Namuhla sizokhuluma ngakho Imbongolo Yegolide, indaba ethakazelisayo, lena kuwukuphela kwenoveli yesiLatini ephelele esiye yatholakala, ngakho kukho konke okuthunyelwe sizothola umlando wayo omuhle.
Inganekwane ka-Eros and Psyche ilandiswa nguLucius Apuleius.
Umdlalo: "Imbongolo Yegolide"
Imbongolo Yegolide ihlukile ngandlela thize, njengoba ihlukaniswe yaba izincwadi eziyishumi nanye, kusukela esahlukweni 1 kuya ku-6 encwadini ngayinye. Lapho okuqukethwe komsebenzi okushiwo kuyizindaba noma izinganekwane ezixhumene zodwa ezivela kuzinsiza ezahlukene, ezikwaziyo ukuba nokulandisayo kanye nesakhiwo esihlangene.
Itimu yokuqala ye-El Asno de Oro, ukulandisa nokuphikisana komsebenzi, umlingiswa oyinhloko, uLucio. Uyinsizwa ebukekayo eyingxenye yomndeni ocebile, le nsizwa inquma ukuhlola isifunda sayo ngenxa yebhizinisi elithile futhi kuyo yonke ingxenye yokuqala yencwadi, izobhekana nezimo ezithile ezijabulisayo ezigcwele inkanuko, ukukhetha nokuthula ngenxa ubumnandi bokuphila emndenini omi kahle.
Kodwa njengazo zonke izindaba, kuzothatha ukuphenduka okungalindelekile, ngoba uLucio ungumthandi womlingo, kodwa ngenxa yalokhu kunambitheka, ngenxa yephutha lakhe, ugcina esephenduke imbongolo, lapho umgomo wakhe wawuzoba inyoni.
Kuleli qophelo, uLucio uzoqala ukuzwa amashwa ekuhambeni kwakhe, kuze kube sekupheleni, lapho ezobuyela esimweni esivamile ngenxa yosizo lonkulunkulu kanye nokuguqulwa kwakhe ekuphileni okungokomoya okuzinikele ekukhulekeleni.
Ukulandela umugqa wezindaba zenkathi yasendulo yamaGreki namaRoma, sikuphathele okuthunyelwe kwethu mayelana Isifinyezo se-Aeneid, inkondlo eyingqophamlando exoxa indaba ka-Aeneas nezigigaba zakhe ezinzima zokuthola iRoma.
Incwadi yokuqala
Kule ncwadi eyisingeniso, uLucio Apuleius osemusha, elangazelela ulwazi lwemilingo, unquma ukuya eThessaly, indawo lapho enolwazi olukhulu lobuciko bemilingo. Endleleni uhlangana nabanye abahambi ababili, futhi endleleni eya lapho beya khona balandisa ngamacebo amangalisayo mayelana neqili kanye nabathakathi ababili ababebizwa ngokuthi uMeroe noPanthia.
Bese besho ukuthi bafika kanjani edolobheni laseHypata kanye nesakhamuzi salo uMilo, nokuthi kwenzekani kuye ngobusuku bokuqala endlini yakhe.
Incwadi yesibili
Le nsizwa yayiphenya futhi ibheka zonke izindawo edolobheni laseHipata, futhi ngesinye isikhathi yahlangana no-anti wayo uBirrena, owayeyinkosikazi ecebile, ehloniphekile, ememezela isakhiwo nezithombe zendlu yakhe.
Njengoba uLucius Apuleius efika ngokuqaphela, waxwayiswa ukuba acashe ku-Milo wesifazane, njengoba wayengumthakathi onamandla; kuhambisana nokuthanda kwakhe umsizi wasendlini, ayehlala naye izikhathi zakhe zothando.
Ngaphezu komkhosi omkhulu ka-anti wakhe u-Birrena, lapho elalela khona izindaba ezihlukahlukene ze-burlesque nezinjabulo, ukuthi kwakudingeka bafihle kanjani isidumbu futhi yingakho bathatha ikhala nezindlebe zakhe. Ngemva kokuzwa lezi zindaba, u-Apuleius waya kophumula endaweni ayehlala kuyo ebusuku, ekhathele ngokubulala ama-3 obres.
Incwadi yesithathu
Ngakusasa, abantu abathile baya ehostela lika-Apuleyo bamyisa ezikhulwini njengombulali. Abantu basedolobheni babuthana ukuze bambone futhi umgqugquzeli wamsola ngokuthi ungumbulali, nokuthi u-Apuleius wazivikela kanjani ngezimpikiswano ezifana nesikhulumi esikhulu.
Lucio, ilandisa ngendlela eyavela ngayo intokazi eyayithi ingukhokho walabo abafileyo, kanye nemiklamo yeziphathimandla, uLucio Apuleius, yathola ukugconwa kubo. Kuzwakale uhleko olukhulu kuyo yonke indawo futhi ngale ndlela kwakugujwa ngayo unkulunkulu wohleko.
Umngani kaLucio, uFotis, uthole imbangela yalezi zikhumba. U-Lucio unezela enkulumweni yakhe ingxabano yokubona umkaMilón ephethe amafutha omlingo aguqulwa ngawo waba inyoni, uLucio ebona lokhu naye wayefuna ukuguqula abe munye.
Kodwa ezama ukusebenzisa lawo mafutha omlingo ngaphandle kolwazi lwangaphambili, ngephutha ugcina esephenduke imbongolo. Khona-ke ukweba kwenzeka endlini kaMilón, lapho uLucio noma imbongolo yayikhona, futhi izigebengu zaqala ukuthatha ingcebo futhi zilayishe ku-Lucio, bese zihamba naye.
Incwadi yesine
U-Lucio Apuleius, oguqulwe waba isilwane, usitshela ngokukhathala kwakhe okukhulu nokusebenza kanzima abhekana nakho esesimweni sakhe njengembongolo nokuthi wayithwala kanjani ingqikithi yomuntu; Phakathi kokulandisa ngakunye kosizi lwakhe usixoxela amacala athile amasela. Ngalo mqondo ofanayo, indaba yomunye walezi zigebengu igqama, ongena esikhumbeni sebhere ukuya emicimbini ethile futhi isitshela inganekwane yama-Psiches.
incwadi yesihlanu
Kule ncwadi ka El imbongolo yegolide, U-Lucio Apuleius, uzinikele ekusitsheleni indaba ye-Psyche kanye nobuhlobo bothando ayehlala nonkulunkulu u-Eros (Cupid), ukufika kodadewabo kanye nomona ababenawo ngobuhlobo bakhe nonkulunkulu, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukuthembela ku-Psyche okwavezwa yilaba besifazane, uCupid walimala ngesilonda.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu wafakwa osizini. Unkulunkulukazi uVenus, njengesitha sakhe, uyamshushisa ngendlela enonya futhi ebandayo, uPsyche ngemva kokudlula osizini nobunzima obuningi washada noCupid ezulwini.
Incwadi yesithupha
Ngemva kokufuna isithandwa sakhe isikhathi eside, isexwayiso esivela kuCeres nokwamukela okubi akuthola kuJuno, amavolontiya e-Psyche kuVenus. U-Lucio uchaza ukukhuphukela kukaVenus ezulwini kanye nesicelo sakhe sosizo kwabanye onkulunkulu kanye nokwelashwa okugcwele okuyize uPsyche akuthola kuVenus.
UVenus wamtshela ukuthi azihlukanise nazo zonke izimbewu zozalo ngalunye futhi wamcela ukuba amlethele uboya begolide nesitsha sesitsha esigcwele utshwala bechibi elishisayo, kanye nebhokisi eligcwele ubuhle bukaProserpina, zonke lezi zinto zatholakala. ngiyabonga kunkulunkulu.
U-Psyche ekugcineni ushada no-Eros emkhandlwini wonkulunkulu futhi kulo mshado u-Delight uyazalwa.
Incwadi yesikhombisa
U-Apuleius uzokwenza into efanayo naleyo uLuciano ayenza encwadini yakhe, futhi lokhu kungukuthi ulandisa into ngayinye kabanzi, ukuze angabonakali njengomuntu ongaphandle, kodwa kunalokho umuntu ophilayo; ngendlela ejabulisa umfundi. ULucio ulandisa ukuthi ngelinye ilanga ekuseni elinye lamasela labuyela lapho lalikhona amanye.
Leli sela lalizama ukukholisa abanye ukuthi basole u-Apuleius nokubhujiswa abakwenza endlini kaMilo, ukuze amasela aphume enkingeni engenamyocu futhi u-Apuleius ahlale njengokaputeni wokukhaphela.
Elalele lokhu esesimweni sembongolo, u-Apuleius wakhononda futhi wakhononda ngendlela enobutha kakhulu, ngoba babemsola ngento angayenzanga nokuthi kunalokho wayeyisisulu salokho, ngaphezu kwalokho wakwenza. akanalo ikhono lokukhuluma ukuze azivikele. Ngenkathi konke lokhu kwenzeka, uLucio wayexoxa ezinye izinganekwane futhi ngesinye isikhathi elinye lamasela lashaya u-Apuleius.
incwadi yesishiyagalombili
U-Lucius Apuleius ulandisa ngendaba edabukisayo yokushona komyeni kaCharites, ngendlela ahoxisa ngayo amehlo akhe kumkhongi wakhe uTrásilo wabe esezibulala. Ube esesitshela ukuthi izinceku kwadingeka zithuthe kanjani ngemva kokufa kwakhe, kanye nezinye izinganekwane ngonkulunkulukazi waseSiriya, ekhuluma ngobubi bakhe, izimfihlo ezimnyama nokuthi wazinquma kanjani izitho zakhe ukuze zithole imali, futhi ekugcineni, ukuthi baziphatha kanjani. thola amanga ayewafihlile.
incwadi yesishiyagalolunye
Lucio Apuleius, usitshela ukuthi esimweni sembongolo yakhe wakuqeda kanjani ukufa nokuthi ngemva kwalokho wabhekana nomonakalo omkhulu nakakhulu, futhi kwakuwukuthi babecabanga ukuthi wayenamarabi; kodwa ngemva kokuphuza amanzi amancane nokuhlanza umlomo wakhe, babona ukuthi uphilile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isitshela ngendaba yowesifazane ophingayo owaqola umyeni wakhe, ethi ufuna ukuthenga umgqomo omdala futhi ngale ndlela wakhohlisa umyeni wakhe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, usitshela ngale nto, inhlekisa eyayihilela abagubha unkulunkulukazi waseSiriya nokuthi zebiwa zanikezwa umbhaki wezinkwa. Uzwakalisa ukuhlanekezela komkakhe nabanye, kanye nemiphumela eyalethwa ukugetshengwa, yokuthi i-horticulturist nendoda balwa kanjani; kusho i-horticulturist yacasha nesilwane nokuthi sitholakale kanjani.
incwadi yeshumi
Kule ncwadi, uLucio Apuleius ulandisa ukuthi iqhawe nesilwane balishiya kanjani idolobha elikhulu, ukuzijabulisa okuhle intokazi eyayenzela uthando nokudayisa imbongolo kubafowabo ababili, omunye wabo engumpheki wekhekhe omunye engumpheki.
Ikhuluma ngokungezwani nezingxabano abazalwane ababenazo, ngoba imbongolo yantshontsha ukudla yadla. Khona-ke njengoba indoda ithenga imbongolo nendlela umniniyo ethandana ngayo nayo, isitshela ukuthi owesifazane wagwetshwa kanjani ezilwaneni; ikhuluma ngendaba ephathelene neParis nokuthi imbongolo yaphunyuka kanjani enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini.
incwadi yeshumi nanye
Le ncwadi yakamuva kaLucio Apuleius idlula zonke ezinye, izositshela ngezici ezilula ezihlukene, kodwa izindaba ezihlukahlukene zeqiniso nezinye zemvelo yefilosofi futhi ezisekelwe enkolweni yaseGibhithe.
Ekuqaleni kwencwadi, usitshela ngendlela ecacile ngenkulumo yezenkolo, ayenza eNyangeni kanye nokuphendula kwayo kuLucio. Usichazela ubukhazikhazi bobupristi kanye nokuguqulwa kokujwayelekile, kusukela embongolweni kuya kumuntu, ngenxa yama roses awadla.
Ulandisa ukuthi wangena kanjani enkolweni ka-Isis no-Osiris kanye nobumsulwa bakhe. Khona-ke uyabuya ukuyokwenza omunye umthandazo eNyangeni futhi ngemva kwalokho abuyele eRoma ngenjabulo nokuhlanganiswa kwakhe njengompristi omkhulu.
Umbhali we "The Golden Ass" nesikhathi sakhe
Umsebenzi omkhulu ka-Apuleius "Imbongolo Yegolide" noma "I-Metamorphosis" ibhalwe ekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala kanye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD, lapho uMbuso WaseRoma uphonswa emphakathini omkhulu, amasiko, ezenkolo nezomnotho. ukuba yimbangela yale nkinga enkulu, i-Romanization uqobo.
Le nkinga ingachazwa ngezizathu ezimbili: ukubulawa kwabantu baseJalimane ababengena embusweni waseRoma, kanti esinye isizathu ukushintshwa kobuKristu njengenkolo esemthethweni yesifunda, kwalimala ubuqaba. Nakuba kunemininingwane ephathelene nokuthi amaRoma ngokwawo ayeyazi le nhlekelele futhi azi kahle kamhlophe ukuthi iyenzeka.
Phakathi kwabo, uSeneca, owathi uMbuso WaseRoma ucwile enkingeni enkulu nokuthi lokhu kwakuzothinta imikhakha ephakeme kakhulu. Inkinga yobuKristu isekelwe engxoxweni yefilosofi nezombusazwe, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo umbuso ngokwawo uyabuzwa futhi imibono yawo ithi iRoma ingunaphakade.
Enye i-classic yasendulo eyahlushwa yile nkinga futhi okwamholela ekutheni athathe i-hemlock ukuze avikele imibono nemicabango yakhe, kwakuyisazi sefilosofi uSocrates, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu kufanele udlule kokuthunyelwe kwethu Ukubulawa kukaSocrates.
Imininingwane engaphezulu
UMbuso WaseRoma wawumkhulu kakhulu futhi wawugxile ngokwezwe endaweni yaseMedithera, okwawunikeza imingcele emikhulu yokwanda kwemvelo, ngakho-ke, kwakuwumbuso onenani elikhulu lendawo yokuhlala.
Ngalo mqondo, uMbuso WamaRoma wawuhlanganisa izinhlanga nezinkolelo eziningi, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuhlanganisa le miphakathi ehlukene ngamandla ezombusazwe futhi okwahlanganisa zonke lezi zizwe kwaba ubuzwe obuqinile bezifundazwe hhayi umuzwa wezwe.
Okusho ukuthi, umuntu ngamunye wazizwa ekhonjwa kuphela ngezwe abahamba kulo hhayi uMbuso WamaRoma wonke, kungaba yilo muzwa owawuzohlakaza kancane kancane uMbuso WaseRoma.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yezifo eziwumshayabhuqe eziningana ezavela phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX, inani labantu boMbuso lancishiswa, lashiya inani labantu bakhona lingalingani, njengoba behlala engxenyeni esempumalanga. Lokhu kudale ukwehla kwabasebenzi.
Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi inani labantu ababehlala engxenyeni esempumalanga yoMbuso, kodwa uhulumeni waseRoma ngokwawo wawuphakathi nendawo, uhlukaniswa waba yizindawo. Ezifundeni zendawo yaseRoma, isibalo sombusi, owayenamandla ezempi, ezombangazwe kanye nezomnotho, wayebusa.
Izisekelo zenhlangano yendawo zaziqondiswa omasipala, ababehlotshaniswa nezindawo zokuhlala futhi lezi zilawulwa izimantshi, lezi zamuva zikhethwa yiCurias.
Ubuzwe
Ekuqaleni, ukuba yisakhamuzi wawuwuphawu umehluko, kodwa Carcalla wayezonikeza ubuzwe baseRoma bonke abakhileyo khulula yoMbuso, futhi ubuzwe ngeke kubonakale njengoba isimo senhlalo, ngoba kwakukhona umehluko kwalasha phakathi kwalabo ababeyizakhamuzi.
Amathuba okuhamba kwezakhamuzi zombuso ophansi ancishiswa futhi lokhu kwabangela ukuwohloka okukhulu emphakathini wamaRoma, ngakho-ke, kwakuya ngokwehlukana.
Esinye isizathu sokuwohloka koMbuso WaseRoma kwakuyizigqila, umphakathi wamaRoma wawuyisigqila esasibona iminyaka yawo emihle yobugqila ngenxa yokunqotshwa. Kodwa ekhulwini lesithathu leminyaka kwakunzima kakhulu ukuthola isigqila futhi kungani lokhu kubalulekile?
Ngoba cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabantu boMbuso WaseRoma yayiyizigqila futhi laba yibo ababefeza yonke inhlobo yomsebenzi, okwenza kwaba lula ngabaphathi babo ukuzinikela kweminye imisebenzi efana nezombusazwe noma izinkondlo.
Lokhu kunqoba kwaletha imiphumela eminingana, njengabalimi okwakudingeka bahambe emaphandleni futhi bajoyine iButho Lezempi, ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi labo abalinyazwa yilokhu kunqoba babengabahlanganyeli ezingxabanweni zomphakathi befuna ukusatshalaliswa okungcono.
Umbhali
Ukuqonda isimo esibucayi uMbuso WaseRoma owawudlula kuso, singakhuluma ngomlobi womsebenzi u-El Asno de Oro.
Umbhali wazalelwa kwesinye sezifundazwe zaseNyakatho Afrika, ikakhulukazi edolobheni laseMadaura, futhi wenza izifundo zakhe ngenqubo yokwakheka eGreece, eRoma futhi wafinyelela umvuthwandaba e-Alexandria.
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa izindawo lapho umbhali we-Golden Ass athuthukise khona izifundo zakhe, ngoba edolobheni lokuqala nakwelesithathu, uzokwakha ubuntu bakhe, ngokusekelwe kufilosofi ye-Neoplatonic, ubuciko kanye, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqala kwakhe e- emhlabeni omkhulu.yemikhosi yezenkolo yesifunda sasempumalanga, kanye nemikhuba yemilingo ezobonakala ezinganekwaneni ezihlukene zencwadi.
Akukho okuningi okwaziwayo ngomlobi, ngaphandle kwe-Golden Ass, kodwa izikhathi zokuvuthwa zingahlukaniswa, ekuqaleni ubusha bakhe bamholela ekomeleni ulwazi nokutholakala kwezinto ezintsha, kwase kuba yisikhathi lapho lonke lolo lwazi lubamba khona. bese ephetha.