futhi wenqatshiwe ukunikeza izingcaphuno zanoma yimaphi amakhava ezincwadi zabanye ababhali.
Mayelana nalokhu, wenza isitatimende esilandelayo: "Sidinga ukugxekwa kulo mhlaba, kodwa akuwona umsebenzi wami." Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lo mbhali akazi ukuthi izincwadi zakhe zizophela kanjani ngesikhathi eziqala. Ngoba ngokusho kwakhe, bekuyophetha ngalokho okuyinhloso ngempela yokubhala indaba. Futhi, ngaphakathi kwemisebenzi edume kakhulu yalo mbhali ingagqanyiswa:
- 1Q84
- Ngemuva kobumnyama
- ITokyo Blues
- Umlando wenyoni evunguza umhlaba
Charles Dickens
Omunye wababhali abadumile abangenakuzitshwa nguCharles Dickens owazalelwa eNgilandi, ikakhulukazi ecabangela incwadi yakhe edumile ethi "A Tale of Two Cities". Okwabhalwa ukwenza ngokunembile ukugxeka lokho umphakathi wamaNgisi owawuyikho. Le noveli yenzeka cishe ngokuphelele eParis, lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi seNguquko yaseFrance.
Khona-ke yabhalwa yilo mbhali, incwadi efana neyokuqala, kodwa ibhekisela emphakathini waseBrithani phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX. Lapho eqhubeka nokwenza incazelo, yikuphi ukungeneliseki abalimi baseFrance ababenakho, maqondana nalabo ababethatha umbuso wezicukuthwane zaseFrance. Okwenzeka eminyakeni eyayingaphambi kwenguquko.
Futhi ngemva kwanoma yikuphi ukungeneliseki kwakungenxa yonya olwaluhambisana nabavukeli obuqondiswe kwabahlonishwa abashiwo ngenhla.
Eminye yemisebenzi emibili egqamayo kulo mbhali nayo yile:
- Iyaphela indlela
- Ukujula kwe-Icy
Kubabhali abadume kakhulu u-Aldous Huxley
Omunye wababhali abadumile, kanye nesazi sefilosofi saseNgilandi, owaba omunye wezifanekiselo kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe. Emisebenzini yakhe, enye evelele kakhulu inoveli ye-dystopian enesihloko esithi "Izwe Elijabulisayo", elibhekwa njengenye yezincwadi ezinkulu zekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Ngenxa yalokho kukhona ukucatshangelwa okungekuhle mayelana nokulahlekelwa umuntu anakho kobunikazi bakhe, ngalokho intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ebonwa kusengaphambili esikhathini esizayo.
Ngakho-ke licace bha iqiniso lokuthi le noveli yenza intuthuko okungenani iminyaka engamashumi amabili, emsebenzini kaGeorge Orwell onesihloko esithi "1984". Okunye okusindisa iqiniso lokuthi emsebenzini "Izwe Elisha Elinesibindi", abazenzi izisekelo ekugxekeni kombhali mayelana nepolitiki.
Kodwa kunalokho maqondana nokugxambukela okwenziwa isayensi nobuchwepheshe ezimpilweni zabantu. Ngisho nalapho ekugcineni yonke into iphethwe kusukela ezingeni lamandla amisiwe.
Eminye imisebenzi yalo mbhali, ezogqanyiswa yilena:
- Isiqhingi
- Iminyango yokubona
Ernest Hemmingway
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, ingomunye wababhali abadumile, okungadingekile ukwethula. Usuku lokuzalwa lwalo mbhali odumile kwakunguJulayi 21, 1899. Ngakho, ungumlobi nentatheli evelele evela e-United States. Ngendlela efanayo, yaba nethonya elibonakala ngokucacile ohlotsheni lwezinganekwane oluhambisana nekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Ngokunjalo, waklonyeliswa ngendondo yeNobel for Literature ngo-1954. Phakathi kwezimpahla zakhe zokubhala kukhona cishe amanoveli ayisikhombisa, izindaba eziyisithupha kanye nezincwadi ezimbili ezingezona izinganekwane. Washada izikhathi ezine ekuphileni kwakhe, isikhathi eside kunazo zonke kwaba iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu. Ukuba icala lokuthi waqhubeka nokuzibulala ngoJulayi 2, 1961. Eshiya ngaphakathi kwemisebenzi yakhe edumile ukuveza, phakathi kwabanye:
- Indoda endala nolwandle
- Fiesta
- Obani Abakhokhelwa Yinsimbi
Yababhali abadumile Truman Capote
Edabuka e-United States, lo mbhali walugcina lucace ubizo lwakhe lapho eneminyaka engu-11 ubudala. Isizathu sokuthi azinikezele ekuthuthukiseni ikhono lakhe lokubhala, phakathi nayo yonke iminyaka yobungane bakhe.
Ngokuqondene nokuqala kwakhe njengombhali, kubalwa amanoveli anjengokuthi "Amanye amazwi, ezinye izindawo". Kamuva ubhala “Egazini elibandayo”. Kwakuwumsebenzi wokuphayona.
Njengalesi esinesihloko esithi "Ibhulakufesi kwa-Tiffany noma i-Breakfast e-Tiffany's." Okwakuzoshintshwa kube yifilimu eyayidume kakhulu. Ubuye wabhala "Summer Cruise." Okwenzeka futhi kunconywa kakhulu.
Marcel Proust
Ungumbhali wezincwadi ovelele, ngaphezu kokuba ngumbhali wendatshana aphinde abe ngumhlaziyi, njengoba engowokuzalwa eFrance. Wasishiya inani elikhulu lemisebenzi yesimanje, eyayivelele kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, nomsebenzi onesihloko esithi "Ukufuna isikhathi esilahlekile", equkethwe emiqulu eyisikhombisa, lapho ukuhlolwa kwezihloko eziningi ezinjalo. njenge:
- Memoria
- Ubuntwana
- incazelo enkulu
Kodwa-ke, futhi inesibopho sokugwema ukuthi iyini imodeli esekelwe esakhiweni esihambisana namanoveli angekhulunyaka leshumi nesishiyagalolunye.
Mayelana nezehlakalo ezivezwe kule noveli, zinokuthuthuka kwazo ngenxa yemibono eyahlukene etholakala embhalweni. Okuvela ukuthi i-autobiographical enothile ngendlela emangalisayo. Njengoba lokhu kukwazile ukuba nethonya kokubili emkhakheni ohambisana nezincwadi, kanye nakulowo ohambisana nefilosofi kanye nezobuciko.
Charles Darwin
Akunakwenzeka ukunganaki ukuthi wawuyini umthelela owasala emsebenzini owenziwa umlobi odumile uCharles Darwin, emkhakheni wakhe wesayensi phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX. Ukuba yilokho okuhlobene nenkolelo-mbono yakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kanye neyokuzalwa kwezilwane ezivamile kuye kwakwazi ukudala ukuhlukaniswa ngokuthi babengobani abafundi bangaleso sikhathi.
Ngaphakathi kwezimpahla zokubhala zalo mbhali, kwakunezincwadi ezimbalwa ezilotshwe ngalo mkhakha, nokho, leyo ngokungangabazeki ezokwaziwa kakhulu yileyo ethi "The Origin of Species" ayibhala ngonyaka we-1859.
Futhi okwakunomthwalo wemfanelo wokubeka izisekelo maqondana nesayensi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Njengoba nje naye aqhubeka nokushintsha umhlaba kusukela lapho. Ngenxa yokuthi umthelela owaba khona ocwaningweni lwesayensi, ngaphezu kwemfundiso yenkolo eyaphakanyiswa, waba mkhulu ngokuphelele.
UMary Wollstonecraft
Akunakwenzeka ukushiya lokho okungaba umama kaMary Shelley, lokhu kube umbhali womsebenzi onesihloko esithi "Frankenstein". Ngakho-ke kwakunguWollstonecraft, umbhali, kanye nomuntu obala. Futhi yaziwa nangaphambi kokushaqeka komhlaba ngenoveli kaShelley. Unyaka azalwa ngawo kwakungu-1759, futhi wagqama ngokuba iphayona ekuqiniseni ukukhulekelwa kwabesifazane. Njengefilosofi yaseBrithani.
Ngakho-ke umsebenzi owawudume kakhulu phakathi kwezimpahla zakhe zokubhala wawuthi "Ukulwelwa kwamalungelo abantu besifazane." Njengoba kunjalo, kwenza impikiswano yokuthi abesifazane babefanelwe yimfundo, kanye namathuba, njengoba kwakunjalo namadoda.
Futhi futhi kwakuwubandlululo oludabukisayo, iqiniso lokuthi abantu besifazane babethathwa ngumphakathi njengemihlobiso yabayeni babo, esikhundleni sokuba ngabangane babo.
Ukushicilelwa kwalo msebenzi kwenzeka ngonyaka ka-1792, ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, okwakungemva kweminyaka emihlanu yalokhu. Ngakho-ke isivumelwano sikaWollstonecraft saba yisisekelo sokuba abesifazane banikezwe, ngalo mnyakazo wobuhlakani okhulayo, amalungelo ahlobene namadoda.
Virginia Woolf
Usuku lokuzalwa lukaVirginia Woolf lwalungoJanuwari 25, 1882. Njengoba kwenzeka ukuthi akakaze aye esikoleni. Ngakho umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala wenziwa lapho esezinkathini ezimaphakathi nezimpi. Njengaseminyakeni elandelayo. Ukuba yimisebenzi yakhe kubhekwa njengamafulegi azo zonke izinhlangano zabesifazane. Phakathi kwezidume kakhulu yilezi:
- UNkk Dalloway
- Endlini yokukhanya
- Amagagasi
Njengoba ayephethwe yi-bipolar disorder, waphetha ngokuphila kwakhe ngo-March 28, 1941.
UMary Shelley wababhali abadumile
Indaba edume kakhulu eyabhalwa uShelley yafika engqondweni yakhe emhlanganweni lapho kuhlongozwa khona ababhali abathathu, okuhlanganisa nomyeni wakhe. Ukuthi "ngamunye abhale ngendaba yesipoki." Ngakho waqala ukubhala kwakhe, okwakufanele futhi kube indaba emfushane kakhulu. Nokho, kuye kwaba inoveli yakhe yokuqala, eyayinesihloko esithi "Frankenstein".
Kamuva, eSwitzerland, wenza incazelo yalelo hlobo, njengokungathi kwakuyisikhathi lapho okokuqala beshiya khona ubungane ekuphileni. Kungashiwo futhi emisebenzini yakhe:
- umuntu wokugcina emhlabeni
- UValperga
USimone de Beauvoir
Ungumbhali waseFrance, owayengomunye wababaluleke kakhulu phakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX. Futhi wadlala indima enkulu embuthweni wabesifazane walelo khulu leminyaka. Okufanayo kuqala ngomsebenzi onesihloko esithi "Ubulili Besibili." Njengoba lokho kubhekise ekuhloleni mayelana neqhaza elakhiwe ngabesifazane ohlakeni lomphakathi ngokuhamba komlando.
Njengoba kuthiwa le ncwadi yayiphethe ukuhlasela amadoda, ngoba bebiza abesifazane. Futhi basebenzise la malebula sengathi yizaba, ukuze banganaki abantu besifazane kanye nokumphika iqiniso lokuthi uyabaqonda.
Ngendlela efanayo, le ncwadi ibonakale ibalulekile ukuze kuqondwe futhi kufundwe izindima ubulili ababenazo, ezihlobene nezocansi. Ngokufanayo, ngaphakathi kwemisebenzi ebhalwe yilo mbhali, kungenzeka ukugqamisa:
- Owesifazane ophukile
- isivakashi
- Izikhumbuzo zowesifazane osemusha osemthethweni
ronald dahl
Ungumbhali wamanoveli, kanye nezindaba ezimfushane. Yena ngokwakhe ungowaseBrithani futhi wayeyiqhawe lempi. Ngenxa yokuthi lapho ukuhlasela kweJalimane kwenzeka, wayengomunye wabashayeli bezindiza bokugcina ukuhoxa eGreece. Nokuzinikela kwakhe ekubhaleleni izingane kuqhamuke esenezingane okungezakhe.
Njengoba ngaleso sikhathi, esendaweni okwakuyindawo yakhe engadini lapho ayenegumbi lakhe lokubhala, wenza ukuguqulwa kwezincwadi zezingane, ngalokho okwakuyihlaya lakhe, okwakungenalo imizwa, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho kwakumnyama. Ngaphezu kokuba neziphetho ezingalindelekile. Emisebenzini yakhe engeke ilibaleke yilena:
- UCharlie kanye nefektri Chocolate
- Matilda
- UJames neGeach Peach
Herman Melville
Ungumbhali wase-United States, ophakathi kwababhali abadumile. Ngenxa kahle umsebenzi wakhe odumile owaziwa emhlabeni wonke, onesihloko esithi "Moby Dick".
Ngakho-ke kuthiwa incwadi, mayelana nokuzingela indoda ethile yokuzingela umkhomo. Ngenxa yokuthi kwakumhlophe ngendlela ethile. Ukuphatha ukuze kubhekwe njengenye yamanoveli angcono kakhulu ake abhalwa ngomsuka waseMelika.
Ngakho-ke lo msebenzi wokubhala ugcwele izimpawu eziningi. Njengoba futhi kuvela ukuthi idumile, inikezwe imininingwane ekhonjiswa mayelana nokudotshwa kwemikhomo phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Kanye nalokho elikubonisayo, inani letakhiwo zohlobo lokulandisa ezehlukene. Ngendlela efanayo, ezinye izincwadi zalo mbhali okufanele zigqanyiswe, phakathi kwezinye yilezi:
- I-Type, i-Edene elizimuzimu
- UBilly Budd, itilosi
UDante Alighieri
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, umsebenzi obalulekile, lapho le mbongi yomdabu wase-Italy igqama khona, yilowo owaziwa ngokuthi "I-Divine Comedy" phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi. Ngakho-ke kuwumsebenzi wokunweba, futhi onemiqulu emithathu efakiwe. Njengoba kunjalo futhi kubhekwa njengenye yemisebenzi engcono kakhulu, ekhona emhlabeni ngesikhathi somlando.
Kule miqulu emithathu, inkondlo eyingqophamlando yakhiwe, iveza izindawo ezintathu okuyizi:
- Isihogo
- I-Purgatory
- I-Paraíso
Njengoba bese kulandelelwa uhambo olwenziwa uDante, kulezi zindawo ezintathu. Khona-ke lokhu kuphathwa, njengesifaniso esihambisana nohambo umphefumulo olwenzayo emhlabeni, ukuze uzuze uNkulunkulu.
Kunjalo ukuthi lo msebenzi, omuhle kakhulu, ukwazile ukwenza uDante aqhubeke nokuthola isidlaliso esithi "Imbongi Ephakeme".
Stephen King
Lo mbhali ngempela ungomunye wababhali abavelele bomsuka waseMelika ezikhathini zamuva nje. Njengoba enamanoveli angaphezu kuka-60 ngesikweletu sakhe sokubhala. Okuphinde kubhekane nezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo, phakathi kwazo sithola lezi:
- Ukwesaba
- Ukumiswa
- Inganekwane yesayensi
Ngokunjalo, lo mbhali ubefanelwe yinqwaba yezindondo. Ukuba necala lokuthi ziyimisebenzi, ziphenduka aziphelelwa yisikhathi, okuthi labo abazifundayo baqhubeke nokuqhubeka bezijabulela phakathi nenani elikhulu leminyaka elandelayo esikhathini esizayo. Ungumbhali owaziwayo, ukuthi nalabo abangakaze bafunde izincwadi zakhe, noma abake bezwe ngaye, bayamazi.
Ngokuqondene namanye amanoveli akhe avelele kakhulu kwabaningi, agqamile:
- Carrie
- Usizi
- IT
- Ukukhanya
UMargaret Atwood
Ungumbhali womdabu waseCanada, ophinde wafakwa ohlwini olufushane loMklomelo we-Booker kaningana. Ukuyifanelekela eminyakeni eyi-2.000 kanye ne-2.019. Phakathi kwezincwadi zakhe, okubhekwa njengobuciko bakhe yileyo enesihloko esithi "The Handmaid's Tale".
Sikhumbula ukuthi futhi kuwumsebenzi we-dystopian, owakwazi ukuthola uMklomelo ka-Arthur C. Clarke ngo-1987. Futhi nakuba incwadi ethiwa iye yahlukaniswa njengenganekwane yesayensi, umbhali ukhetha ukuthi ikhonjiswe njengokuqagela okuqanjiwe. Ngoba njengoba ekubeka: "Inganekwane yesayensi inezilwane ezinkulu kanye nemikhumbi-mkhathi, kodwa izinganekwane eziqagelayo ngempela yinto engenzeka."
Amanye amanoveli akhe amnandi yilawa:
- Umbulali ongaboni
- Alias Umusa
Arthur Conan Doyle
Igama lakhe uSir Arthur Conan Doyle, izifundo zakhe zasenyuvesi zenziwa nombhali wezincwadi odumile, imbongi nombhali wendatshana ogama lakhe linguRobert Louis Stevenson. Ngaphezu kokwabelana ngemidlalo yekhilikithi nombhali nombhali wemidlalo yeshashalazi owaziwayo u-JM Barrie, phakathi kwezinye izingqwele zemibhalo.
Kubabhali abadumile lo mbhali uyena owanikeza ukuphila komunye wabalingiswa abaqashelwa kakhulu abake baziwa, njengomseshi ogama lakhe linguSherlock Holmes. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi ungumseshi odume kunabo bonke.
Kuyafaneleka ukugqamisa inkhulumomphendvulwano ethi "The Final Problem" ayibhala ngo-1893 futhi eba isibonelo sobuhlakani bakhe, ethi:
- Moriarty: "Yonke into engizoyisho isivele yafika engqondweni yakho"
- UHolmes: "Khona-ke mhlawumbe impendulo yami idlule eyakho"
Jane Austen
UJane Austen waziwa njengomunye wababhali bamanoveli ababaluleke kakhulu kulo lonke elaseNgilandi. Ngenxa yokuthi amanye amanoveli afanayo ahlala engashicilelwe, kwaze kwaba ngemva kokushona kwakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi abeke uphawu lwakhe lwesiNgisi kumanoveli akhe ngamunye.
- Kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuqala kwakhe njengombhali kwakuvela kumanoveli ahlukahlukene. Imiphi imisebenzi yemisebenzi emihle kakhulu neningiliziwe eqhubeke yaba ezakudala zomsebenzi okukhulunywa ngayo.
- Umuzwa nokuzwela
- mansfield park
- Emma
Edgar Allan Poe
Kubabhali abadumile, u-Allan Poe uthathwa njengomqambi wohlobo oluhambisana nenoveli yesiGothic. Ngendlela efanayo, waba neqhaza elikhulu ekuqhamukeni kwe-Science Fiction edumile.
Njengoba kungumbhalo wokuqala owaziwayo, ongowokuzalwa e-United States owazama ukuziphilisa ngokubhala imisebenzi yakhe kuphela. Okwagcina ngokuba khona ohlelweni olushaqisayo lwezezimali.
Khona-ke impumelelo evelele ka-Allan Poe ngokungangabazeki kwakuyinkondlo yakhe enesihloko esithi "Igwababa", eyakhiwa ngonyaka we-1845. Futhi leyo eyavela ku-Evening Mirror. Njengoba kunjalo ukuthi nalapho kwaba impumelelo enkulu kakhulu. Bamnika amadola ayi-9 kuphela ukuyikhokha.
Ngendlela efanayo waba umhlaziyi wezincwadi, okwaqashelwa kabanzi ngakho, njengoba ukugxeka kwakhe kwakunonya kangangokuthi wabizwa ngokuthi "i-Tomahawk Man". Ukwenza inkomba yalokho okwakuyizembe elalisetshenziswa abomdabu baseMelika ngesikhathi sempi.
Agatha Christie
Bekunamanoveli abaphenyi angaphezu kuka-66 abhalwe yilo mbhali odabuka eBritish. Ikakhulukazi yilezo ezimayelana nophenyo ngo-Hercule Poirot kanye no-Miss Marple.
Njengoba ayephethe nokubhala umdlalo obizwa ngokuthi, The Mousetrap, okusho ukuthi “La Ratonera” ngeSpanishi, okuwumdlalo osenesikhathi eside udlalwa emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke kwakungomunye wababhali abadume kakhulu besikhathi sonke. Ukuba phakathi kwezimpahla zakhe zokubhala, kusebenza njenge:
- Abamnyama abancane abayishumi
- Ukubulala ku-Orient Express
- Isidumbu emtatsheni wezincwadi
Lewis Carroll
Igama langempela likaLewis Carroll kwakunguCharles Lutwidge Dodgson. Ukuba ngumbhali wencwadi eyaziwa kakhulu ebhaliwe njengeyakudala emhlabeni, enesihloko esithi "Alice in Wonderland". Ngaphezu kokuqhubeka kwayo, enesihloko esithi "Ngokubheka ingilazi".
Kwenzeka lokhu nje okunye okumehlele kakhulu wukuzizwa ekhungathekile ngoba walahlekelwa yimibono eminingi emihle kakhulu. Kuvele okufanayo phakathi nobusuku. Kwaba njalo ngonyaka ka-1891, waqala ukusungula idivayisi ayibiza ngokuthi "nictograph".
Kwakuyikhadi elalinezimbobo ezingu-16 ezaziyisikwele, futhi zazisemigqeni emibili enezikwele eziyisishiyagalombili. Basebenze njengomhlahlandlela, kubo bonke labo basebenzisi, abaqhubeke nokwethula ngendlela efushanisiwe ukuthi yayiyini ikhodi. Okwakhiwe amachashazi namadashi, ukuze kube nethuba lokubhala, ngisho kumnyama.
Graham Greene
Lo mbhali wayengumenzeli we-MI6 wangaphambili. Futhi ebuntwaneni bakhe baphenduka inkimbinkimbi, ngenxa yemizamo eminingi yokuzama ukuzibulala. Ngendlela esabekayo kakhulu egqugquzelwa yizinto aziqambile. Kwathi lapho esekhulile waqhubeka nokudlala i-roulette yesiRashiya.
Kwakungeyena umuntu owayelungile, ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo, njengoba phakathi kwezici zakhe wayeyisiphingi, omubi, ubaba omubi. Okwakukude ukuthi abe ngumuntu oncomekayo. Nokho, imisebenzi ayibhala yayimikhulu, phakathi kwayo kugqama okulandelayo:
- Indoda yesithathu
- Amandla nenkazimulo
- kanye nomuntu waseMelika ongenamdlandla
JRR Tolkien
Kusukela emsebenzini wakhe odumile othi "The Lord of the Rings", kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi akuyona nje inoveli, eye yaba omunye wabathengisi kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Ngenxa yalokho bahlanganisa cishe izigidi ezingu-150 ezidayisiwe. Kodwa futhi kube nesandla ekwakhiweni kohlobo oluhle lwefantasy.
Ngokuphathelene nemibhalo ethi "Middle Earth" iphenduka izinguqulo zomqulu oqanjiwe we-Red Book of the West Frontier. Lo mbhali kufanele athathe kukho okuhlobene nenganekwane yakhe.
Kucatshangelwa ukuthi kunezindikimba eziningi zomlando, eziguqulelwe ezinganekwaneni zasendulo. Umsebenzi we-The Lord of the Rings waba yisisekelo semibhalo yabo bobabili abafundi nababhali bezinganekwane.
Uma ungumthandi wezincwadi, lapha uzothola izindatshana ezinhle kakhulu zokunambitha kwakho. Manje ukumema ukuthi uvakashele isibonelo: