Amandla amnyama angenye yezinto eziyindida nezingaziwa emkhakheni we-cosmology.. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imelela cishe u-70% wamandla atholakala endaweni yonke, ubunjalo bayo obunembile buhlala buyimfihlo.
Kulesi sihloko, uzothola ithuba lokuhlola ngokujulile umqondo wamandla amnyama, umlando wokutholakala kwawo, imibono ezama ukuyichaza, kanye nezinselele ososayensi ababhekana nazo emzamweni wabo wokuqonda le mfihlakalo ye-cosmic. Awukwazi ukuphuthelwa yilesi simemo, thola ukuthi siyini Amandla Amnyama: Imfihlakalo Yokwandiswa Kwendawo Yonke.
Ayini amandla amnyama?
Amandla amnyama umqondo we-theoretical physics kanye ne-cosmology osetshenziselwa ukuchaza uhlobo lwamandla olubonakala lukhona emkhathini wonke futhi luhilelekile ekwandeni okusheshayo kwendawo yonke.
Ithatha i-70% yesikhala se-cosmic futhi imvelo yayo ayikaziwa. Sazi kuphela ukuthi ikhona nokuthi iziphatha kanjani, futhi lokhu kuboniswa ngokubhekwa kwe-cosmological okuvela kuyo amamodeli etiyetha achaza ukuthi lolu hlobo oluyimfihlakalo lwamandla luthonya kanjani inhlangano ye-cosmic.
Amandla Amnyama aziphatha kanjani endaweni yonke?
Ukuhlola izinkanyezi kusikisela lokho unesibopho sokusheshisa ukwanda kwendawo yonke kusukela cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-6,145 edlule esebenza njengamandla adonsela phansi anengekayo.
Kusukela kuhlaka lwethiyori yokuhlobana okujwayelekile, eyakhiwe ngu-Albert Einstein, amandla amnyama angabhekwa njengomthombo owengeziwe wamandla nesisindo esinomthelela ekugoqeni kwesikhathi sendawo. Ngale ndlela, amandla amnyama kungaba a i-cosmological njalo, uhlobo lwe vacuum energy okuhlala kungashintshi ngesikhathi nasemkhathini.
Eminye imibono, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphakamisa ukuthi amandla amnyama ingahlotshaniswa nezinkambu zamandla aguqukayo, njenge- inkambu ye-quintessence noma i-quintessence, engashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ibe nezinto ezifana noketshezi.
Njengoba sibona, amamodeli etiyetha ahlukahlukene futhi ngayinye yawo ikhomba indlela ehlukile emzamweni wokuchaza uhlobo lwalolu hlobo lwamandla oluyinqaba nokuthi luziphatha kanjani endaweni yonke. Kamuva sizohlola amamodeli wetiyetha kuze kube manje azame ukuchaza ukuthi amandla amnyama ayini.
Amandla Amnyama kanye Nendaba Emnyama akufani
Kubalulekile ukuthi ungaphambanisi amandla amnyama nezinto ezimnyama, ziyimiqondo emibili ehluke kakhulu evela ku-cosmology, futhi nakuba zombili zakha ingxenye enkulu yokwakheka kwendawo yonke, zidlala izindima ezihlukene.
- Indaba emnyama iwuhlobo lwendaba, ngakho-ke, inqwaba ephathekayo, njengoba enjalo enethonya elinamandla ladonsela phansi endabeni ebonakalayo yendawo yonke.
- Amandla amnyama, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ayindlela yokucabanga noma ecatshangelwayo yamandla. ukuba khona kwawo okuwukucatshangelwa nje komphumela onawo ekwandeni okusheshisa indawo yonke, okuphumela emandleni angaqondakali emvelo engaziwa. Amandla amnyama awakwazi ukuphathwa njengendlela evamile yamandla ngakho-ke kuwumqondo onzima kakhulu ukuwuqonda kunodaba olumnyama.
Sengiphetha, i-dark matter iwuhlobo lwento, kuyilapho amandla amnyama ehlotshaniswa nensimu ethatha yonke indawo futhi iningi kakhulu kunento emnyama.
Amandla Amnyama atholakale kanjani?
Emigqeni embalwa elandelayo sizothatha uhambo olufushane lomlando we-theoretical physics oholele ekutholakaleni kwamandla amnyama. Siqala:
I-Einstein's Cosmological Constant
Ngokuka-Einstein ngokwakhe, i-cosmological constant "kwakuyiphutha lakhe elikhulu." Kodwa-ke, isayensi yakhiwe "ngokuqoqwa kwamaphutha" futhi lokho kuvumela ukuqhubeka kwayo. Mhlawumbe lelo “phutha” laliwukulinganiselwa kolwazi olujulile ngendawo yonke.
U-Albert Einstein uhlongoze i-cosmological constant ukuze athole isisombululo esizinzile ku-gravitional field equation yakhe, okuyinto kungaholela ekukhombeni indawo yonke esesimweni sokuma.
Nokho, ukuphawula kuka-Edwin Hubble kwabonisa ukuthi indawo yonke iyanda., futhi kulapho u-Einstein abhekisela khona kulokho okungaguquki kwendawo yonke ngokuthi "iphutha lakhe elikhulu." Umlando we-physics wawukulo mzuzu esanduleleni sokutholwa kwembangela yokwanda kwendawo yonke: amandla amnyama.
Ukusheshisa Kokwanda Komkhathi
Ukutholakala kwe-supernovae ekude ngamaqembu amabili ezazi zezinkanyezi ngo-1998 kwaphawula ingqopha-mlando emlandweni wesayensi yendawo yonke, okwaholela ososayensi ukuba bakhe “ucezu olungafanelana nephazili” olwaluzochaza ukwanda okusheshayo kwendawo yonke: amandla amnyama ahlongozwa njengembangela yalokho kusheshisa.
Imibono kanye namamodeli achazayo Amandla Amnyama
I-Cosmological Constant kanye namandla e-Vacuum
Enye yemibono eyamukelwa kakhulu ukuchaza amandla amnyama ukuthi ahlobene namandla e-vacuum yesikhathi sendawo ngokwaso.
I-cosmological constant ka-Einstein ingahunyushwa njengokubonakaliswa kwamandla e-vacuum., okunomthelela onyanyekayo ekwandeni kwendawo yonke. Ngakho, kusukela kumbono wokuhlobana, amandla amnyama angaba nomthelela kuleyo “ndwangu yesikhathi sasemkhathini” esekela indawo yonke, iwugobe futhi ibangele ukwanda kwawo.
I-Quintessence ne-Scalar Fields
Enye inkolelo-mbono iphakamisa ukuthi amandla amnyama angaba uhlobo lwe "quintessence", uhlobo lwendaba lapho ukuminyana kwamandla kungahluka ngesikhathi nendawo.
Le quintessence izohlotshaniswa nezinkambu ze-scalar, iminikelo yazo ekuminyana kwamandla okungashintsha kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukubhekwa kwe-cosmological kubonisa ukuba khona kwe-Dark Energy
Thayipha i-Ia Supernovae
Ubufakazi bokuqala obuqondile bamandla amnyama bavela ekubonweni kokusheshisa izinga lokunwetshwa kwendawo yonke ngokutadisha uhlobo lwe-Ia supernovae. Lezi zinkanyezi ezifayo ezikhanyayo kuvunyelwe izazi zezinkanyezi bala amabanga ukuya emithala yabo ewusuku futhi thola ukuthi babesuka ngokushesha kangakanani kithi.
I-Cosmic Background Radiation
Obunye ubufakazi bokuba khona kwamandla amnyama butholwe ngokubhekwa kwe imisebe yangemuva ye-cosmic, okuyi-echo eshisayo ye-Big Bang. Izilinganiso ezinembile zokuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa kule misebe ziye zavumela ososayensi ukuba balinganisele inani lamandla amnyama endaweni yonke ngokunemba okukhulu.
Amaphrojekthi Amanje Ocwaningo Lwezamandla Amnyama
I-Dark Energy Survey (DES)
I-Dark Energy Survey iphrojekthi yokubuka izinkanyezi efuna ukuqonda kangcono amandla amnyama ngokusebenzisa ukulinganisa ukusatshalaliswa kwemithala nokwanda kwendawo yonke. Le phrojekthi isebenzisa isibonakude sika-Victor M. Blanco e-Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory e-Chile ukuze yenze lokho ekubonayo.
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
I-Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, ehlelelwe ukwethulwa eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, ihlose ukufunda amandla amnyama futhi inikeze ukuqonda okujulile ngobunjalo bayo. Lesi sibonakude sasemkhathini siklanyelwe ukusebenza izilinganiso ezinembile zokwanda kwendawo yonke ngaphezu kwesikhathi se-cosmic.
Ezinye Izincazelo Ezingezinye Zamandla Amnyama
Ukuguqulwa Kwethiyori Ejwayelekile Yokuhlobana
Okunye okungase kuchaze amandla amnyama ukuthi inkolelo-mbono evamile ka-Einstein yokuhlobana ayisebenzi esikalini se-cosmological futhi kufanele ishintshwe. Nokho, kuze kube manje, awukho umzamo wokushintsha ukuhlobana okujwayelekile okwazile ukuqeda amandla amnyama ngaphandle kokwephula eminye imibono.
I-Dark Matter Effects
Enye incazelo ehlukile kungaba ukuthi amandla amnyama a umphumela wesibili wokusebenzisana kwento emnyama namandla adonsela phansi namandla evacuum esikalini se-cosmic. Nakuba lo mbono uthakazelisa, abukho ubufakazi obuqondile obusekela le nkolelo-mbono.
Ikusasa Lomkhathi
Umkhathi Ohlala Unwebeka
Uma kunento eyodwa esiqiniseka ngayo, ukuthi indawo yonke ikhula ngezinga elikhulayo futhi kungenxa "yini" ososayensi abaye babiza amandla amnyama.
Ukuba khona kwamandla amnyama, ngakho-ke, kusho ukuthi indawo yonke izoqhubeka nokukhula ezikhathini ezizayo, kubonakala sengathi akukho lutho oluzomisa ukusheshisa kwawo. Ngakho, esikhathini esizayo esikude, cishe yonke imithala izonyamalala emehlweni ethu, isishiye sodwa endaweni eyandayo engenalutho nemnyama. Okusiphazamisayo ukusho okuncane, asazi noma uhlobo lwabantu luyosinda yini ukuze lulubone.
Isiphetho Esibandayo Nesimnyama?
Uma amandla amnyama eqhubeka nokubusa indawo yonke, kungenzeka ukuthi ekugcineni afinyelele esimweni esibizwa ngokuthi "ukufa okushisa", lapho zonke izinkanyezi zizobe sezidliwe futhi ngeke kube namandla anele ukudala izakhiwo ezintsha ze-cosmic. Kulesi simo, indawo yonke yayizobanda futhi ibe mnyama.
Ekuphethweni
Amandla amnyama angenye yezimfihlakalo ezinkulu ze-cosmology yesimanje. Ukutholakala kwayo kuholele ekutheni ososayensi bafune izinkolelo-mbono ezintsha nezincazelo zale mpicabadala.
Nakuba kungakaqondwa ngokugcwele, ukufuna ukuqonda kangcono amandla amnyama kuyaqhubeka nokuba yinto ehamba phambili ocwaningweni lwezinkanyezi. Ngamaphrojekthi afana ne-Dark Energy Survey kanye ne-Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, Ososayensi banethemba lokwembula imfihlakalo yamandla amnyama futhi ekugcineni baveze ubunjalo beqiniso bomkhathi esiphila kuwo.
UCABANGANI? Isiphetho nokuziphatha kwendawo yonke kukhulu, futhi konke sibonga la Amandla Amnyama: Imfihlakalo Yokwandiswa Kwendawo Yonke.