UDuteronomi yincwadi yeBhayibheli eyingxenye yePentateuch, ukubhalwa kwayo kunikezwe uMose elinye lamaqhawe okholo esahlukweni 11 sencwadi yamaHeberu eTestamente Elisha. Lo mbhalo weBhayibheli umelela ukukhululwa kwesibili koMthetho kaJehova uNkulunkulu kunzalamizi uMose kubantu bakhe.
UDuteronomi
Incwadi kaDuteronomi inomlando obaluleke kakhulu. Njengoba imelela uMthetho wesibili uNkulunkulu awunikeza uMose. ukuze kugcwaliseke kubo bonke abantwana bakwa-Israyeli nasezizukulwaneni zabo. Kodwa kwakungekona ukuthi uNkulunkulu wayelungisa umthetho owawunikezwe eNtabeni iSinayi. Kodwa kwakudingeka ukuyikopisha noma ukuyiphinda ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezintsha. Ngoba iningi labantu bakwa-Israyeli ababekhona esivumelwaneni sikaNkulunkulu eNtabeni YaseSinayi base bengasekho ngaleso sikhathi emlandweni wama-Israyeli.
UMose kuthiwa nguye owabhala ingxenye enkulu yalombhalo, njengoba kulotshiwe kuDuteronomi 1:1-5 nakuDuteronomi 31:24 . Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMose kuthiwa nguye owabhala ingxenye enkulu yePentateuch. Le pentateuch yakhiwe izincwadi ezinhlanu, uDuteronomi ingeyesihlanu. Nazi izincwadi ezinhlanu okuyilezi:
- UGenesise
- U-Eksodusi
- OkungesiLevitikusi
- Números
- kanye noDuteronomi
Nokho, ngokwezazi eziningi zeBhayibheli nezincwadi ezingcwele zobuJuda, zibonisa umbhali ongaziwa, wamavesi athile alencwadi. Kubo umlobi ongaziwa waqeda imibhalo kaMose, ngokwesethulo noma isiqalo kanye nesiphetho sombhalo. Bona izingcaphuno ezilandelayo:
- Duteronomi 1:1-5
- Duteronomi Isahluko 34
Kochwepheshe, mhlawumbe nombhali ongaziwa kungenzeka ukuthi ubhale amanye amavesi amancane ngaphakathi kwencwadi kaDuteronomi.
Le ncwadi yesihlanu ye-pentateuch yaseBhayibhelini yaba nezilaleli zokuqala noma abamukeli. Laba kwakungabantu bakwa-Israyeli ababezongena ezweni lesithembiso, indawo yaseKhanani. Kodwa laba balaleli bokuqala babenesibopho sokuyifundisa ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Izizukulwane ezintsha okufanele nazo ziwuqonde futhi ziwulalele uMthetho, njengoba kulotshiwe kuDuteronomi 4:9 naku 4:40 .
uDuteronomi the Incazelo yoMthetho Wesibili
Igama lalo mbhalo weTestamente Elidala lanikezwa enguqulweni yeBhayibheli lesiGreki elaziwa ngokuthi i-Septuagint noma i-LXX. Ukuba yimpande yakudala yegama ngesiGreek Δευτερονόμιον, eyakhiwe ngokuthi δεύτερος noma deuteros okusho okwesibili kanye no-νόμος noma nomos, ikhonkodensi yayo ingumthetho. Ukuhunyushelwa olimini lwesiCastilian ke ngokwezimpande zesiGreki kungaba umthetho wesibili.
Nokho, enguqulweni yeBhayibheli yesiGreki, lapho behumusha besuka esiHebheru beyisa esiGrekini, babonakala benephutha igama lencwadi ngokuthi deuteros nomos noma umthetho wesibili. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kwakubangelwa ukungaqondi kahle kwevesi 18 lesahluko 17 semibhalo yesandla:
- -Uma inkosi ithatha uhulumeni bese iqala ukubusa, izoyala ukuthi benze a ikhophi ebhaliwe yale mfundiso, uthembekile kuleyo yokuqala ephethwe abapristi bamaLevi,
Okuqinisekisa ukuthi unguMthetho ofanayo, okopishwe kuphela ngokwethembeka nokunemba kowokuqala, hhayi owesibili.
Ababhali besiGreki samashumi ayisikhombisa babeqonda ukuthi inkulumo yesiHeberu eyanikezwa ngokuthi Ikhophi Yalo Mthetho, yayinokuvumelana kwalo Mthetho Wesibili Ngoba igama lesiHeberu elithi mišnēh, livela komunye umsuka wegama elisho ukuguquka, okuphindwe kabili, okuphindwe kabili noma ukukopisha . Kulokhu, ama-semantics adlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu, kucatshangelwa ukuthi itemu lokubili noma okubili ngokuphambene nokukopisha.
Ngalendlela abahumushi be-LXX, njengoba yayingeyokugcina yemibhalo yesandla emihlanu yePentateuch, bacabanga ukuthi kwakufanele ibizwe ngokuthi deuteros-nomos noma umthetho wesibili. Ukungacabangi njengomthetho omusha kodwa njengesandiso noma impinda yowangaphambili. Khona-ke inguqulo yeBhayibheli lesiLatini eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Vulgate, lapho ihumusha isuka esiGrekini iyiswa kusiLatini, yabiza lo mbhalo ngokuthi uDuteronomi. Ngokulandelayo ukukhiqiza kabusha nokusabalala njengoDuteronomi phakathi kwabantu abangamaKristu.
Izinkulumo zikaMose encwadini kaDuteronomi
Njengoba sekushiwo, lona umbhalo ovela eTestamenteni Elidala leBhayibheli. Lo mbhalo uvela eBhayibhelini lesiHebheru elithi Tanakh noma lesiHebheru, elinemibhalo yesandla yokuqala eyayibhalwe ngesiHebheru nesi-Aramu sasendulo. Liyincwadi yesihlanu etholakala ngemva kwencwadi yezinombolo, ngaleyo ndlela ivala ngemibhalo ehambisana neTorah, eyiMfundiso, uMthetho noma Imfundiso KaNkulunkulu. Le pentateuch yakha amabhokisi amahlanu lapho kugcinwa khona imiqulu yesiHeberu yokuqala yoMthetho WamaJuda noma uMthetho KaMose.
Ngemva kwalemibhalo, emabhayibhelini amaKrestu okubizwa ngokuthi izincwadi zomlando kuqala, ngencwadi kaJoshuwa. Ngaphakathi kokuqukethwe umbhalo kaDuteronomi kungatholakala izinkulumo eziningana zothando zikaMose ngomqondo wokuvalelisa. Ngisho esahlukweni 34 nesokugcina umbhalo uhambisana nokufa nokungcwatshwa kwenzalamizi.
Encwadini kaDuteronomi sesivele sibona uMose oseneminyaka eyi-120 yokuphila. Yena nabantu bakhe basemngceleni wezwe lesethembiso, eduze kakhulu nendawo yakwaMowabi. Ubaba omdala wayazi ukuthi usuku lokuhamba kwakhe lwase lusondele kakhulu. Njengoba nje ayeseyazi kakade ukuthi kungani ayengeke angene ezweni lesithembiso saphezulu, ngenxa yokungamlaleli uNkulunkulu wakhe uJehova, bheka uDuteronomi 31:2 . Eqaphela konke lokhu uMose uyaphenduka ukuze akhiphe izinkulumo ezihlukahlukene kubantu bakubo. Efaka yonke inhliziyo nemizwa yakhe kubo.
Ngakho-ke le ncwadi ayigcini nje ngokufana nekhophi noma umthetho wesibili. Kodwa futhi noMose wayefuna ukunikeza abantu bakubo intshumayelo yokuvalelisa ngenhloso yokubeluleka nokubanxusa ukuba baqhubeke bethobela ngokwethembeka intando kaJehova uNkulunkulu. Ngokuvamile, uDuteronomi ngokuyisisekelo uhlanganisa izinkulumo ezine, okuyilezi:
- Inkulumo yezintombi: Kubonakaliswa kusukela esahlukweni sokuqala kuya UDutheronomi 4
- inkulumo yesibili: Kuhlanganisa izahluko 5 kuya ku-26
- inkulumo yesithathu: Kulenkulumo eyandulela umlando, uMose okokuqala unxusa abantu bakhe ukuba benze ngokuvumelana nomyalo wokuloba uMthetho ematsheni, ufunde uDuteronomi: 27. Futhi uyala abantu bakhe ngokuphathelene nezibusiso neziqalekiso amaLevi okumelwe azibonakalise ngokusemthethweni lapho engena eZweni Thembisa, funda UDutheronomi 28
- Inkulumo yesine neyokugcina: Leyo yokuvalelisa futhi ihlanganisa izahluko ezisuka ku-29 kuya ku-33
Inkulumo yokuvalelisa
Inkulumo kaMose yesine nethinta inhliziyo imelela ukuvalelisa kwakhe futhi iqala ngokukhumbuza abantu bakubo ngobuhle uNkulunkulu ayebenzele bona. Wabakhumbuza ukuthi uJehova waqikelela kanjani ukuthi phakathi neminyaka engu-40 ehlane izingubo zabo nezimbadada zabo zingagugi, Dut 29:5 . Khona-ke kule nkulumo kwenziwa isivumelwano phakathi kukaNkulunkulu nabantu bakwa-Israyeli ababebuthwa ngaleso sikhathi.
Batshelwa ngemiphumela yokungalaleli, kanye nethuba uNkulunkulu alinikezayo lokubuyisela abantu bakhe ngemva kokuphenduka okuqotho. Benziwa ukuthi babone izindlela ezimbili ezikhona, ukuphila nokufa; isibusiso nesiqalekiso. Bebakhuthaza ukuthi bahlale bekhetha indlela engcono kakhulu, okuyindlela yokulalela uNkulunkulu, okuwukuphila. UNkulunkulu omthandayo, elalela izwi lakhe, enamathela kuye, ngokuba lokhu kufanekisela ukwandiswa kwezinsuku zakhe ezweni lesithembiso. UDutheronomi 30: 19-20.
Amazwi KaMose Okugcina
Amazwi okugcina kaMose awasho kubantu bakhe ayisikhuthazo sokuwela iJordani futhi bathathe izwe uNkulunkulu alisho njengesithembiso kubantu bakwa-Israyeli. Ubanxusa ukuthi baqine bangesabi ngoba uNkulunkulu wabo uzohamba nabo. Ngemva kokukhuthaza uJoshuwa ngamazwi afanayo, uMose wenza izinkomba ezithile:
- Uyala ukuthi njalo eminyakeni eyisikhombisa kubunjwe umhlangano wokufunda umthetho kaNkulunkulu phambi kwabesilisa, nabesifazane, nabantwana kanye nabo bonke abezizwe abahlala emadolobheni abo.
- Ubenza babone isiprofetho sokuhlubuka kukaIsrayeli, uDuteronomi 31
- UMose uhlanganisa ibandla ukuze alitshele ingoma eshiwo uNkulunkulu
- Khona-ke uyababaza kubo: "Jabulani, nijabule izizwe kanye nabantu bakho."
- UMose uvalelisa ememezela isibusiso kuzo zonke izizwe zakwa-Israyeli, uDuteronomi 32 no-33.
Duteronomi 20 - Imithetho Yempi
Incwadi yesihlanu kaMose, ngaphezu kokuqukethe izinkulumo ezine zenzalamizi, futhi yethula imithetho yempi. Le mithetho iyiziqondiso ezivela kuNkulunkulu zokuqondisa abantu bakhe, ngokuphathelene nokuziphatha okufanele okufanele bakulandele kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi izimpi Ezingcwele. Kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi u-Israyeli wayephishekela ukunqoba izwe elalithenjiswe uNkulunkulu. Nakuba uJehova uNkulunkulu ayeyoba khona ngaso sonke isikhathi noIsrayeli ukuze abanike ukunqoba. U-Israyeli kwakufanele agcwalise futhi athobele uMthetho owawumiswe Nguye.Imithetho yempi itholakala esahlukweni 20 sombhalo kusukela kuvesi 1 kuya kuvesi 12.
Izici
Isici esiyinhloko salencwadi siwukugcizelela kukaMose ukubonisa uJehova njengowukuphela kukaNkulunkulu onguMbusi wendawo yonke wazo zonke izizwe. Umbhalo ubeka uJehova uNkulunkulu ngokumelene nabo bonke abanye onkulunkulu, kanye nothando lwaKhe lwesivumelwano ngabantu baKhe. Abantu bakwa-Israyeli bayisibonelo kuzo zonke izizwe.
Iziyalezo zinikezwa uJehova ngendlu engcwele noma indawo engcwele lapho ayezokhulekelwa khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubonakala ukukhathalela kukaNkulunkulu ukugcwaliseka kobulungisa nokuqinisa ubuntu babantu bakhe. UJehova unikeza nama-Israyeli izinketho ezimbili eziphathelene nezibusiso ezitholakala ngokulalela neziqalekiso noma izingozi ezilandela ukungalaleli.
KuDuteronomi ama-Israyeli abhekana nezingozi, ukulingwa nokungaqiniseki. Kodwa ngokulandelayo banikezwa izithembiso, ithemba nokuzethemba. Benziwa babone ngezindinyana zabo isidingo sokuncika kuNkulunkulu. Lokho kukholwa kanye nokwethenjwa kumele kuhlale kusebenza ngobudlelwano obuphilayo nobomuntu siqu nomdali. Kulo mbhalo kuboniswa izici noma izici ezimbalwa zikaNkulunkulu wethu:
- Kutholakala kuDut 4:7
- Okuphakade Dut 33:27
- Uthembekile Dut 7:9
- Ekhazimulayo Dut 5:24, Dut 28:58
- Umona Duteronomi 4:24
- Nje Dut 4:8, Dut 10:17; Dut 32:4
- Ukuthanda uDut 7: 7 – 8, 7:13, 10:15, 10: 18, 23: 5
- Isihe 4:31, Dut 32:43
- UDut 3:24, Dut 32:39
- Gcwalisa izithembiso Dut 1:11
- Umhlinzeki uDt 8: 2, uDut 8: 15 - 16, uDut 8: 18
- Iqiniso nguDut 32:4
- Alikho elinye elilingana noDuteronomi 4:35, Dut 33:26
- UNkulunkulu munye uDut 4:32 – 35, Dut 4:39 – 40, Dut 6:4, 5; 32:39
Inhlangano Yombhalo
Indlela uDuteronomi ahlelwe ngayo igxile esihlokweni esiyinhloko esithi uJehova uNkulunkulu neNkosi iyabathanda abantu bakhe. Uthando lubonakala emiyalweni uNkulunkulu asinika yona ukuze senze kahle ezimpilweni zethu. Ngaleso sikhathi ivesi eliyinhloko lalo mbhalo:
Duteronomi 6:4-5
- 4 Lalela, Israyeli, iNkosi yinye, loNkulunkulu wethu munye.
- 5 Ngakho woyithanda iNkosi uNkulunkulu wakho ngayo yonke inhliziyo yakho, nangawo wonke umphefumulo wakho, nangawo onke amandla akho.
Indikimba yetheksthi ithuthukiswa ezigabeni ezine ezibalulekile kuthi lezi zihlukaniseke ngezinye izindikimba. Umbhalo uhlelwe kanje:
1:1 Isandulela
isikhumbuzo sakwa-Israyeli
- 1:9 Abahluleli nezinhloli
- 2:1 Iminyaka ehlane
- 3:1 Izimpi zokuqala
- 4:1 isivumelwano sikaNkulunkulu
Ukuvezwa koMthetho
- 5:1 Imiyalo nokulalela
- 7:1 Ukulungiselela iKhanani
- 8:1 Izwe elihle ukulidla
- 9:1 Ukwethembeka, Ukuhlubuka kanye Nesivumelwano
- 11:1 UJehova nezwe lesithembiso
- 12:1 Indawo engcwele nemithetho
- 15:1 Ukuxolelwa kanye nemithetho
- 16:1 Imikhosi Yonyaka
- 16:18 Justice Levi nomprofethi
- 19:1 Imizi yesiphephelo nemithetho
- 21:1 Imithetho ehlukahlukene
- UDutheronomi 22: Imithetho yobumsulwa, ukuphinga nobufebe
- 23:1 Ibandla nemithetho
- 26:1 Ulibo nokweshumi
isibusiso nesiqalekiso
- 27:1 Uqalekisa iNtaba i-Ebali
- 28:1 izibusiso neziqalekiso
- 29:1 Isivumelwano kwaMowabi
Isibusiso
- 30:1 Izimo zesibusiso
- 31:1 UJoshuwa owangena esikhundleni sikaMose
- 31:30 IsiHlabelelo sikaMose
- 33:1 UMose ubusisa izizwe eziyishumi nambili
- 34:1 Ukufa kukaMose
Imvelo Nomqondo Wenkolo KaDuteronomi
Imvelo noma uhlobo lwale ncwadi ngokuyinhloko luyinkolo engokomlando, lapho kumiswa khona isivumelwano phakathi kukaNkulunkulu njengeNkosi Ephakeme nabantu bakhe. Lesi sivumelwano siqukethe imiyalo, izincomo, izithembiso nezixwayiso (UDutheronomi 11: 8 – 32), amathemba kanye nezwe lesithembiso.
Ngakho isizathu esiyinhloko sokubhalwa kwalo mbhalo kwakuwukumiswa kwesivumelwano ngaphambi nje kokungena ezweni uNkulunkulu alithembisa u-Israyeli. Ikholwa libuye likhunjuzwe ngakho konke uNkulunkulu akwenzele abantu bakhe, ukuze abakhuthaze ukuba babe nokholo, ithemba, ithemba futhi baphile ukuphila okuzinikele ngokuphelele kuNkulunkulu.
Incwadi kaDuteronomi nayo inesizinda esibaluleke kakhulu kuMkristu nokuthi uJesu Kristu uyamenyezelwa bheka uDuteronomi 18:15. UJesu futhi uqinisekisa eTestamenteni elisha ubuqiniso bencwadi yesihlanu kaMose, funda izingcaphuno ezicashuniwe kuMathewu 4:4 noMarku 12:30. Ngisho noDuteronomi ungenye yezincwadi ezine ezinezikhombo ezinkulu eTestamenteni Elisha, kanye noGenesise, u-Isaya kanye namaHubo.
Umusa nokuthula makube nani, futhi yeka ukuthi kuhle kangakanani ukucabangela izincomo zikaMose namuhla, ngoba umuntu akaphili ngesinkwa sodwa, kodwa nangawo wonke amazwi aphuma emlonyeni kaJehova (Dt 8: 1-10) (Math 4:4). Sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nathi ngokufunda izihloko ezilandelayo zesibusiso esikhulu empilweni yakho:
- Yini Izibusiso zikaNkulunkulu?
- Amavesi okukhuthaza ngezikhathi ezinzima
- Isihlabelelo Sezihlabelelo