Wahlala maphakathi nomfula iCauca, eColombia, the Quimbaya Culture wenza ukuphila endaweni yehlathi, izintaba eziphakeme nezigodi eziwumngcingo futhi namanje mangaza umhlaba ngezingcezu zabo umkhandi wegolide Hlangana nabathakathi begolide lasendulo!
Quimbaya Culture
Impucuko yaseQuimbaya noma i-kɪmbaɪa, kwakuyisiko lasendulo laseNingizimu Melika, ithalente layo ekusebenziseni igolide liyaqashelwa futhi liyaziswa kuze kube yilolu suku.
Eyaziwa ngokusebenza ngegolide ngokunemba okukhulu kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nemiklamo enemininingwane, izingcezu zenziwe nge-tumbaga alloy, enamaphesenti angamashumi amathathu ethusi, ehlinzeka ngemibala ebaluleke kakhulu enemibala ngayinye yezingcezu.
Igama I-Quimbaya, okwamanje igama elivamile elibhekisela ezakhini nasemisebenzini ekhiqizwa endaweni lapho leli siko lalihlala khona, ngisho nalapho lingaveli eqenjini lohlanga olulodwa noma ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Indawo
Phakathi kwamasiko angaphambi kweColumbian eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeColombia, sithola isiko lamaQuimbaya elalihlala ezindaweni namuhla ezihambisana neminyango yesimanje yaseQuindío, Caldas kanye neRisaralda eColombia, endaweni ezungezile esigodini soMfula iCauca.
Ayikho idatha erekhodwayo ukuthi izinze nini ekuqaleni kuleyo ndawo, nokho, kulinganiselwa ukuthi bekuyikhulu lokuqala BC.
historia
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamasiko kwalesi sizwe kuhlukaniswe izinkathi ezimbili ezibizwa ngokuthi i-Early noma Classic kanye neLate. Abantu base-Quimbaya bafinyelele umvuthwandaba wabo phakathi nenkathi eyaziwa ngokuthi Okwakudala, okuwucezu olufanekisela kakhulu isiko labo olwenziwe phakathi nalesi sigaba. Yaziwa ngokuthi i-Poporo Quimbaya, embukisweni e-Bogotá Gold Museum.
Isikhathi sakudala
Yaziwa nangokuthi Early, yakhula phakathi kuka-500 BC kanye no-600 AD. Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zenkathi yakudala ukukhetha indlela yokuphila yezolimo ikakhulukazi, lokhu kuyisisekelo somnotho wayo nendlela yokuziphilisa.
Ukwengeza, ukuhlola nokuthuthukiswa kohwebo oluthile lwezandla kuyaqala, okubonisa intshisekelo nekhono ekwandiseni izingcezu ze-ceramic kanye nokukhwabanisa nokusakazwa kwezinsimbi.
Kule nkathi umsebenzi womkhandi wegolide waseQuimbaya ufinyelela ekuthuthukisweni kwawo okuphezulu, ukucaciswa kwezicucu kufinyelela ezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu, kusukela kuzibalo zomuntu ezixhunywe ngokoqobo noma ezenziwe ngesitayela, ezilwaneni nasezinambuzaneni ezazihlotshaniswa nemijikelezo yokuphila yemvelo njengezimvemvane.
Kuyaqinisekiswa ukuthi, ngesinye isikhathi ku-Classic, mhlawumbe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, abakwaQuimbaya bake baphumuza umsebenzi wabo wobuciko, nokho, kukhona izingcezu zobuciko zakamuva ezikhombisa ukuthi lesi siko sithatha imisebenzi yezandla kanye negolide.
Ngemva kokumisa isikhashana emisebenzini yobuciko, amasampula okwenziwa kwegolide nezinye izinto zobungcweti, ancike kumajamo wejometri kanye nemihlobiso yeskimu. okuyizethulo eziyisisekelo nezilula zezibalo. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, ukuphotha ukotini kuyachuma, kusungulwa futhi kusetshenziswe amasu ahlukahlukene, ngaphezu kwalokho, izitayela ezahlukene zingabonakala ezicucu ze-ceramic kuso sonke isifunda saseCauca.
isikhathi sekwephuzile
Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa kusukela ku-800 kuya cishe ku-1600 ngemva kukaKristu. Kule nkathi yesiko le-Quimbaya, ukuhweba ngezandla kwaqhubeka kwanda kanye nemiklamo yabakhandi begolide kaningi.
Izingcezu eziningi zobuciko ziyi-anthropomorphic, ezibonisa amadoda nabesifazane abahlezi amehlo abo avaliwe, ngokuvamile anezinkulumo ezipholile, kanye nezithelo nokubunjwa kwe-poporos, iziqukathi ezaziwa kakhulu lapho abomdabu babegcina khona umcako.
Ucwaningo oluningi lwezakhi zemivubukulo lubonisa ukuthi ukukhula kwabo kwamasiko kwakuthuthukile, bazihlela ngemiphakathi ehlukene ngaphansi kwegunya le-cacique.
Izithako zobumba, ezentengiselwano, umsebenzi wegolide kanye nempi kwagcinwa njengemisebenzi eyinhloko, ngaphandle kokudebeselela ukuphila kwenkolo, okwakunokubaluleka okukhethekile ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke.
Ngasekupheleni kwesikhathi, kwaqala ukunqotshwa kweSpain insimu eyayihlala amaQuimbaya, cishe ngonyaka we-1539, owakwazi ukubeka laba bantu bomdabu ebugqilini, ngaphansi kwejoka lama-encomenderos, abahlela njengezisebenzi eziphoqelelwe. .
Cishe ngo-1542, ukuhlubuka kokuqala kwaboMdabu kwenzeka kulezi zindawo futhi cishe eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu kamuva, okwesibili kwenzeka, okwakubaluleke kakhulu kuzo zombili.
Nokho, kokubili ukuvukela kwanqotshwa, okwabangela ukwehla okungenakuvinjelwa kulesi sizwe, kangangokuthi ngonyaka ka-1559, amaphesenti angaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu obukhosi ayesenyamalele. Izakhamuzi ezisele ezibhekene nomsebenzi ophoqelelwe futhi zihlukunyezwa ukungondleki kanye nezifo ezihlukahlukene ezazilethwa abeLungu zazincipha ngokushesha.
Kamuva impi yamaPinaos nabanqobi, yagcina icishe yaqeda ngokuphelele inani labantu baseQuimbaya.
Cishe ngonyaka we-1628, amarekhodi okubalwa kwabantu kokugcina kwalesi sibalo akhombisa ukuthi, emithanjeni ekhona eyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili ngo-1539, kwasala angaphezu kwamashumi ayisithupha kuphela. Ngamanye amazwi, ngekhulu le-XNUMX lesi siko lase licishe lanyamalala ngokuphelele.
Iningi lezindatshana ezitholwe kulesi siko ziyingxenye yeminikelo yomngcwabo, etholakala ngaphakathi kwe-sarcophagi engenalutho, eyakhiwe ngeziqu, into evame kakhulu njengoba igolide laliyinsimbi engcwele eyayisebenza njengepasipoti yokuphila kwangemva kokufa.
Inhlangano yomphakathi
Imilando eyabhalwa ngesikhathi sokunqotshwa kanye nekoloni ibonisa ukuthi ngonyaka we-1540 inani labantu bomdabu lalingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu. Njengoba ihlelwe ngendlela ebizwa nge-cacicazgo njengohlobo lukahulumeni, isibalo esikhulu kwaba yi-cacique eyayihola amaqembu abantu bomdabu ababalelwa emakhulwini amabili.
I-cacicazgo ngayinye yayinokuzimela ngendlela yokuqondisa, yokwenza izinqumo nokuphatha, futhi, njengoba kwakulindelekile, yayijabulela izinzuzo namalungelo akhangayo, njengokutholakala nokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo nezinto ezishintshiwe, ubugqila, njll.
Kuleli siko, ngokungafani neningi ezwenikazi, abesifazane babebalulekile futhi bebambe iqhaza kwezombusazwe. Ezimweni eziningi, lapho uCacique efa, umkakhe oyinhloko uzodla ifa lesikhundla somholi womphakathi, amathuba ukuthi indodana eyizibulo nayo yayinawo futhi njengenketho yokugcina umshana.
Emasampuli ahlukene kanye nezingcezu zobuciko, isithombe sabesifazane simelwe, sihlezi ezingeni elifanayo namadoda, kuhlanganise neCacique.
Amalungu omphakathi ayephethe imisebenzi ehlomulayo, njengokulinywa komhlaba, ukuthungwa kwensimbi nokusika igolide, ukwakhiwa, njll. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abesifazane babephethe imisebenzi yasendlini, ukukhulisa izingane, izitsha zobumba kanti kokunye babesebenza ukuqoqa nokulungisa usawoti.
I-Polygyny yayivamile futhi ivamile, isiko kulesi siko, lapho indoda ingashada nabesifazane abangaphezu koyedwa ngesikhathi esisodwa, ngokuvamile ekhethwa phakathi kwezihlobo zayo.
Endabeni yamaQuimbaya, kulolu hlobo lomshado omunye wabesifazane wayenesikhundla esiphakeme futhi ephethe umyalo, ngaphezu kwalokho, indodana yakhe eyodwa kuphela eyayiyindlalifa. Izindlu zamaQuimbaya zazingebanzi kangako, zenziwe ngodaka namaqabunga omoba.
Inkolo
Impilo yemiphakathi kuzo zonke izici igcine ubuhlobo obuseduze nengokomoya layo. Babenonkulunkulu abaningana abangabafundisi, ababenza imihlatshelo neminye imikhuba yokugwema izinhlekelele nezinhlekelele.
Leli siko lalinenkolelo yokuthi kukhona enye impilo engcono kunalena, emva kokufa, nabo babenesiqiniseko sokuthi ukuze bafinyelele kuyo kufanele babe nezinsiza ezizobekwa ethuneni labo ngesikhathi somngcwabo wabo. Khona-ke singaphetha ngokuthi isici esingokomoya nesingokwenkolo kubo sasibalulekile.
Kulaba bantu bomdabu, amanzi ayeyisici esinamandla amaningi akhethekile, ikakhulukazi ukwelapha izimo nezifo, ngakho kwakuwumkhuba ukugeza ngokuphindaphindiwe lapho begula.
Umnotho
Njengoba bezinze ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esishisayo esishisayo, abakwaQuimbaya baba nethuba lokutshala nokuvuna inhlobonhlobo yemikhiqizo, njengalezi: ummbila, i-yucca, ukwatapheya, igwava, pejibaye, iplamu, njll.
Umdumbula kanye nommbila kwakuyisisekelo sokudla kwabo njengamanye amasiko ama-aboriginal amaningi, nokho, babengabazingeli nabadobi, ngaphezu kokuqoqa konke ababekuphiwa yimvelo futhi ababekwazi ukusizakala ngakho.
Ayezibheka njengabazingeli abanekhono, ngakho ayedla onogwaja, izinyamazane, ama-opossum, ama-tapir, ama-armadillo, izimpungushe nama-peccaries, phakathi kwezinye izilwane. Ngenxa yobuningi bemifula endaweni yabo, bakha izikebhe nezigwedlo ukuze bahambe emanzini alo, ngakho-ke nabo babengabadobi abakahle kakhulu, besizakala ngenani lezinhlanzi ababenazo.
Mayelana nomsebenzi wezimayini, into eyinhloko kubo kwakuyigolide, ethuthukisa izindlela ezithuthuke kakhulu neziphumelelayo zokuyicubungula, okuphawulekayo yizicucu eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezibukeka kahle kakhulu futhi ezinokuphela okuhle.
Kodwa izindawo lapho amaQuimbaya ahlala khona zazingenazo izimayini eziningi ezifanele ukuba zihlolwe futhi zisetshenziswe ngendlela eqhubekayo futhi ejulile, ngakho kwasetshenziswa igolide le-alluvial elalethwa imisinga yomfula.
Ngisho nalapho kucatshangwa ukuthi izinga legolide lalihle kakhulu, njengoba ezimweni eziningi lalisebenza njengensimbi eyigugu yomthetho. ezingxoxweni zebhizinisi.
Kodwa-ke, akuwona kuphela ikhono labo lobuchwepheshe lomsebenzi womkhandi wegolide elivelele, ngoba futhi bazinikele ekukhiqizeni amafutha okukhanyisa, ukukhipha usawoti emifuleni nokukhiqizwa kwezindwangu, izingubo zikakotini zingomunye wemikhiqizo yazo eyinhloko.
Bazinikezele ekuhwebeni, besebenzisa ikhwalithi yezingcezu zabo zikakotini, izitsha zobumba, igolide nezinye izinsimbi ukuze bahwebelana namadolobha nezifunda ezahlukene.
Isiko, amasiko nemikhuba
Isiko le-Quimbaya lezinto ezibonakalayo lalihluke kakhulu, nakuba izingcezu zabo zabakhandi begolide ziyisizathu esenza abaningi bazi, babenamakhono amaningi kanye nengcebo ebenza babe isiko elithakazelisayo ngempela:
amathuna nemingcwabo
AbakwaQuimbaya babeyinake kakhulu imikhuba yomngcwabo kanye nokucaciswa kwamathuna, ahlukahlukene kakhulu, ahluke kakhulu kwelinye, kuye ngokuthi yini eshiwo ngomkhosi kamufi.
Ukubeka iminikelo eyahlukene eyayizophelezela umufi kwakuyisiko elingashintshile, ngoba ngokwezinkolelo zabo zakudala umufi kufanele azithwale azibeke kwelinye izinga. Lezi zipho zazihlanganisa izinto zegolide, ezinye izinto zomuntu siqu zikamufi, ukudla, izikhali, nezinye izinto ezingcwele kulelo siko.
umkhandi wegolide
Imisebenzi eminingi yathuthukiswa kule miphakathi ngendlela emisha nephumelelayo, kodwa mhlawumbe edume kakhulu eyenziwa ama-Quimbayas ukukhanda igolide okumangalisayo nokunethezeka. Ucezu ngalunye luhlukile, luhle futhi lubonisa amasu amahle.
Uhlelo lokusansimbi abalwenzile lokuhlanganisa igolide nethusi lwaluthuthuke kakhulu, lubavumela ukuba basebenzise inani legolide eliyindlala esifundeni sabo.
Izindlela zokuncibilikisa ezisetshenzisiwe zisamele imfihlakalo njengoba indlela yokuncibilika nokuxubana nokugcina izinga eliqondile lazo zombili izinto ngaphandle kokulimaza ubumsulwa kudinga amazinga okushisa angaba yinkulungwane.
Ingxube yalezi zinsimbi ezimbili yaziwa ngokuthi thumba, okuholela ezingxenyeni ezikhanyayo kakhulu, ezihlala isikhathi eside futhi ezikhangayo kakhulu. Zibhekwa phakathi kwamasampula abaluleke kakhulu egolide ezwenikazi laseMelika ngesizathu. Ama-quimbayas asebenzisa izinsimbi esigabeni sakudala esebenzisa amasu amabili ayinhloko:
- Ukushaya ngesando: kuhlanganisa ukushaya izingcezu zensimbi ngezando ezishiswe ngaphambilini zibe bomvu bese zipholiswa emanzini. Ukuphinda inqubo kuze kube yilapho ukushuba nokuma okufunayo kufinyelelwa.
- Lost-wax casting: kuhlanganisa ukwenza isikhunta sobumba, amalahle kanye nengcina, lapho insimbi encibilikisiwe ithululwa futhi ithatha isimo sesikhunta.
Phakathi kwezingcezu ezidume kakhulu nezithandwayo kukhona ama-poporos. Lesi siqeshana sobuciko sangaphambi kwe-Columbian esivela ku-quimbayas sasiwuhlobo lwembiza eyayisetshenziswa kweminye imicikilisho yezenkolo nemikhosi yokulondoloza umcako, owawusetshenziswa ekucubunguleni amaqabunga e-coca, aziwa ngokuthi i-mambeo.
Enye yezinto ezithakasela kakhulu ezimele imfihlakalo yesiko laseQuimbaya yizinto zobuciko ezaziwa kakhulu ezibizwa nge-Otún Birds.
Igama layo libangelwa ukuthi ucezu lokuqala lwatholakala emhlabeni eduze nosebe lomfula i-Otún, esifundazweni saseRisaralda, eColombia. Ezinye izingcezu ezinjengalezi zitholwe osebeni lweCauca naseGrande de la Magdalena.
Ezaziwa nangokuthi izindiza zangaphambi kwe-Columbian, lezi zinto zenziwe ngegolide noma ngethusi futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi zingase zivele ngonyaka we-1000 ngemva kukaKristu. Ziyizinto ezincane ezinde, ezimise okokuphotha, zinezinhlobo zamaphiko emaceleni nangemuva.
Izinyoni zase-Otún zikala cishe amamilimitha angamashumi amathathu nanhlanu ubude, amamilimitha angamashumi amathathu ububanzi namamilimitha ayishumi ukuphakama. Kuze kube manje azikho izinto eziwusizo noma umsebenzi obonakalayo, nokho, ngokungafanele zibhekwa njengezintelezi, ezimelela ukuma kwenhlanzi ehlobene namanzi, amaphiko enyoni enesici somoya nombala we-jaguar ohlobene umhlaba..
Ngaphezu kokumelelwa kwezakhi amanzi, umoya nomhlaba, ukusetshenziswa kwegolide, insimbi ebhekwa njengehlobene nonkulunkulu benkolo yabo kanye nobukhosi, ikhomba indima engaba khona yemilingo-yenkolo le nombolo engadlala. kwamasiko. Quimbaya.
Ama-Petroglyphs
Abomdabu benza izithombe eziqoshiwe nama- petroglyphs, amaningi akho angabonakala namuhla e-Natural Park yaseLas Piedras Marcadas noma nje i-La Marcada, kumasipala waseDosquebradas Risaralda, eColombia.
Akekho owazi iminyaka eqondile yala matshe, futhi akwaziwa okwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi imibhalo yawo isho ukuthini. Lawa matshe egwadle aqinile kakhulu futhi anemifanekiso eqoshiwe ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa imimoya, izinkanyezi, imilaza, amaplanethi nezinye izimpawu ezingaziwa, okungaba imilayezo evela konkulunkulu babo.
Nokho, kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngabo futhi abaningi bathi izimpawu ezihlukene zingase zibhekisele ezinkanyezini ezihlukene futhi zihlobane ngandlela thize neZinyoni zase-Otún.
Abanye bacabanga ukuthi iParque de las Piedras Marcadas ayizange ikuthole ukunakwa okufanele kwalabo abafunda ngamasiko omdabu asendulo aseColombia, okuthiwa banesithakazelo esikhulu kumasampula egolide nobumba, kodwa hhayi kwezobuciko be-lithic.
I-Cerámica
Kunezici ezithile endalweni yakhe ezibonisa ubudlelwano nomthelela wezinye izinhlanga esikweni lamaQuimbaya.
Endabeni ye-ceramics, ubuciko obuyisisekelo nobubalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwala madolobha, kukhona amasampula nezingcezu ze-ceramics zezitayela ezihlukahlukene, ezinemihlobiso ehlukahlukene. Umhlobiso wenziwa ngokusebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene esiqeshini se-ceramic, njenge:
- Umdwebo we-monochrome wokulungisa umbala kanye nezingulube ngomlilo.
- Umdwebo ongemuhle, we-bicolor nowe-polychrome
- Ukuba khona kokupholisha
- Izitsha ezinezindonga ezincane.
- Izisusa ezifana nezidalwa eziphilayo.
- Imihlobiso ifaniswe ngqo nezingcezu ze-ceramic.
- Umhlobiso oqoshiwe, oqoshwe ombeni olusha ngokuvamile.
- Imidwebo yeJiyomethri eyakhiwe imigqa, amaphuzu kanye nemibuthano.
Izingcezu ze-ceramic ezenziwe nge-monochrome zazisetshenziselwa ukujwayela emakhaya ngokuvamile, ngokuphambene nalokho, izitsha ezihlotshiswe kakhulu zazigcinelwe imikhosi.
Izindwangu
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ukwenza izingubo zokulala ngekotini kwakungomunye wemisebenzi yezomnotho eyinhloko yesiko laseQuimbaya, ngakho ukuqoqa ukotini wasendle kwakuyingxenye ebalulekile yosuku engxenyeni yabantu.
Kodwa akwenziwanga izingubo zokulala kuphela, izingubo zikakotini, ezidaywe futhi ezihlotshisiwe zazivame kakhulu phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane baseQuimbaya, noma kunjalo, kwakukhona imiphakathi ethile lapho babekhetha ukugqoka izingubo ezincane.
Kwezinye izimo, i-fiber eyenziwe ngamagxolo ezihlahla nayo yayisetshenziswa esikhundleni sikakotini ekwenzeni izingubo.
Izikhali
Njengamanye amasiko amaningi ezwekazi lethu, ukuba khona kwemiphakathi eyahlukene enabaholi bayo kungase kudale ukungqubuzana nokungqubuzana, isiko lamaQuimbaya lalinjalo.
Lapho impi isiseduze la masiko ayenamasiko awo, amalungiselelo kanye nezikhali zokulwa. Phakathi kwamaQuimbaya, kwakuyinto evamile ukwenza ama-tiradera, imikhonto, izagila, izihlilingi, iminsalo, imicibisholo nemicibisholo, ukuze babhekane nezitha zabo.
Amanye amasu okubamba izitha zawo ayehlanganisa ukumba imigodi emikhulu emigwaqweni, ukubeka izikhonkwane ezenziwe ngokhuni ngaphansi, okubangela umonakalo omkhulu kulabo abawela kuzo.
Sikumema ukuthi uthintane nezinye izihloko ezithakazelisa kakhulu kubhulogi yethu: