Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kwakungenzeka kanjani ukuthi amaJalimane (kanye noHitler), ekupheleni kuka-1944, ahlele ukuphikiswa okunjalo futhi empeleni asebenze, kubalulekile ukugxila kafushane mayelana nesimo ekamu lama-Allied.
Ecindezelwe uJoseph Stalin, obekade efuna ukuvulwa kwecala lesibili isikhathi eside, Ama-Allies afika eNormandy enyakatho yeFrance ngoJuni 1944. Ukuthuthukiswa kwakushesha futhi kunquma: i Ngo-Agasti 25, iParis yakhululwa, ngenkathi ku impi yephakethe likaFalaise, amaJalimane ahoxayo ashiya iziboshwa ezingu-10.000 50.000 neziboshwa okungenani ezingu-XNUMX XNUMX. Khonamanjalo, amadlelandawonye nawo asefikile eningizimu.
"I-winner syndrome": isimo se-Allies ngokumelene noHitler
Ekupheleni kwehlobo, iFrance yayikhululekile. Ithathwe injabulo yokunqoba, ngo-September, ama-Anglo-Americans (okumele kwengezwe kuwo amaqembu amaningi aseCanada, aseFrance nasePoland) aqala ukuhlasela budedengu ngamasosha asemoyeni e-Holland, ngale komlomo we-Rhine (I-Operation Market Garden), kodwa ukuhlasela kuxazululwa ngokulahlekelwa okuqinile nokusinda okukhulu.
AmaJalimane abuyela emuva ngokuphumelelayo futhi abambe yonke indawo. udonga olusentshonalanga, umugqa onezivikelo eziqinile osuka eNetherlands uye eSwitzerland. Impi esheshayo ngokushesha iphenduka ibe a impi yokunqamuka, akufani naleyo eyalwiwa, futhi phakathi kwamaMelika namaJalimane, phakathi kuka-1917 no-1918. Imigqa ephambili nezindawo zempi, ngokuxakayo, ziyafana.
Lapho kufika ikwindla imizamo ehlukahlukene yokuqhuma, eyenziwe ngabalingani, iphula ukumelana ne- Wehrmacht futhi imiphumela yokulahlekelwa okuningi iqala ukuzwakala: ku ihlathi elibuhlungu, indawo yezimpi ezinzima kakhulu, isibonelo, amaMelika ekugcineni azolahlekelwa amadoda angaphezu kuka-30.000. NgoDisemba, njengoba iqhwa lokuqala liqala ukuwa, manje sekuyacaca ukuthi, ngokuphambene nalokho izikhulu eziningi eziphikisana noHitler Allied ezazikulindele futhi zabikezela, impi ngeke iphele ngokhisimusi.
Abasekeli ngokumelene noHitler bayazethemba
Noma kunjalo, abahlanganyeli baqiniseka ngokuqinile ukuthi manje sebekude nesinyathelo esisodwa ekunqobeni futhi badla lokhu kukholelwa ngokuzikhukhumeza ngokweqile nangokuzidla okuthile, kunqunywa ukuphakama okucacile ngokwamadoda, izindlela nezinsiza abangazisebenzisa.
Yilo mqondo wokuphepha ofihleke kabi oholela ama-Allies kuwo bukela phansi izinhloso zesitha futhi hhayi kunoma yisiphi isitha: U-Adolf Hitler usezintambo, kuyiqiniso, kodwa umshayisibhakela ekhoneni uyesabeka nakakhulu, ngoba uzimisele ukudlala yonke into ngayo yonke into. IJalimane nayo, naphezu kobunzima, ngo-1944 isenamandla amakhulu empi.
Ukunyakaza kwamaJalimane ekupheleni kukaNovemba, nakuba kungabonakali ngokuphelele, nokho kwehliswa inhloko yenhlangano. ukuhlakanipha ally, Major General Kenneth Strong, njengendlela elula yokuzivikela. Nokho, uStrong akuyena yedwa onesibopho. LIzikhulu eziningi zaseBrithani nezaseMelika zikholelwa ukuthi zinamandla amakhulu phezu komkhankaso wamanje kangangokuthi azicabangi ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi iJalimane ihlasele..
Izinkinga Zezempi: Zenzelwe Noma Zimelene NoHitler?
Kulokhu okubonwayo kwemvelo yesu kumele sengeze imibuzo yesimo sezempi esiqinile. Okokuqala, kumelwe sicabangele ubunzima bemishini ye-allied Logistics ukuhlinzeka ngebutho elikhulu nelikhethekile kakhulu, edinga inani elikhulu lokudla, izinto zokunethezeka, izinhlamvu, izinto ezihamba ngemoto, izingxenye ezisele.
Ngaphandle kwesembozo esikhulu sezikhali nezikhali, abaseMelika abahlaseli, abaseBrithani (abahlala engxenyeni esenyakatho, eHolland) bahlala bengasebenzi futhi abaqhubeki phambili. Ukunqotshwa kwe-Antwerp, nechweba layo elikhulu, ngokungangabazeki kwasiza ekuxazululeni ingxenye yenkinga., kodwa yehlulekile ukubuyisela umfutho ekuhlaseleni iGermany. Ngakho-ke, kunesidingo sangempela sokumisa, okungenani ebusika, ukuhlela kabusha futhi ugcwalise amandla okuhlasela kokugcina.
Bese kuba khona isici somuntu okufanele sicatshangelwe: inqwaba yamasosha ahlangene ibilokhu ihamba phambili kusukela ngoJuni futhi iminyango eminingi isesimweni esibi.. Ukushintshwa kungadingeka, kodwa Amayunithi aseMelika afika e-Europe akhiwe ngabasha abancane, abangakabi nolwazi, kuyilapho abaseBrithani, kakade sebesempini iminyaka emihlanu, kufanele bakhuhle ngaphansi komgqomo.
Esimeni sezulu esibi…ubuso obubi
Isimo sezulu esibi siphinde silimaze isimilo. Okokuqala imvula, bese kuba yiqhwa nesithwathwa, yenza imisele nemigodi kungahlali muntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimo zezulu ezimbi zivimbela izimoto, wanamathela udaka, hamba ngokushesha, ingasaphathwa inkungu lokho iphoqa abalwi be-RAF kanye ne-USAF nabaqhumisa amabhomu, isisindo sabo ekulweni sibalulekile, ukuba bawele phansi.
NgoNovemba 11, uJenene Eisenhower, uMkhuzi Ophakeme Webutho Lezizwe Ezihlangene eYurophu, wabhalela uGeneral Marshall ephuma ekunethezekeni kwendlunkulu yakhe: » Jikelele othandekayo, ngiya ngokuya ngikhathala ngale mvula ".
Cabanga-ke ukuthi amasosha angadlula kanjani emigodini enodaka: ecwile emnyombweni, ngaphandle kwezingubo ezomile amasonto. unyawo lomsele, isimo esikhubazekile esenziwa sibe sibi kakhulu ngenxa yokungakhucululwa kwendle, manje sesigcwele, njengoba kunjalo udayi. Ngobusika, abafileyo (noma labo abazolahlekelwa isitho) by iqhwa bayoba baningi. Lezi zimo ngokusobala zijwayelekile futhi phakathi kwamasosha aseJalimane, okuthi empeleni, ngokudla, indawo yokuhlala nezingubo, kube kubi kakhulu.
Maphakathi no-December, nginganakile nhlobo ngesenzo saseJalimane esasizofika, Bernard montgomery, umkhuzi wamabutho aseBrithani naseCanada, kanye Eisenhower Bagcina ukushintshisana kwama-epistolary okunelukuluku lapho ujenene waseBrithani ekhumbuza umphathi wakhe waseMelika ngokubheja akwenza esikhathini esidlule mayelana nokuphela kwempi phakathi noKhisimusi. U-Montgomery uhlanganisa inothi lesihlanu nencwadi yakhe, kodwa u-"Ike" uphendula ngokucasuka:
"Ngisenezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye, futhi nakuba kubonakala kucishe kuqiniseke ukuthi uzoba namanye amapondo amahlanu ngoKhisimusi, kuqinisekile ukuthi ngeke ube nawo ngaphambi kwalolo suku."
Eisenhower futhi Monty
Ubudlelwano phakathi kuka-Eisenhower kanye ne-"Monty" naphakathi kokugcina kanye nabanye ojenene base-US abubuhle ngempela. Ngokuvamile, abaseBrithani nabaseMelika, nakuba ngokuvamile isimo sezulu esinokuthula, ababona abantu abangaziwa ezingxabanweni namagqubu.
Usuvele wesula emcabangweni wokuphinda uqalise ukuhlasela ngemuva kweholide lango-1944, ama-Allies aqala ukulungisa amabutho awo ezindaweni zokufinyelela kalula eJalimane. E-Ardennes, isifunda esingenakunqotshwa, esakhiwe amahlathi aminyene futhi acishe angangeneki, kuphela. I-US 1st Army, eyalwe ngu I-General Courtney Hodges, futhi yenziwe ngamayunithi asethathe umhlalaphansi noma asanda kusungulwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ngenqubekelaphambili eyengeziwe kulo mkhakha.
Ukuze Umyalo ophezulu we-Allied kungcono ukugxila e-Cologne, enyakatho enyakatho, nasesifundeni saseRuhr, eningizimu eningizimu, futhi kule migqa emibili lapho begxilisa khona inqwaba yamabutho abo.. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bacabanga ukuthi, uma amaJalimane eke ahlaselwa, ayezokwenza emgqeni oshiwo ngenhla futhi ngokuqinisekile hhayi endaweni yase-Ardennes: okokuqala, bekuyoba okungenamsebenzi, okwesibili, kuzobandakanya umzamo onjalo ukuthi ngokuqinisekile ngeke uhambe. enganakiwe.
ungalokothi usithathe kancane isitha
Empeleni, ama-Allies ngokumelene noHitler aphinda iphutha elifanayo elawalahlekisela kakhulu ngoMeyi 1940. Ukubukela phansi amaJalimane nokubukela phansi umkhakha we-Ardennes ngokwawo, lapho eminyakeni emine ngaphambili izigaba zezikhali ze-Wehrmacht zawela njengommese endaweni. ibhotela.
Kuyo yonke ikwindla, Izinsiza zezobunhloli ze-Hodges's 1st Army azinakanga zonke izimpawu zokuhlasela okuzayo. AmaJalimane amaningi athunjwa kulawo masonto, lapho ebuzwa, akhuluma ngokuhlaselwa okukhulu okuhleliwe ngaphambi kukaKhisimusi, kodwa lolu lwazi luchithiwe nje ukwesaba. Ukwenza lesi simo sidide nakakhulu kuza i-Operation Griffin eshiwo ngenhla, eyenziwa amasosha aseJalimane azenze abantu baseMelika.
Umatasatasa nokujaha ama-saboteur, ama-commandos okuthiwa abengekho athunyelwa ngemuva kwemigqa ngamaJalimane ukuthi abulale u-Eisenhower, ubuhlakani base-US kanye nezikhulu aziboni ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela: ingozi yenhlekelele yangempela ilele ekhoneni.
Impi yase-Ardennes ”: igebe endaweni ehlangene noHitler
Uma kuhwalala December 15 we-1944, umkhakha we-Ardennes uwumkhakha ozolile kunawo wonke ngaphambili. Ubusuku bubanda. Izihlahla kanye nophahla lwamadolobhana Belgian embozwe ungqimba obukhulu nieve. Amahlathi athule ngendlela engavamile. Ukuzola ngaphambi kwesiphepho.
Ekuseni ngovivi ngo-December 16, 1944, udlame lwezikhali ezinkulu lwandulela amasosha aseJalimane phambi kwamakhilomitha angaba yikhulu.. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izikhulu zaseMelika, uHodges kanye noGeneral Bradley (umphathi womkhakha), balala kalula: bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuyibhomu elilula lokuzivikela, hhayi ukuhlasela okugcwele.
Uhlelo lwaseJalimane luhlinzeka ngenqubekelaphambili ngezindlela ezintathu: kuyena enyakatho, the 6th SS Armored Army i-del General 'Sepp' Dietrich ophathiswe umsebenzi oyinhloko, okungukuthi, ukubhoboza imigqa yaseMelika kanye ngokushesha uqonde i-Meuse, uyiwele e-Liège futhi usuke lapho ujike ubheke enyakatho uye e-Antwerp. nge 4 izigaba zezikhali ze I-Waffen-SS kanye nezinye ezinhlanu ezihamba ngezinyawo, u-Dietrich ubhekene ne- I-US 99th Infantry Division, isetshenziswe endaweni engu-30 km ngaphambili: inkulu kakhulu kuyunithi eyodwa.
lapho ubanjwe ngokumangala
Ibanjwe ngokumangala, inganele (nabacishe babe yinkulungwane abalimala kusukela ngoNovemba), futhi yenziwe ngamaphoyisa nababuthiwe, i-99th, eqiniswe ingxenye esele ye-V Corps kaGeneral Gerow enyakatho, ngokungalindelekile imelana kanzima nabahlaseli. isi-German. Kwanele ukunciphisa inqubekelaphambili futhi uvimbele impumelelo emkhakheni obalulekile. Kuma-SS, abhekwa njengezikhulu zebutho laseJalimane, kuyigalelo elinzima kakhulu. Kakade ngoDisemba 20, ephoxekile ngamayunithi akhe ahamba phambili, UHitler udlulisele indima eyinhloko yokusebenza ebuthweni likaManteuffel, elisetshenziswe phakathi nendawo.
Mayelana nalo mkhakha, etholakala ku Isifunda saseSchnee Eifel (uchungechunge lwezigodi ezineqhwa, ezimbozwe ihlathi eliminyene), elivikelwe yi- Isigaba 106 futhi i Iqembu le-XNUMX labagibeli bamahhashi, wawa Ibutho lesihlanu lePanzer likaGeneral Hasso von Manteuffel, elikwazile ukubhoboza langena lijule.. Amayunithi aseMelika akhungathekile futhi abuyele emuva, kodwa alwe kanzima, kuyilapho amaJalimane elahlekelwa amadoda amaningi:
“Ukulahlekelwa kweJalimane kwaba inhlekelele. […] amasosha aseJalimane ahamba ngezinyawo athuthukile, amasha phakathi nomgwaqo […] ngaphandle kokusekelwa kwezikhali. Amasosha aseJalimane ayengakwazi ukumasha noma ukudubula futhi engazi lutho ngamasu ezingane […] Izigaba ze-Volksgrenadier azikwazanga ukwenza isenzo esiphumelelayo […] Nokho azithola ehlasela abantu baseMelika abaqeqeshiwe abaneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili ngokusemandleni abo» .
Izimpi Ezinkulu ZikaHitler
Umgomo kaManteuffel yiziphambano zomgwaqo ezibalulekile zase-St. Vith nase-Bastogne. Impi ishube ngokushesha. Ohlangothini lwesokudla, izigaba ezine zaseJalimane zizungeze izigaba ezimbili ze-US 106th Division, ethumba amasosha angaphezu kuka-8.000, kulokho abaseMelika ngokwabo abakubonayo ukunqotshwa okukhulu kunakho konke okwenzeka enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseYurophu phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ohlangothini lwesobunxele, i- I-LVII Panzer Corps iwela uMfula Wethu futhi ilibangise eHouffalize, ngaseMeuse, ngenkathi ngiseningizimu, I-XLVII Panzer Corps ibheke ngase-Bastogne.
Ku umkhakha wesithathu nowokugcina wokuhlasela, eningizimu, kwasetshenziswa esikhundleni Ibutho lesi-7 likaGeneral Brandenberger, nomsebenzi wokuvala uhlangothi lwesobunxele lukaManteuffel. Ngemva kokuwela uMfula Wethu, Izigaba zamasosha aseJalimane zihamba phambili ngamakhilomitha ambalwa futhi maduzane babhekana nokumelana okunzima okuvela e-US 9th Armored Division kanye ne-4th Infantry Division. Kakade ngoDisemba 19, ukuhlasela kulo mkhakha kwaba sengozinikusukela Eqinisweni, i-3rd Army kaGeneral George Patton yayingena ivela eningizimu, ithunyelwe ukuvala igebe e-Ardennes..
Khonamanjalo, ngoDisemba 17, namayunithi aseMelika asathukile, i-1st SS Armored Division waziphonsa emgodini ovulwe isitha. Amadoda angaphezu kuka-20.000 namathangi aqinile angu-250, kuhlanganise nabaningi ingwe I y IIBahola ukugasela kusukela kukholamu kaLieutenant Colonel Joachim Peiper. Lona wakamuva, oziyala ngokwakhe amathangi acishe abe yi-100, uhlela ukufika e-Huy ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa futhi ukusuka lapho awele iMeuse, kodwa kusasele amakhilomitha angama-70, eduze ne-Stavelot, ama-reinforcements aseMelika ayakwazi ukuyivimba futhi ayihlukanise.
Amacala kaPeiper
I-SS kaPeiper, emashi yabo eya e-Meuse, izoba necala ubugebengu obuningi ngokumelene neziboshwa zaseMelika kanye nezakhamuzi zaseBelgium, kodwa ngeke baphumelele emzamweni wabo wokufinyelela eMeuse: ngaphandle kukaphethiloli, bashiya izimoto ezihlomile, kungakapheli u-December 26 uPeiper namadoda akhe bazophoqeleka ukuba bahoxise ngezinyawo.
Ngakho-ke, izinsuku zokuqala zokuhlasela kwaphawula impumelelo eyingxenye yamaqhinga kumaJalimane.: ngaphezu kwempumelelo kaPeiper, ikakhulukazi phakathi nendawo, ukuthuthukiswa kwaqhubeka futhi abaseMelika bahoxa ngokudideka okukhulu. Nokho, ngokungafani nalokho okwenzeka ngo-1940, lapho amaFulentshi ecela umaluju ngaphandle kokuphikiswa I-German Blitzkrieg ("blitzkrieg"), kulokhu izinombolo nesikhathi kudlalwe ngokuvuna ama-Allies.
Kakade ngoDisemba 17, amaloli angaphezu kuka-10.000 athutha amadoda angaphezu kuka-60.000 e-Ardennes futhi ngesonto u-Eisenhower ukwazile ukuletha amasosha angaphezu kuka-250.000 enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi.. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kulinganiselwa kabanzi izikhulu eziningi, u-von Rundstedt kanye noModel ngaphezu kwakho konke, amaJalimane awanazo izinsiza ezanele zokwenza umzamo wawo wokuhlasela, ngakho-ke kuzomele kubhebhetheke. Nokho, uHitler akazange adikibale kanye namasosha amaningi. I-oda lika-Führer kuphela "i-advance, advance, advance."