I-cloning yokwelapha ihlanganisa ukwakhiwa kombungu owenziwe ngamaseli we-pluripotent wesiguli ngenhloso yokuthola ama-stem cells futhi uwasebenzisele ukwelapha izifo ngaphandle kokwenqatshwa kwe-immunological.
Ngisho, kuyindlela yokuguqula izakhi zofuzo esebenzisa imibungu ngezinjongo zokwelapha futhi lokhu sekudale impikiswano enkulu emhlabeni wonke ukuphakamisa izindaba ze-bioethical ezifana nesithunzi sombungu, ukuqala kwempilo noma ubuntu bomuntu. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe sizokhuluma ngezinzuzo ezingokoqobo ze-cloning yokwelapha kanye nezinkinga ze-bioethical ezizibangelayo. Hlala nathi ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana ne- i-cloning yokwelapha: inguquko ye-biomedical?
Iyini i-cloning yokwelapha?
Inqubo ye-cloning yokwelapha iqukethe ukudluliswa kwe-nuclear isuka kuseli somatic elinikelayo liye engqamuzaneni yokuzala yomamukeli eyayifakwe ngaphambili, i-ovum.. Lokhu kuhilela ukukhipha i-nucleus kuseli ye-somatic (engazalanisi) kumnikeli futhi ayifake ku-ovum e-ennucleated (engekho i-nucleus), iseli lomamukeli.
Iqanda libe seligqugquzelwa ukuthi lihlukane ukuze liqale ukuphindaphindeka futhi lenze umbungu wokuqala (i-blastula). Lo mbungu ukhuliswa izinsuku ezimbalwa ukuthola ama-stem cell e-pluripotent, okungamaseli anamandla noma angaba yinoma yiluphi uhlobo lweseli emzimbeni womuntu, aziwa nangokuthi ama-embryonic stem cell.
Ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwe-cloning yokwelapha
Amaseli e-Embryonic stem anekhono lokuhlukanisa kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lweseli emzimbeni womuntu, okuwenza abe umthombo othembisayo wemithi yokuvuselela.
Lawa maseli angasetshenziswa ukufaka esikhundleni samaseli alimele noma agulayo ezigulini, enikeza amathuba okuba phatha izifo nokulimala ngaphandle kwengozi yokwenqatshwa kwamasosha omzimba. Isibonelo, zingase zisetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza izicubu zenhliziyo ezigulini ezinesifo senhliziyo, ama-neurons ukwelapha izifo zemizwa, noma amaseli e-pancreatic ukwelapha isifo sikashukela.
Izinzuzo ze-cloning yokwelapha
Enye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko okuthiwa i-cloning yokwelapha kungenzeka ukuthola ama-autologous stem cells. Lawa maseli athola leli gama ngoba atholakala kumuntu (isiguli) futhi asetshenziselwa inzuzo yawo, ngoba anenzuzo yokuthi awafaki izinkinga zokunqatshelwa kwe-immunological, ngaleyo ndlela agweme isidingo sokusebenzisa ama-immunosuppressants ngemva kokufakelwa kwezicubu noma izitho. (etholwe yi-cloning yokwelapha) esigulini.
Ngakho-ke i-cloning yokwelapha ivula ithuba lokuthola imithi yokwelashwa yomuntu siqu ngokuphelele ngaphandle kwengozi yokwenqatshwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-cloning yokwelapha ingase inikeze indlela yokukhiqiza ama-stem cells, okungavumela ukunciphisa izindleko kanye nokwenza ngcono ukufinyeleleka kulolu hlobo lokwelashwa. Lokhu kungase futhi kube nomthelela omkhulu wezomnotho embonini ye-biomedical.
izinkinga ze-bioethic
Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwemibungu ngenxa yokubhujiswa kwayo okwalandela ngezinjongo zokwelapha kuvula impikiswano nenkulumo-mpikiswano ebucayi mayelana nokuphila njengombono: Izinkulumo-mpikiswano zokuziphatha nezokuziphatha zivela mayelana nesithunzi sombungu obukhona buyobekelwa esimweni sokusebenziseka kalula. “ukuhlwitha ilungelo” ukuze abe yilokho amiselwe ukuba yikho: umuntu omdala.
Kuvela imibuzo yazo zonke izinhlobo, enjengokuthi: Ingabe abantu banawo ngempela amandla okunquma ikusasa lokuphila (lokho kombungu)? Lo mbuzo ungaholela kulokhu okulandelayo: ukuphila kuqala nini? Ku-zygote, ku-embryo? Futhi uma, ngokuvumelana, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi i-embryo, kusiphi isigaba sokukhula kwayo? Esigabeni se-blastula noma i-embryo yokuqala (leyo esetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni kokwelapha)? Kamuva? Lezi yizindaba ezifanayo ezivela kwezinye izindaba ezibucayi njengokuhushula isisu. Futhi yilokho kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuchaza imikhawulo yempilo namalungelo ombungu, naphezu kokuthi le nqubo yazalwa inenjongo yokwelapha enhle.
Ukuxhashazwa kombungu kuye kwadala ukugxekwa okuqinile, ikakhulukazi emaqenjini enkolo nabavikeli bokuphila, abathi konke ukuphila komuntu kunelungelo lokuvikelwa kusukela ekuqaleni, kuhlanganise nemibungu. Ngalesi sizathu, i-cloning yokwelapha igxekwe kakhulu yilawa maqembu futhi ukusebenza kwayo kungaphansi kokwahlulela okuqinile.
Okunye okukhathazayo nge-cloning yokwelapha ukuthi amaseli omuntu angama-cloned angase asetshenziselwe izinjongo ezingezona ezokwelashwa., njengokuhlanganisa okuyimfihlo kokuzala, njengoba kwenqatshelwe ngokuphelele ngokomthetho emhlabeni wonke.
I-cloning yokwelapha vs i-cloning yokuzala
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-cloning yokuzala kanye neyokwelapha imiqondo emibili ehlukene. I-cloning yokuzala ihloselwe ukukhiqiza umuntu ophelele, kuyilapho i-cloning yokwelapha ihlose ukukhiqiza isicubu, esiphezulu isitho esiphelele, ngenjongo yokwelapha isifo. (okungukuthi ngezinjongo zokwelapha). Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa kombungu ohlanganisiwe otholakala kuzo zombili izimo kuhlukile, nakuba kunempikiswano ngokulinganayo.
I-cloning yokuzala kubantu inqatshelwe ngokuphelele emhlabeni jikelele., njengoba besilindele emigqeni embalwa edlule, futhi ukuhlanganisa kokwelapha kungenzeka kukhawulelwe eduze nomthetho, nakuba kungase kuhluke ngokuvumelana nomthetho wezwe ngalinye.
Njengoba sonke sazi, ukuzalanisa kwenziwa ezilwaneni kuphela nangaphansi kokulawulwa kokuhlolwa, sikhuluma ngakho. udoli imvu edumile, owafika emhlabeni ngo-1996 ukuze alethe izinguquko ezishintshayo kwezesayensi.
Kusukela lapho, kuye kwenziwa uphenyo oluhlukene mayelana ne-cloning yokwelapha, ukuze kutholwe ama-stem cells afana nalawo esiguli ukuze aphathe izifo ezihlukahlukene.
Ezinye izindlela zokuhlanganisa i-therapeutic cloning
Ngenxa yempikiswano eyimpikiswano ebandakanya le ndlela, isayensi iphakamisa ezinye izindlela ezithakazelisayo zokuhlanganisa i-cloning yokwelapha ezenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola ama-stem cells.
Enye yazo yi ukuhlela kabusha iseli, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-iPS. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukuthatha amangqamuzana amadala futhi uwahlele kabusha ukuze aziphathe njengamaseli e-embryonic stem, futhi isetshenziswe ngempumelelo ukwelapha izifo ezifana ne-Parkinson noma isifo sikashukela.
Kukhona futhi inketho ye Ukuthola ama-stem cells kusuka kokunamathiselwe kwe-extraembryonic, njenge-umbilical cord: Amaseli e-stem angakhishwa kuwo ngesikhathi sokulethwa azogcinwa kuma-stem cell bank ukuze asetshenziswe kamuva. Lolu hlobo lwamaseli we-stem lubuye lube nenzuzo yokuthi alukhiqizi ukwenqatshwa esigulini, ngoba akuwona amaseli angaphandle, kodwa awabo.
Inkulumo-mpikiswano isavuliwe: ingabe i-cloning yokwelapha inguguquko lwe-biomedical?
I-cloning yokwelapha ingase ibonakale iyindlela ethembisayo yokwelapha izifo ngokudala ama-autologous stem cells esigulini. Nokho, ukuba nokwenzeka kwayo kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha kuseyindaba-mpikiswano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinye izindlela ezitholakalayo ezinganikeza ama-stem cell ngokuziphatha nangokuphepha.
Kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokucwaninga nokuthuthukisa zonke lezi zindlela zokuthuthuka ekwelapheni izifo kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga lempilo yeziguli.