Kwaphela isikhathi eside izazi zefilosofi nababhali babecabanga ukuthi iplanethi yethu iwumkhumbi owawuhamba phakathi kolwandle lwezinkanyezi owawuzulazula olwandle oluminyene nolumnyama olunamaphuzu agqamile futhi acwazimulayo, kodwa ngokubona okuthile, ezinye izazi zefilosofi zaqaphela ukuthi kwakukhona ulwandle olumnyama. into engavamile esibhakabhakeni, okungukuthi, babeyizinkanyezi ezifanayo ngesikhathi esithile, kwavela imibono eminingi kangaka mayelana nendawo yonke, kodwa bewazi?yakhiwa kanjani imithala?
Umkhathi wethu ukhula njalo usuka emqaleni wawo ngokusebenzisa i- Big Bang. Izinkulungwane zezinkanyezi nezinhlelo sonozungezilanga zakhiwe umthetho ofanayo lapho isimiso sethu sonozungezilanga kwakhiwa ngaso, abambalwa bayafa kanti abanye bazidla emigodini emikhulu emnyama.
Nakuba Umkhathi njengoba siwazi unezinkulungwane zezigidi zemithala, kungenzeka ukuthi leli nani empeleni alibukelwa phansi ngobukhulu balo nokuthi kukhona. eminye imithala eminingi kunalokho engiye ngakwazi ukukubona kuze kube manje, njengoba kunzima kakhulu ukubona imithala emincane nemincane kakhulu, kodwa ngisho nangokwengeziwe ukuyibala.
Imithala ingaba yindilinga noma ibe isicaba
Imithala iwuhlelo olukhulu lwezinkanyezi, amafu egesi, amaplanethi, uthuli nezinto ezimnyama, u-90% wezinto ezakha umthala, uzungeza isikhungo sawo ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi ewaphrinta kulezo zakhi eziwunikeza isimo. Igama elithi "galaxy" livela ku- ukukhulelwa kwesiGreki, eyathi ukuzalwa komthala kwabangelwa amathonsi obisi achitheke endaweni yonke unkulunkulukazi uHera ngenkathi esondla indodana yakhe u-Hercules.
Ngokwezifundo ezishicilelwe ngo-2016, kulinganiselwa ukuthi okungenani kunemithala eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili, izigidi ezimbili endaweni yonke ebonakalayo, okungukuthi, izikhathi eziyishumi kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili. Ngakho-ke, siyabuqaphela ubukhulu balezi zindikimba ezinkulu zasemkhathini nokuthi zingaba ngobukhulu nezimo ezihlukahlukene.
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Yiziphi izakhi ezakha imithala?
Imithala yakhiwe imizimba eminingi.
Izinkanyezi
Ziyindilinga ekhanyayo ye ukubamba i-plasma ukuma kwayo sibonga amandla ayo adonsela phansi. Inkanyezi eseduze kakhulu noMhlaba yiLanga.
Izinkanyezi akha imithala ngokuvamile ihlelwe yaba amaqembu amabili amakhulu, ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi imiphakathi.
Iqembu lafona labantu I yakhiwe izinkanyezi zokwakheka sonozungezilanga, ezisanda kuqhathaniswa, ezisatshalaliswa emigudwini ecishe ibe yindilinga kuyi-galactic disk, ngaphakathi ezingalweni zayo.
Izinkanyezi inani labantu II zigcwele i-hydrogen ne-helium, nokushoda kwezakhi ezisindayo, sezikhulile, futhi zinemizila engalali ngaphakathi kwendiza yomthala.
Amaplanethi
Iplanethi, ngokwencazelo eyamukelwa yi-International Astronomical Union, indikimba yasezulwini ezungeza inkanyezi noma insalela yayo, inqwaba eyanele ukuze amandla ayo adonsela phansi anqobe amandla omzimba oqinile, ukuze athathe umumo ku-hydrostatic equilibrium, noma ake sithi, eyindilinga. Le mizimba inokubusa kwe-orbital futhi ayikhiphi ukukhanya kwayo.
Umhlaba uyisibonelo seplanethi ecishe iphelele, njengoba ukwazile ukwenza ukuphila, futhi sisondela ekuboneni umkhawulo wendawo yonke.
uthuli lwe-cosmic
Lolu uthuli lwesikhala, oluhlanganiswe yizinhlayiya ezincane kuno-100 µm. Umkhawulo we-100 micrometer unikezwa njengomphumela wezincazelo ezihlongozwayo ze-meteoroid
Indaba emnyama
Lolu uhlobo lwendaba oluhambisana namaphesenti angu-27 wendaba-amandla wendawo yonke, futhi lokho akuwona amandla amnyama, i-baryonic matter (indaba evamile) noma i-neutrinos. Igama layo libhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi ayikhiphi noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemisebe kagesi.
Yonke imizimba eyingxenye yomthala inyakaza ngenxa yokukhangana okuphakathi kwayo ngenxa yomphumela wamandla adonsela phansi, uNewton awuchaza ngokuthi amandla adonsela phansi asemhlabeni wonke. Ngokuvamile, kukhona nokunyakaza okubanzi kakhulu okwenza yonke into ijikeleze phakathi nendawo.
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Umkhathi wakhiwe yimizimba ehlukahlukene, ezalwa, iguquke futhi ife.
Imizimba eyakha imithala ihlanganiswa amandla adonsela phansi
Imithala inemvelaphi kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, imithala yokuqala yaqala ukwakheka eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyinkulungwane ngemva kwe-Big Bang, kanye nezinkanyezi ezakhayo, lezi nazo zinokuzalwa, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokufa, okuthi Ngenxa yebanga layo elikhulu. emhlabeni, kungase kuthathe amakhulu eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba siqaphele ukuthi azisekho.
Lezi zinhlelo zezinkanyezi ezinkulu zinokucushwa noma izimo ezine ezihlukene: i-elliptical, spiral, lenticular, kanye ne-irregular. Umbono othize onemininingwane eyengeziwe uchazwa ngenxa yokulandelana kwe-Hubble satellite observation. Lolu hlelo, oluncike kuphela ekubukeni okubonakalayo, alunaki ezinye izici, njengezinga lokwakheka kwenkanyezi noma umsebenzi we-galactic nucleus, ngakho-ke singasho ukuthi lesi sigaba sizoba banzi kunaleli fomu elingajulile elichazwe. .
Umzamo wokuqala wokuchaza ukuma kwe-Milky Way wenziwa ngu UWilliam Herschel ngo-1785, sibala ngokucophelela inani lezinkanyezi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zesibhakabhaka. Umthala wethu, i-Milky Way, uyingxenye Yeqembu Lendawo cishe lemithala engamashumi amane nesithupha ephethwe yi-Milky Way kanye ne-Andromeda Galaxy.
Lesi simiso senkanyezi sisonqenqemeni lwe-a super conglomerate ehlanganisa cishe izinkulungwane ezi-5 zemithala. Leli qoqo elihle kakhulu, lingelenye inyunyana esabekayo yemithala eqoqwe ngemizimba ehlangene futhi ebushelelezi.
Nakuba izinkanyezi nemithala kubanjelwe ndawonye amandla adonsela phansi, ziyehluka ezicini eziningi zekhwalithi nenani. Isibonelo esilula salokhu ukuthi ngenkathi iningi izinkanyezi ziyindilinga, njengoba siyibona esibhakabhakeni ebusuku, imithala ikhona ngezindlela eziningi: isuka eyisiyingi iye kweziyisicaba.
Ukwakheka nokuvela kwemithala kungenye yezindawo ezithakazelisa kakhulu zocwaningo futhi kuholele emazingeni aphezulu okutshalwa kwezimali yizazi zezinkanyezi. Okuthile i-galactic hypothesis kakade zamukelwa kabanzi. Ukulingisa kwekhompyutha kanye nekhompyutha kuye kwabikezela izakhiwo zamanje nokusabalalisa okubonwa emithala eyaziwayo, ingasaphathwa eyokujula okukhulu.