Nsuku zonke, njengoba umhlaba uwumhlaba, ilanga liphuma emkhathizwe osempumalanga futhi lishona entshonalanga. Kungase kuhambe iminyaka elula, kodwa inkanyezi yethu ikhanya kangangokuthi asikwazi ukuyibuka ngqo ngaphandle kokwenza umonakalo. Beseilanga lenziwe ngani?
Liyini ilanga?
Ebusweni balo, iLanga linamazinga okushisa angafinyelela ku-5.500º C, iqiniso elingancibilikisa ngokuphelele noma iyiphi i-probe ezama ukusondela futhi ihlale phansi, noma ukude. Kushisa kakhulu ukuthi ungafika kukho, kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi akukwazi ukufundwa.
Kunamanye amasu esikwazile ngawo ukuqala ukuthola izimfihlo zezinkanyezi ezitholakala esibhakabhakeni ebusuku, kuhlanganise nelanga lethu, futhi ukuze sikuchaze, sizokwenza umlando omncane.
ehlakaza ukukhanya
Ngonyaka we-1802, ukubheka lapho ilanga liphuma khona, usosayensi waseNgilandi ogama lakhe linguWilliam Hyde Wollaston wakwazi ukuhlukanisa ukukhanya kwelanga ngeprism futhi wakwazi ukubona into ayengayilindele, okuyimigqa emnyama ebalazweni. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, udokotela wamehlo waseJalimane uJoseph von Fraunhofer wakha umshini okhethekile, obizwa ngokuthi i-spectrometer, lapho ukukhanya kuhlakazwa kangcono khona, futhi wakwazi nokubona ukuthi kwakuneminye yale migqa emnyama egqamile.
Ososayensi basheshe baqaphela ukuthi imigqa emnyama ibonakala lapho ingekho khona imibala ku-spectrum, ngoba kwakunezakhi eziseLangeni nezizungezile ezazimunca lawo maza okukhanya athile. Ngakho-ke, kwaphetha ngokuthi le migqa emnyama ikhombisa ukuba khona kwezinye izakhi ezifana ne-calcium, i-sodium ne-hydrogen.
Bekuyinto ejulile, enhle ngokumangazayo futhi elula, kodwa futhi yasifundisa izici ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zenkanyezi eseduze nathi. Kodwa-ke, njengoba isazi sefiziksi uPhilipp Podsiadlowski naye eveze, lokhu kuhlaziya kunokulinganiselwa okuthile. Lokhu kwenza inkomba ngoba izinkolelo-mbono zisichazela kuphela ngokubunjwa kobuso belanga, kodwa azibonisi. Ilanga lenziwe ngani?
Lokhu kuhlola neziphetho kusenza sizibuze ukuthi yini engaphakathi elangeni nokuthi lawathola kanjani wonke amandla alo.
Ngaphansi komhlaba
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, i-thesis yahlongozwa ukuthi uma ama-athomu e-hydrogen ekwazi ukuhlangana, kwakungenzeka ukuthi kudalwe isici esihluke ngokuphelele, okuyi-helium, futhi amandla akhululwe phakathi kwaleyo nqubo. Ngakho-ke iLanga lalicebile nge-hydrogen ne-helium, futhi likweleta amandla alo amakhulu ngokwakhiwa kwesici sakamuva esivela kweyokuqala. Kodwa le theory kwakusafanele ifakazelwe.
Ngonyaka ka-1930 kwatholakala ukuthi amandla elanga ayebangelwa yilokhu kuhlangana, kodwa nalokho kwakuwumbono nje ngokusho kukasosayensi uPodsiadlowski. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nenkanyezi okuncike kuyo ukuphila emhlabeni wethu, kwakudingeka ukungena ngaphakathi koMhlaba.
Ukuze benze lokhu, kwakudingeka bangcwabe izivivinyo ezaqalwa ngaphansi kwezintaba. Yaklanywa kanjalo-ke i-Japanese Super-Kamiokande (Super-K) umtshina. Ngakho, cishe ngamamitha angu-1.000 13.000 ngaphansi kobuso, kunekamelo elibukeka ngendlela edabukisayo futhi eyinqaba, liqukethe ichibi elingashoni lamanzi ahlanzekile nezinto eziyindilinga eziyizi-XNUMX XNUMX ezimboze izindonga, uphahla kanye nephansi ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Kubukeka njengedivayisi eqanjiwe yesayensi, kodwa umsebenzi we-Super-K wukuzama ukuqonda kangcono ukuthi iLanga lisebenza kanjani, usizakala ngokuthi isici ngasinye sinobubanzi obuhlukile bokumuncwa.
Njengoba ingaphakathi eMhlabeni, kuyaqondakala ukuthi i-Super-K ayizange idalelwe ukubona ukukhanya. Esikhundleni salokho, okulindelekile ukuthi izinhlayiya ezikhethekile kakhulu zizokwakhiwa kusukela phakathi nendawo yenkanyezi yethu futhi zizokwazi ukundiza kulolu daba. Kunezigidigidi eziningi zalezi ezidlula umzuzwana ngamunye. Futhi ukube lezi zithungatha ezikhethekile bezingekho, besingeke sazi ukuthi zikhona.
Kodwa iSuper-K iyakwazi ukwenza eziningana zazo zaziwe, cishe ezingu-40 ngosuku, ngenxa yesitshina saso sokukhanya esikhethekile esasungulwa ukuze sithwebule isikhathi lapho lezi zinhlayiya, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-neutrino, zifika ukuze zihlangane nechibi lazo lamanzi ahlanzekile. Ukukhanya okudaliwe kubuthakathaka kakhulu, kodwa kudala uhlobo oluthile lwe-halo olungacoshwa yizitholi zokukhanya ezizwela ngendlela emangalisayo.
Ukuhlangana kwama-athomu ngaphakathi kwezinkanyezi kuchaza ukwakheka kwama-neutrino. Izinhlobo eziningana ezikhethekile ze-neutrino ezihlonzwe ngale ndlela zibhekwa njengobufakazi obucacile bokuhlangana kwe-hydrogen e-helium yenuzi eyenzeka ngaphakathi eLangeni, futhi ayikho enye incazelo eyaziwayo yokuthi ama-neutrinos akheka kanjani. Kodwa ukukwazi ukuzifunda kuzosenza sikwazi ukubona okwenzeka ngaphakathi eLangeni cishe ngesikhathi sangempela.
Izikhala zelanga
Kulula ukuthola umbono wokuthi iLanga liyinto ehlala njalo. Kodwa akunjalo, ngoba izinkanyezi zinemijikelezo kanye nesikhathi sokuphila, esishintshayo kuye ngobukhulu kanye nesilinganiso sazo. Ngawo-1980, abacwaningi abasebenza ngeSolar Maximum Mission baphawula ukuthi eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule, amandla eLanga aphelile futhi akwazi ukubuyisela amandla alahlekile.
Bekungacatshangwa futhi ukuthi mangaki amabala elanga, okuyizindawo zeLanga ezinezinga eliphansi lokushisa, ahlobene nalo msebenzi.Ngokuba maningi amachashaza, amandla aphuma engeziwe. Kubonakala sengathi kuyaphikisana, kodwa lapho kuba khona amachashazi elanga amaningi, okungukuthi, lapho kubanda kakhulu, iLanga liya lishisa kakhulu, futhi lokhu kufakazelwa uSimon Foester, wase-Imperial College London, e-United Kingdom.
Yini eyatholwa ososayensi?
Bathole ukuthi kunezindawo ezikhanya kakhulu endaweni yelanga, ezibizwa ngamathoshi, aphuma kanye namabala elanga kodwa abe nezinhlangothi zombili ezibonakalayo, futhi yilawa mathoshi okuphuma kuwo amandla engeziwe, ngemisebe X nomsakazo. amagagasi.
Enye inkinga ukuthi kungenzeka ukubona ama-solar flares, okuwukukhanya okukhulu kwendaba okunomsuka wako ekwakhekeni kokuqoqwa kwamandla kazibuthe avela eLangeni, okungukuthi, izinkanyezi ziyakwazi ukukhipha imisebe ngokusebenzisa i-electromagnetic spectrum , futhi lokhu kuqhuma kungabonwa ngemitshina ye-X-ray futhi kungasisiza sazi ilanga lenziwe ngani Lokhu kusiholela ekutheni sikwazi ukubukela Izici Zemisebe Yelanga.
Nakuba zikhona ezinye izindlela zokuzibona. Enye yezinto ezisetshenziswayo ngamaza omsakazo, kanti enye indlela iwukusebenzisa imisebe ye-electromagnetic. Isibonakude esikhulu somsakazo iJodrell Bank eNgilandi singesokuqala ngqa emhlabeni futhi siyakwazi ukubona amalangabi elanga, okuqinisekiswe usosayensi uTim O'Brien, waseNyuvesi yaseManchester, osebenza kuwo.
Uma kwenzeka inkanyezi iziphatha ngendlela evamile, okungukuthi, ayinawo umsebenzi omningi, ngeke ikhiphe amaza omsakazo amaningi. Nokho, lapho izinkanyezi zizalwa noma zifa, ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza umoya omkhulu. Ongakubona yizici ezisebenzayo. Sibona ukuqhuma kwezinkanyezi, amagagasi athusayo kanye nemimoya yezinkanyezi ekhiqizwayo.
Izibonakude zomsakazo nazo zisetshenziswa usosayensi wase-Ireland u-Jocelyn Bell Burnell ukuze kutholwe ama-pulsars, okuwuhlobo olukhethekile lwenkanyezi ye-neutron. Izinkanyezi ze-Neutron zakha ngemva kokuqhuma kwe-gargantuan, okwenzeka lapho inkanyezi igoqeka yodwa ukuze iminyene ngendlela emangalisayo.
Ama-Pulsars ayizibonelo zesigaba sezinkanyezi ezikhipha imisebe ye-electromagnetic, engacoshwa ngezibonakude zomsakazo. Kuwuphawu olungajwayelekile kakhulu, olukwazi ukukhishwa njalo ngama-millisecond ambalwa futhi lokho kwabangela, ekuqaleni, abacwaningi abaningana ukuba bazibuze ukuthi kwakumayelana nezindlela zokuxhumana nezinhlobo ezihlakaniphile ezikwenye ingxenye ye-Universe.
Ukukhishwa kwe-pulsars
Ngenxa yokutholakala kwamanye ama-pulsars amaningi, manje sekwamukelwe ukuthi lokhu kukhishwa kwama-pulses avamile kubangelwa ukujikeleza kwenkanyezi ngokwayo. Uma ubheka isibhakabhaka ngalowo mzila, ungase ubone ukukhanya okuvamile kudlula, kufana nokuthi indlu yesibani.
Ezinye izinkanyezi zenzelwe ama-pulsars
Ngenhlanhla, ilanga lethu aliyona enye yazo, ngoba lincane kakhulu ukuqhuma ekuphenduleni kwe-supernova lapho ifinyelela ekupheleni kwesikhathi sayo sokuphila. Eqinisweni, lapho ukuqhuma kwezinkanyezi kwenzeka, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi kuye kwadalwa i-supernova ekhanya izikhathi ezingu-570.000 XNUMX kuneLanga.
Siyini isiphetho sakho kusukela elangeni?
Kuyaziwa ngokubuka ezinye izinkanyezi emthaleni wethu ukuthi kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinketho. Kodwa, ngokusekelwe kulokho okwaziwayo ngobuningi beLanga lethu kanye nokwenza ukuqhathanisa nezinye izinkanyezi, ikusasa leLanga libonakala licace kakhulu futhi okungukuthi lizokhula kancane kancane kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwalo, okuzokwenzeka ngo. eminye iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5.000 noma ngaphezulu, ize ibe umdondoshiya obomvu.
Khona-ke, ngemva kokuqhuma okuningi, kuzosala i-carbon core yangaphakathi kuphela, okucatshangwa ukuthi ilingana noMhlaba, futhi izophola kancane isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyisigidigidi. Okuthakazelisayo ukuthi kunezimfihlakalo eziningi ezisafihliwe mayelana neLanga, namaphrojekthi amaningi afanelekile afuna ukusiza ukuwadalula.
Isibonelo salezi zinhlelo umkhankaso weNASA weSolar Probe Plus, ozozama ukusondela eLangeni kunangaphambili, ukuthola ukuthi iLanga lenziwa ngani., ukuze uzame ukuthola ukuthi imvelaphi yemimoya yelanga futhi uthole isizathu sokuthi kungani i-Corona yeLanga, okuyi-plasma aura ezungeze inkanyezi, ishisa ngaphezu kobuso bayo. Kuze kube manje, sazi kuphela izimfihlakalo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile zelanga.
Amandla
Izazi zesayensi yemvelo zisebenzisa igama elithi amandla ukuze zibhekisele emandleni okushintsha isimo noma ukukhiqiza esinye ngenxa yokunyakaza noma akhiqiza imisebe ye-electromagnetic, engaba ukukhanya noma ukushisa, yingakho igama livela kwelesiGreek futhi lisho amandla.esenzweni.
Esimisweni samazwe ngamazwe, amandla alinganiswa ngama-Joules, kodwa ku-vocabulary evamile, ngokuvamile kuvezwa ngamahora e-kilowatt, kodwa kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi, ngokomthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics, amandla agcinwa ngaphakathi kwesistimu evaliwe.
I-Thermodynamics
Lokhu kusekelwe ezimisweni zokuqala nezesibili, okungukuthi, amandla agcinwe futhi i-entropy iyanda, lezi zimiso zibeka imingcele emikhulu kunoma iyiphi imodeli yendawo yonke, ngaphezu kwalokho, izici eziningana zesikhala nesikhathi zizalwa ngomqondo we-thermodynamic .
Ngakho-ke, lolu lwazi akufanele lubhekwe njengezakhiwo eziyisisekelo zokusebenzisana okubalulekile, ngalo mqondo, isikhathi se-space singu-thermodynamic, ngaphezu kwalokho, uma samukelwe ukuhlanganisa izimpikiswano zezibalo, kuzodingeka ukubuza ukuthi ubukhulu bendawo yonke yini. kungenzeka ukuthi i-thermodynamic, khona-ke umkhathi wethu ubungalawulwa ubukhulu be-entropic kunokuba ubuswe amandla aphelele.
Ugesi
La mandla asekelwe kumbono kaMaxwell wamagagasi kanye nezibalo zawo, kodwa lezi zinkolelo-mbono aziqondwa kahle, kodwa azisekelwe ekuchazeni kwakhe ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinkambu ze-E no-B, kodwa kumbono kaLudvig Lorenz, uMaxwell angakaze wavuma.
UMaxwell wacabanga ukuthi lezi zinkambu ezimbili kufanele zenziwe nge-cyclically, ukuze ijubane lokukhanya ligcinwe, ngokungafani no-Lorenz, wacabanga ukuthi kule mikhakha emibili kulula ukuthola ukuqina okukhulu ngendlela evumelanisiwe, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukulondoloza. leso sivinini.
Bese, i ilanga lenziwe ngani, ngenxa ye-hydrogen ne-helium, ekusebenzelaneni njalo, ekwazi ukukhiqiza amandla, ukukhanya, ukushisa kanye ne-electromagnetism, okuthonya ngokuphelele ukulondolozwa kokuphila emhlabeni wethu.
