Zonke izinto eziphilayo zinesilinganiso sokuphila, akukho okuphakade futhi nganoma isiphi isikhathi umphefumulo kufanele uphume emzimbeni. Yize kungebona bonke abadlula kulokhu, kuyinkathi ebalulekile empilweni yomuntu, yingakho sikulethela lonke ulwazi mayelana Ukuguga kwamaselula.
Kuyini Ukuvuselelwa Kweseli?
I-organism yenza inqubo yokubuyisela ezingeni lamangqamuzana lapho i-stem cell idala amangqamuzana amasha anezakhi zofuzo ezilingana nawo ukuze athathe indawo yalawo amadala. Kule nqubo, ukuguqulwa komzimba kuhlala njalo, kungaphakathi emzimbeni wethu futhi singakubheka ngokuhlaziya okuningiliziwe, kanye nangaphandle futhi singakuqaphela ekukhuleni kwezinwele noma ukuvuselelwa kwesikhumba esifile.
Kungumsebenzi wemizimba yethu ukulawula ukuthi lokhu kushintshwa kwamaseli kuhlala njalo futhi kuyalinganisela, nokho, kunezici zangaphandle eziwumthwalo womuntu ngamunye futhi lezi zingathinta noma zilibazise le nqubekelaphambili.
Ukuguga kwamaselula
Ukuguga kuhlanganisa zonke izinguquko ezivezwa umzimba kukho konke ukuphila, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amangqamuzana alahlekelwa amandla awo okuzala ngokushesha nangempumelelo, okusho ukuthi ukusebenza kwawo kugcina kuwohloka futhi kuthinte amanye amaseli, okuholela ekukhiqizeni umzimba ukuze ubhekane nemiphumela emibi.
Ososayensi abaningi kanye nochwepheshe ngale ndaba bayahluka ngesikhathi lapho umzimba uqala khona inqubo yokuwohloka, ngoba abaningi bathi kuyisigaba esithile empilweni yabantu, kanti abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lesi sici sizoncika kumuntu, izinto zabo zofuzo kanye nezakhi zofuzo. izici ezithile zomzimba, njengoba umzimba wabo bonke abantu uhlukile futhi uhlukile esigabeni sawo.
Umzimba unezinga lokumelana nomlingiswa wokuziphendukela kwemvelo wempilo kanye nemvelo, ethuthuka esigabeni sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa komuntu, nokho, njengoba umzimba uguga, ukumelana nakho kuba buthaka futhi ezimweni eziningi I-organism ayisekho. ekwazi ukuzivumelanisa nenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okusho ukuthi igcina inikeze ukuguga, ukuze ekugcineni ife.
Inqubo yokuguga ayibuyiseleki emuva futhi zonke izinto eziphilayo zidlula kuyo, kodwa hhayi kuphela izidalwa eziphilayo, ngoba i-senescence ibhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi noma yimuphi umzimba noma isakhiwo esingaphansi kwemithetho yesikhathi nendawo sinamandla okuwohloka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. isikhathi.
Ukuguga Kweselula Emzimbeni Womuntu
Le nqubo ihlobene, lokho kusho ukuthi ijubane lokuguga komzimba lizoncika kumzimba womuntu ngamunye. Inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kanye nemikhuba yokunakekela ihlukile kumuntu ngamunye, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sofuzo kuyisici esithonya kakhulu ukuguga kwamaselula.
Njengamanje isilinganiso sobude bokuphila komuntu siphakathi kweminyaka engama-75 nengama-85, isikhathi esiphezulu sokuphila iminyaka eyi-120, nokho-ke, inani labantu abakwaziyo ukufinyelela le minyaka noma isilinganiso liphansi kakhulu.
Izindlela Zokuguga Kweselula
Ukuguga kwamaselula kuyisihloko esifundwe amashumi eminyaka amaningi, ubudlelwano baso Izici zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinye izici ezixhumene ezihlukene, nokho, akukwazanga ukuxhunyaniswa nethiyori eyodwa.
Amathiyori abekwe iminyaka eminingi ngochwepheshe abaningi ngale ndaba, kepha akekho noyedwa kubo ovumelene kokukodwa noma okumbalwa okuqondile, aze ahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili asebenza ngale ndlela:
Imibono ye-Stochastic
Iphakamisa ukuthi ngaphezu kwethonya lezakhi zofuzo ekuphileni isikhathi eside, uchungechunge lwezici zesimo ezitholakala endaweni ezungezile futhi ezizungeze bonke abantu nazo zithinta ukuphila.
- Ukuguqulwa kweSomatic
Amangqamuzana emizimba yethu ahlala ephindaphinda kusukela sazalwa futhi njengoba sikhula, nokho-ke, amangqamuzana ahlala esengozini yokuba nesici lapho ehlukana, okuyinto evamile kakhulu njengoba sikhula futhi umzimba unezivikelo ezanele zokuqeda ezinye zalezi. amangqamuzana, kodwa amanye aqoqana futhi akhiqize, okubangela izinkinga emzimbeni.
- Ama-radicals wamahhala
Ama-radicals wamahhala akhiqizwa lapho ama-electron azungeza ama-molecule kuwo wonke umzimba wethu futhi agcine ibhalansi, ehlukene, khona-ke i-molecule engenawo ama-electron izoba i-radical yamahhala, noma kunjalo, izofuna ukuyibuyisela futhi kuzodingeka intshontshe kwenye i-molecule. , ngale ndlela inqubo iphindaphindiwe kaninginingi, ithinta amangqamuzana amaningi kule nqubo.
Nokho, lena akuyona ukuphela kwenqubo lapho umzimba ukhiqiza ama-radicals mahhala, isibonelo; zikhiqizwa ekubola kwe-oksijini ukuze kamuva zibe nomthelela ekwakhiweni kokudla futhi zikwazi ukukhipha amandla nezakhi. Ngokufanayo, umzimba uwasebenzisa njengesivikelo kubuthi obuthinta umzimba. Nasendaweni ezungezile lawa ma-radicals ayatholakala.
- Iphutha-Inhlekelele
Inqubo okwakhiwa ngayo amaprotheni amasha ingaba namaphutha, lokho kungasho ukuthi ukuhlukahluka okuthile ku- Isakhiwo se-DNA nokuthi amaprotheni asanda kukhiqizwa ahlushwa uhlobo oluthile lwe-anomaly.
Umzimba, njengezinye izinhlelo eziningi, unokuzivikela ukuze uqede la maprotheni angalungile, nokho, lapha kwenzeka futhi njengama-radicals mahhala futhi ukuqoqwa kwamaprotheni angavamile angakaqedwa kungadala inhlekelele ngenxa yokusebenzisana okungavumelani umzimba. Ngalesi sizathu kunikezwe igama elithi error-catastrophe, elihlobene nomthetho "wesenzo nokusabela".
- izixhumanisi zamangqamuzana
Uma ama-athomu amabili enamathela, i-molecule iyakhiqizwa futhi lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-covalent bond, into efanayo ingenzeka ngama-molecule lapho ejoyina, kodwa lokhu kunciphisa ukusebenza kwawo.
- Amasosha omzimba
Ama-T cell, angamasosha omzimba, abaluleke kakhulu empilweni yanoma iyiphi into ephilayo, kodwa empilweni yomuntu ahlobene kakhulu nokuphila isikhathi eside komuntu, ngoba yiwo avikelayo. umzimba kusuka kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezifo futhi zikugcina unempilo.
Njengoba umuntu ekhula futhi ekhula, isitho esivuthwayo siyaba buthaka. okufanele kube umjikelezo ozenzakalelayo.
Singacabanga ukuthi ukuxhumana okukhona phakathi kwalezi zici ezimbili kungase kube ngenxa yokuthi umzimba uthatha ukuthi ngeke kube yisikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba umuntu akhiqize, ngakho-ke kungase kube ukuwohloka okukhulayo komzimba, kuhamba kancane ngokwanele ukunikeza umuntu isikhathi esanele zala.
Izinkolelo-mbono zokunquma
Baphakamisa ukuthi kusukela ngesikhathi sizalwa, umzimba wethu uhlelwe ukuba uphile isikhathi esithile sokuphila nokuthi isimo sethu enqubweni yokuguga sesivele sisungulwe, okungavamile ukuzivumela ukuba siguquke ngenxa yezici zemvelo.
- Umkhawulo Ekukhiqizeni Kabusha Amaseli
Ekuqaleni kwakukholelwa ukuthi ikhono lokuzala emangqamuzaneni lalingapheli, nokho, kukhona uhlobo lweseli olungahlukanisa izikhathi ezingu-50 kuphela, kwatholakala nokuthi ijubane amangqamuzana akhiqiza ngalo liyehla kakhulu uma umuntu emdala. .
- Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo
Ochwepheshe abaningi baye benza iziphakamiso ezisekelwe embonweni wokuthi ukuguga akukona nje ukonakala, kodwa kunalokho kungaba ingxenye yenqubekelaphambili yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Bacabanga ukuthi kuyisinyathelo sokuvimbela ukuze inani labantu bohlobo oluthile lingeqi, nakuba abaningi futhi bephikisa ngokuthi lokhu ngeke kube okuyisisekelo ezilwaneni endaweni yazo yemvelo, njengoba iningi lingafinyeleli ngisho nasenqubweni yokuguga futhi bagcine befa kudala ngaphambi kwalokho.
Njengoba sesishilo ngaphambili, inhloso eyinhloko yazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ukuzala, ngakho-ke ngokushesha nje lapho umzimba wethu usukwazi ukuzala, umzimba uqala ngenqubo yokuzala. ukuguga kwamaselula. Lokho kusho ukuthi umuntu uqala ukufa kusukela esemncane kakhulu futhi yonke iminyaka yokuphila esele kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke ibalulekile.
- I-Genetics kanye Nokuphila Kade
Ochwepheshe abaningi babuye bacabange ukuthi izakhi zofuzo azinabo ubuhlobo obuqondile nesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuphila kwabantu noma ukuthi akuyona into ephoqelelayo enqubweni yokuguga, kunalokho bakubheka njengenkambo ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwempilo ngokwayo nokuthi izinto eziphilayo aziqeqeshiwe. ukuphila phakade, kodwa ukuqaphela ukuba khona njengento yesikhashana.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma izakhi zofuzo ziqashelwa njengengxenye yesimiso esinzima kakhulu esingalawula ukuphila isikhathi eside nokuthi, uma kungenzeka, singalawulwa abantu, lesi simiso singase sisetshenziswe futhi sishintshwe ngokuthanda kwakhe.
Ukusebenza Komzimba Ngaphambi Kokuguga Kweselula
Lapho inqubo yokuguga iqala, wonke umzimba uyawohloka, umzimba uqala ukulahlekelwa yimisebenzi yokuqala futhi ukuguqulwa akwenzeki ngaphakathi kuphela, ngoba ukwehla kubuye kubonakale ekubukekeni komzimba womuntu, konke lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi amangqamuzana umzimba okhiqizwayo wehlisa ijubane futhi wehlise ukusebenza kwawo, ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho uthinta ukusebenza kwamanye amaseli.
Lezi zici zihlolisiswe kahle, okugxilwe kuyo Izinjongo zocwaningo ukuze abaningana bathuthukise amagatsha ahlukahlukene kwesayensi, phakathi kwabo okuyisisekelo, okungaba yisayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Sekungamashumi eminyaka ochwepheshe bephethe ukuhlolisisa lesi sihloko nokuthi zonke izifundo ezenziwayo ziyaqinisekiswa, njengoba ukuguga kuyingxenye yezikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuphila futhi kungahambisana nesigaba esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Ukubukeka ngokomzimba
Izinguquko ekubukeni kwangaphandle zibonakala kakhulu, ngoba umzimba wethu uhlala ushintsha njalo futhi uthuthuka, ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo ukuthi enye yezindlela ezilula zokubona ukuguga kwamangqamuzana ngokubukeka kwangaphandle, njengasesikhumbeni, izinwele kanye nesikhumba. izinguquko emisipha.
Ukuncipha kwesisindo kungenye yezinguquko eziphawulekayo, uma kungekho ukunyakaza komzimba okuqhubekayo, khona-ke kuyoba nokungalingani okuphawulekayo ekusabalaliseni isisindo emzimbeni wonke, lokhu kwenzeka futhi ngenxa yokuthi amangqamuzana alahlekelwa usayizi, ngaleyo ndlela kuholele kuwo wonke umzimba. kuncishiswe.
Kufakazelwa ukuthi ngisho nasenqubweni yokuguga, izicubu aziyeki ukukhula, ngenxa yalesi sizathu izinwele nezinzipho ziyaqhubeka zikhula, ikakhulukazi izinzwane, eziba nzima futhi zibe nzima.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhula kwezinwele kunciphisa futhi kushintshe umbala ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamaminerali abalulekile, i-melanin, ukukhiqizwa kwayo kuncipha ngo-1% ngonyaka. Ukuqothuka kwezinwele nakho kuvame kakhulu kubo bobabili ubulili, njengoba ukwanda kwezinwele ebusweni.
I-pigment ye-epidermis iyakhanya, izitho zilahlekelwa ukuguquguquka futhi isikhumba siqala ukoma, lokhu kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kwemiphetho esikhumbeni kanye nokubukeka kwemisipha egoqayo. Ubuso yilapho kwakheka khona imibimbi eminingi, i-languor esikhumbeni ibonakala kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwamehlo noma ku-double chin.
I-Bone and Muscular Aspect
Njengoba sesishilo ngaphambili, kule nqubo isisindo somzimba siyancipha, njengoba nje amathambo eqala ukuntula usawoti wamaminerali okwenza abe buthakathaka, lesi simo siba sibi kakhulu ngenxa yokungawuvivinyi umzimba futhi uma kwenzeka kungagcini ukudla okunomsoco okucebile. izakhamzimba, lokhu kuvame ukubonakala kakhulu kwabesifazane.
Ukuma ngokuvamile kuthinteka kakhulu, umhlane ungaba nokugoba okungavamile okubangelwa ubuthakathaka emgogodleni futhi lokhu kulimaza nemikhawulo engezansi. Amadolo nezinqulu kunokuguqulwa kwesisindo esibekwe kubo, ngendlela yokuthi umzimba uzobe ufuna ibhalansi futhi lokhu kuzothinta indlela yokuhamba.
Umzimba womuntu osekhulile awusakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi omningi womzimba njengoba umuntu osemusha engenza, udinga isikhathi eside sokuphumula futhi ukuphefumula kungaba nzima uma kuphoqelekile, ikhono lokunyakaza komzimba isikhathi eside. kuncipha.
Kuyinto evamile ukuthi amalunga aphezulu aguge ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuthinte ukunyakaza futhi kubangele ubuhlungu obubonakala kakhulu ekugugeni. Kuye ngokuthi umuntu usebenza kanjani, ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwamalungu kungancishiswa noma kunwetshwe, kukhiqize izinkinga ezahlukene ekuhambeni kwezitho.
Kumelwe sigcizelele ukuthi zonke lezi zinguquko zivamile futhi umthelela ngamunye wabo ongaba nawo emzimbeni wethu ungavinjelwa, ngokunakekelwa kahle komzimba, ukudla okulinganiselayo kanye nomkhuba wokuzivocavoca noma umdlalo othile, akufanele kuthinte okwedlulele. ukusebenza komzimba.
I-Circulatory noma i-Cardiovascular System
Iningi lezinkinga ezihlobene nokuguga kwenhliziyo zingelashwa, kodwa uma zingalawulwa ngesikhathi, zingaholela ezifweni ezimbi kakhulu. Ukuntuleka kwamaseli emiseleni yalesi simiso kungase kuthinte isigqi sokushaya kwenhliziyo, kubangele ukuba iphampe kancane.
Kungenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile ukuthi inhliziyo ikhule ngosayizi esikhundleni sokufinyela, lokhu kubangela ukuthi inani legazi eligeleza esithweni linciphe. Imithambo nezindonga nazo ziyakhula, okwenza kube nzima ukugeleza kwegazi, okubangela ukuba isitho sisebenze ngokweqile futhi sikhulise umfutho wegazi, okuyinto evamile kubantu asebekhulile, kodwa kunezimo lapho lo mfutho wedlula owejwayelekile futhi kufanele ugcinwe. ngaphansi kokulawula.
Izici kwezinye Izitho kanye Nezinhlelo
Imiphumela ye ukuguga kwamaselula ohlelweni lokugaya ukudla kanye nesakhiwo sayo sonke sivame ukusithinta kancane kunezinye izinhlelo, nokho-ke, kuyadingeka ukulawula okuthile kukho konke okudliwe, njengoba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uhlelo lokugaya luba bucayi kakhulu ekudleni okungase kucasule. wena.
Izinsini zivame ukuphelelwa amandla futhi zibe buthaka, okungabangela amazinyo amaningana aphume, yingakho amazinyo okufakelwa evame kakhulu kubantu abadala. Ama-flavour awasabonwa ngokushuba okunjalo futhi kunezinkinga eziningi uma kuziwa ekugayeni ukudla, kufanele uqaphele kulokhu njengoba kungase kubangele ukuthi okunye ukudla kubambeke emgudwini wokugaya ukudla.
I-mucosa esebenza ukuhlanganisa i-atrophies yezindonga zamathumbu, ivimbela umzimba ekumunceni ngempumelelo imisoco namanzi esitulweni nokudla. Ukukhishwa kwezindonga kuncipha, futhi ukugaya ukudla kunciphisa.
Ohlelweni lokuchama, imithambo nemithambo eyisa igazi ezinso iyakhula, njengakwezinye izitho zomzimba, futhi igazi ligeleza kancane.
Ubukhulu besinye buyancishiswa, izindonga ziyancipha, lesi yisizathu sokuthi kungani singasakwazi ukugcina uketshezi oluningi futhi isidingo sokuchama siba njalo. Ikhono lokugcina uketshezi isikhathi eside lingase libe sengozini, kubangele izingozi ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kweGenetics nokuguga
Izici ezinomthelela ekugugeni kwamangqamuzana nokuphila isikhathi eside komuntu yizakhi zofuzo kanye nama-ejenti endawo ezungezile axhumene ngokuseduze nabo bonke abantu. Kunezici ezine eziyisisekelo ezifakazelwe zethonya lezakhi zofuzo esikhathini sokuphila kwanoma iyiphi into ephilayo, lezi ezilandelayo:
- Zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zinokulindela okuqinisekile mayelana nokuthi ubude bazo bungaba isikhathi esingakanani.
- Kukhona izakhi zofuzo ezingasheshisa inqubo yokuguga lapho kukhona ukuphazamiseka esakhiweni sabo.
- Ukuba khona kwezakhi zofuzo ezihlobene nokuphila isikhathi eside ngokwedlulele okungenzeka kwaqinisekiswa, lokhu kusho ukuthi ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwemikhuba nokunakekela kumuntu, emashumini ambalwa eminyaka kungenzeka ukwelula isikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuphila kumuntu. .
- Izidalwa ezinofuzo olufanayo zinezikhathi zokuphila ezifanayo kakhulu.
Okokuqala, sikutshela ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zinezakhiwo ezihlukene kakhulu nokubunjwa, ukuze inqubo yokuguga kwamaselula izofana. Ubude besikhathi sokuphila kwalezi zinhlobo buyashintshwa ukuze zifeze ukukhula kwazo, zivundise amaphuphu azo futhi zife, lena indlela engokwemvelo izilwane nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezinayo.
Kodwa-ke, kubantu kuhluke kancane, njengoba ukuphila okulinganiselwe kanye nentuthuko yinde futhi uma inqubo isebenza ngendlela efanayo nezinye izinto eziphilayo, impilo yobulili kufanele iqale esemncane, cishe ngesikhathi umuntu aqala ngaso futhi ukuzalwa kwakhe. umzimba uyakwazi ukuvundisa, kulokhu umuntu uzodinga iminyaka engu-30 kuphela ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke lezi zinhloso.
Izifundo ezinemininingwane eminingi zenziwe ngethonya langempela izakhi zofuzo ezinalo empilweni yomuntu, ikakhulukazi amawele asetshenziswa njengezifundo zokuhlolwa futhi idatha yempilo yawo yahlolwa ukuze iqhathaniswe neyezinye izifundo, ulwazi olutholiwe lubonakale lwembula kakhulu futhi kulokhu, kwanqunywa ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zinokubusa okungenani okungama-35% ngaphezu kokuphila isikhathi eside nempilo kubantu.
Ama-ejenti Ahlobene Nokuguga Kweselula
Nakuba ososayensi abaningi bekholelwa ukuthi isici esiyinhloko esihlobene nokuphila isikhathi eside kuyizakhi zofuzo, ukuthi isikhathi sokuphila sinqunywa kusengaphambili izakhi zofuzo nokuthi izici zemvelo aziphazamisi noma azenzeki, kodwa ngomthelela ophansi, iqiniso abaningi abavumelana nalo nalokho abangakufundisanga bonke. ukuphila kwabo, ukuthi kuye ngokuthi sithuthuka kanjani kanye nokusebenzelana esinakho nemvelo kuzonquma ukuthi inqubo yethu yokuguga izoba kanjani.
Sitshelwe ukuthi ukudla okunempilo nokuvivinya umzimba njalo kungabaluleka ukuze ukuguga kwamangqamuzana kubekezeleleke kakhudlwana futhi neminyaka yokuphila kwethu inwebe kakhulu, njengoba ukudla okunamafutha amaningi noshukela kanye nokungawuvivinyi umzimba kuletha imiphumela eyingozi kakhulu. yokuphila.
Nokho, ngokusho kochwepheshe, lezi akuzona kuphela izici eziwuthintayo, njengoba ubuhlobo, umndeni nezinye izinto ezifana nomsebenzi nokucindezeleka kuyizici ezibalulekile. Indlela yokuphila esinayo kanye nendlela esiphatha ngayo zonke izici zempilo yethu izoba yisisekelo, hhayi kuphela esigabeni sokuguga, kodwa nakuyo yonke intuthuko yethu.
