Kwaqala edolobhaneni elincane labadobi nabalimi, okwathi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka futhi ngenxa yokuphikelela nentando yezakhamuzi zakhona, kwathuthukiswa kwaze kwaba yilapho Impucuko yamaRoma yaba ngenye yezibaluleke kakhulu ezweni lasendulo futhi ithonya layo lisasebenza kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla.
Impucuko yamaRoma
IRoma lasendulo, enye yempucuko ebaluleke kakhulu yezwe lasendulo, yaqala kulokho okwakuzoba idolobha layo eliyinhloko, elibizwa ngegama likaRomulus, okwathi ngokusho kwenganekwane wayengumsunguli walo. Isikhungo saseRoma sathuthukiswa phakathi kwethafa eliwuxhaphozi, elihlukaniswe yiCapitoline Hill, iPalatine kanye neQuirinal. Amasiko ama-Etruscans namaGreki asendulo ayenethonya eliqinisekile ekwakhiweni kwempucuko yaseRoma yasendulo.
IRoma yasendulo yafinyelela ukuphakama kwamandla ayo ngekhulu lesibili AD ukusuka endaweni yaseNgilandi yesimanje enyakatho kuya eSudan eningizimu nokusuka e-Iraq empumalanga kuya ePortugal entshonalanga. IRoma yashiyela izwe lanamuhla umthetho wamaRoma, ezinye izinhlobo zezakhiwo nezisombululo (isibonelo, i-arch kanye nedome), nokunye okuningi okusha (isibonelo, umshini wokugaya amanzi). UbuKristu njengenkolo bazalwa endaweni yesifundazwe esasiphethwe uMbuso WaseRoma, okwathi ngemva kweminyaka eyisithupha yaba yingxenye yoMbuso WaseRoma.
Ulimi olusemthethweni lwesifunda saseRoma lasendulo kwakuyisiLatini. Inkolo phakathi nesikhathi esiningi sokuba khona kwayo yayiyi-polytheism, isibonakaliso sombuso kwakunguKhozi Lwegolide (ngokungekho emthethweni), ngemva kokwamukelwa kobuKristu, kwavela ama-labaros (isibhengezo uMbusi uConstantine asisungulela amabutho akhe) nechrismon ( monogram kaKristu no. izinhlamvu zesiGreki Χ “ji” kanye no-Ρ “rho”).
umlando wempucuko yamaRoma
Uhlobo lukahulumeni lwashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kusukela ebukhosini, kwiriphabhulikhi, futhi ekugcineni umbuso. Umlando Wempucuko YaseRoma ngokwesiko ungahlukaniswa ngokwezigaba eziNtathu, nezigatshana zazo ezilandelanayo, lapho kusebenza khona izikhathi ezilandelayo, hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi ezinemba ngokomlando:
Ubukhosi (kusukela ngonyaka wama-754/753 kuya onyakeni wama-510/509 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu)
IRiphabhulikhi (kusukela ngonyaka wama-510/509 kuya onyakeni wama-30/27 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu)
- I-Early Roman Republic (509-265 BC)
- I-Late Roman Republic (265 - 31/27 BC), izikhathi ezimbili zihlukaniswa ngezinye izikhathi [1]:
- Inkathi yokunqoba okukhulu kweRiphabhulikhi (265-133 BC)
- Izimpi zombango kanye nenhlekelele yeRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma (133-31 / 27 BC)
Umbuso (31/27 BC - 476 AD)
- UMbuso WaseRoma Wokuqala. Isikhulu (31/27 BC - 235 AD)
- Inhlekelele yekhulu lesi-235 (284-XNUMX)
- ngasekupheleni koMbuso WaseRoma. Kubuswa (284-476).
Isikhathi Sobukhosi kanye neRiphabhulikhi
Phakathi nenkathi yobukhosi, iRoma yayiyisifunda esincane esasithatha ingxenye kuphela yesifunda saseLatium, isifunda okwakuhlala kuso isizwe samaLatini. Phakathi neRiphabhulikhi yokuqala, impucuko yaseRoma yandisa indawo yayo ngokuphawulekayo ngezimpi eziningi. Ngemva kweMpi YasePyrrhic, iRoma yaqala ukubusa phezu kweNhlonhlo Yase-Italy, nakuba isimiso sokulawula izindawo ezingaphansi sasingakasungulwa ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngemva kokunqotshwa kwe-Italy, impucuko yamaRoma yaba umdlali ovelele eMedithera, okwasheshe kwayixabanisa neCarthage, izwe elikhulu elasungulwa abaseFenike eNyakatho Afrika. Ochungechungeni Lwezimpi ZePunic ezintathu izwe laseCarthage lanqotshwa ngokuphelele futhi idolobha ngokwalo labhujiswa. Ngalesi sikhathi, iRoma nayo yaqala ukwanda ngasempumalanga, inqoba i-Illyria, iGrisi, kamuva i-Asia Minor, iSiriya, neJudiya.
UMbuso WaseRoma
Ngekhulu lokuqala BC, iRoma yanyakaziswa uchungechunge lwezimpi zombango, okwabangela ukuthi umnqobi wokugcina, u-Octavian Augustus, abeke izisekelo zesimiso sokuphatha futhi asungula ubukhosi bukaJulio-Claudian, nokho, obungapheli. isikhathi eside.
I-heyday yoMbuso WaseRoma yawela ngesikhathi esithulile ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX, kodwa kakade ikhulu le-XNUMX laligcwele umzabalazo wamandla futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukungazinzi kwezombangazwe, isikhundla senqubomgomo yangaphandle yombuso sasiyinkimbinkimbi. Ukusungulwa kohlelo olubusayo nguDiocletian kwakwazi ukusimamisa lo myalelo isikhathi esithile ngokugxilisa amandla kumbusi nasezinsizeni zakhe zokuphatha. Ngekhulu lesine ngaphansi kokuhlasela kwamaHun, ukuhlukaniswa kombuso ube yizifunda ezimbili kwaphela, futhi ubuKristu baba inkolo esemthethweni yawo wonke umbuso.
Ngekhulu lesi-476, uMbuso WaseRoma WaseNtshonalanga waba yindaba yokuhlaliswa kabusha kwezizwe zamaJalimane, okwagcina kwalulaza ubumbano lombuso. Ukuketulwa koMbusi WaseRoma WaseNtshonalanga uRomulus Augustulus ngumholi waseJalimane u-Odoacer ngoSepthemba XNUMX, XNUMX kuthathwa njengosuku olungokwesiko lokuwa koMbuso WaseRoma.
Abacwaningi abahlukahlukene bathi impucuko yaseRoma yadalwa izakhamuzi zayo ngendlela yokuqala, ukuthi yavela ohlelweni olukhethekile lwamagugu olwakhiwe emphakathini waseRoma mayelana nezici zokuthuthukiswa kwawo komlando. Lezi zici zihlanganisa ukusungulwa kohlobo lukahulumeni weRiphabhulikhi ngenxa yomzabalazo phakathi kwama-patricians nama-plebeians, kanye nezimpi ezicishe zingapheli zaseRoma, ezaliguqula lisuka edolobheni elincane lase-Italy laba inhloko-dolobha yamandla amakhulu.
Ngaphansi kwethonya lalezi zici, kwasungulwa i-ideology kanye nohlelo lwenani lezakhamizi zaseRoma. Kwanqunywa, okokuqala, ngokushisekela izwe, umbono wokhetho olukhethekile lwabantu baseRoma kanye nesiphetho sokunqoba okumiselwe bona, mayelana nempucuko yamaRoma njengenani eliphakeme kakhulu, mayelana nomsebenzi wesakhamuzi sokukhonza. ngawo wonke amandla akhe.
Ukuze senze lokhu, isakhamuzi kwakudingeka sibe nesibindi, ukubekezela, ukwethembeka, ukwethembeka, isithunzi, ukuphila okusesilinganisweni, ikhono lokulalela isiyalo empini, umthetho ophasisiwe nesiko elasungulwa okhokho ngezikhathi zokuthula, ukuhlonipha onkulunkulu abangabasekeli bemindeni yabo. , imiphakathi yasemaphandleni kanye nempucuko yamaRoma ngokwayo. Isici esiyingqayizivele sempucuko yamaRoma asendulo kwakuwumthetho wamaRoma, umqondo wokulingana kanye nekhono lokubizela enkantolo noma yimuphi ummeleli wezikhulu noma isikhulu ngaphandle kombusi.
isakhiwo sombuso
Amandla omthetho enkathini yasendulo yomlando wasendulo wamaRoma ayehlukaniswa phakathi kwezimantshi, izigele, kanye nemihlangano yamaRoma (comitia).
Omantshi bangase bethule umthethosivivinywa (rogatio) eSenate, lapho okuxoxwe khona. Ekuqaleni, iSenethi yayinamalungu ayikhulu, ngoba iningi lomlando weRiphabhulikhi kwakukhona amalungu angaba ngamakhulu amathathu, uSulla waphinda kabili inani lamalungu, khona-ke inani labo lihluka. Indawo eSenate yatholwa ngemva kokuvunyelwa bomantshi abavamile, kodwa abahloli babenelungelo lokuhlanza iSenethi ngokuxosha izigele.
Amakomiti abenelungelo lokuvotela noma lokuphikisa kuphela futhi awakwazanga ukuxoxa noma ukwenza ezawo izinguquko kulo mthethosivivinywa ohlongozwayo. Umthethosivivinywa ogunyazwe ukhetho uthole amandla omthetho. Ngokwemithetho kandlovukayiphikiswa uQuintus Publilius Philo ngonyaka wama-339 BC, egunyazwe umhlangano odumile, lo mthetho uba yisibopho kubo bonke abantu.
Amandla aphezulu kakhulu empucuko yamaRoma ngesikhathi sombuso anikezwa izimantshi eziphakeme kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umbuzo wokuqukethwe wona kanye umqondo wombuso usalokhu uphikisana. Izimantshi ezivamile zazikhethwa emihlanganweni yaseRoma.
Omashiqela ababekhethwa ngezikhathi ezikhethekile futhi isikhathi esingeqile kwezinyanga eziyisithupha babenamandla angavamile futhi, ngokungafani nezimantshi ezivamile, babengenakuziphendulela. Ngaphandle kobumantshi obungavamile bomashiqela, zonke izikhundla eRoma zazingamakolishi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo empucukweni yamaRoma
Esigabeni sokuqala sentuthuko, umphakathi waseRoma wawunezindawo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ama-patricians kanye nama-plebeians. Ngokusho kwenguqulo evamile yemvelaphi yalezi zigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko, ama-patricians abahlali bomdabu baseRoma, kanti ama-plebeians angabantu bangaphandle, kodwa, ababenamalungelo omphakathi.
Ama-patricians ahlanganiswa kuqala ekhulwini bese emva kwalokho ngezinhlobo ezingamakhulu amathathu (umndeni noma iqembu lemindeni). Ekuqaleni, abantu abavamile babenqatshelwe ukushada nodokotela, okwakuqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa kwekilasi le-patrician. Ngaphezu kwalezi zigaba ezimbili, kwakukhona namakhasimende e-patrician eRoma (izigqila ezazithole inkululeko futhi okwathi ngemva kokukhululwa kwazo zahlala zisebenzela umnikazi wazo wangaphambili) nezigqila.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isakhiwo senhlalo sisonke siba yinkimbinkimbi ngokuphawulekayo. Kwavela ama-Equites, abantu abangebona njalo izicukuthwane, kodwa benza imisebenzi yezentengiselwano (odokotela babebheka ukuhweba njengomsebenzi ongenasithunzi) ababegxilise ingcebo ebalulekile ezandleni zabo. Cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC ama-patricians ahlangana nama-equites kwaba yizicukuthwane.
Nokho, izicukuthwane azizange zibe munye. Ngokwemibono yamaRoma, ukuhlonishwa komkhaya umuntu akuwo yikho okunquma izinga lenhlonipho okufanele ahlonishwe ngayo. Ngamunye kwakudingeka ahambisane nemvelaphi yakhe, futhi kokubili imisebenzi efanelekayo (ngokwesibonelo, ezentengiselwano) yomuntu wozalo oluphakeme, kanye nabantu abavamile ababefinyelele isikhundla esiphakeme babesolwa ngokulinganayo.
Izakhamuzi nazo zaqala ukuhlukaniswa zaba izakhamuzi ngokokuzalwa kanye nezakhamuzi ezithole amalungelo ngaphansi komthetho othile. Abantu bezizwe ezihlukahlukene (ikakhulukazi amaGreki) ababengenamalungelo ezombusazwe, kodwa ababenendima ebalulekile ekuphileni komphakathi, nabo baqala ukuthutheleka eRoma. Kwavela abakhululiwe, okungukuthi, izigqila ezanikezwa inkululeko.
umshado nomndeni
Ekuqaleni kwempucuko yamaRoma, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi umgomo kanye nengqikithi eyinhloko yokuphila kwesakhamuzi kwakuwukuba nendlu yaso kanye nezingane, kuyilapho ubudlelwano bomndeni babungekho ngaphansi komthetho, kodwa babulawulwa umthetho. Inhloko yomndeni yayibizwa ngokuthi "i-Pater Familias" futhi yayilawula izingane, inkosikazi, nezinye izihlobo (emikhayeni esezingeni eliphezulu, umndeni wawuhlanganisa nezigqila nezinceku).
Amandla kayise ayengukuthi wayenganikela indodakazi yakhe emshadweni noma isehlukaniso ngokuthanda kwakhe, athengise izingane zakhe njengezigqila, futhi wayengayibona noma angayiboni indodana yakhe. Igunya labazali ladluliselwa ezinganeni ezindala nasemindenini yazo: kuphela ngokufa kukayise lapho izingane zaba izakhamuzi ezigcwele nezinhloko zemindeni.
Owesifazane ubengaphansi kowesilisa ngoba, ngokusho kukaTeodoro Mommsen, "ungowomndeni kuphela futhi ubengekho emphakathini." Emindenini ecebile, owesifazane wanikezwa isikhundla esihloniphekile, ehlanganyela ekuphatheni umnotho. Ngokungafani nabesifazane abangamaGreki, abesifazane baseRoma babengabonakala ngokukhululekile emphakathini futhi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ubaba wayenamandla aphakeme kakhulu emndenini, babevikelekile ekuziphatheni kwakhe. Umgomo oyisisekelo wokwakhiwa komphakathi waseRoma ukuncika kungqamuzana lokuqala lomphakathi: umndeni.
Kuze kube sekupheleni kweRiphabhulikhi, kwakukhona uhlobo lomshado we-cum manu, "ngesandla", okungukuthi, indodakazi, lapho ishada, yadlulela emandleni enhloko yomndeni womyeni. Kamuva, lolu hlobo lomshado lwayeka ukusetshenziswa futhi sine manu, imishado "engenazandla" yaqala ukuhlelwa, lapho inkosikazi yayingekho ngaphansi kokulawula komyeni wayo futhi yahlala ngaphansi kokulawula kukayise noma umgadi wayo.
Empucukweni yamaRoma, umthetho wawunikeza izinhlobo ezimbili zomshado: Esimweni sokuqala, owesifazane wasuka egunyeni likayise waya egunyeni lomyeni wakhe, okungukuthi, wamukelwa emndenini womyeni wakhe.
Kolunye uhlobo lomshado, owesifazane waqhubeka eyilungu lesibongo sakudala, kuyilapho ebanga ifa lomndeni. Leli cala lalingelona elivamile futhi lalifana nezancinza kunomshado, njengoba inkosikazi yayingamshiya umyeni wayo futhi ibuyele ekhaya cishe noma nini.
imfundo
Abafana namantombazane baqala ukufundiswa eneminyaka eyisikhombisa. Abazali abacebile bakhetha imfundo yasekhaya. Abampofu babesebenzisa izinsiza zezikole. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wazalwa prototype imfundo yesimanje: izingane zadlula izigaba ezintathu zemfundo: primary, secondary nangaphezulu. Izinhloko zemikhaya, ezazikhathazeke ngemfundo yabantwana bazo, zazama ukuqashela izingane zabo abafundisi abangamaGreki noma zithole isigqila esingumGreki ukuba sizifundise. Ubuze babazali babaphoqa ukuba bathumele izingane zabo eGreece ukuze zithole imfundo ephakeme.
Ezigabeni zokuqala zemfundo, izingane zazifundiswa kakhulu ukubhala nokubala, zazinikezwa ulwazi ngomlando, umthetho kanye nemibhalo. Esikoleni esiphakeme waqeqeshelwa ukukhuluma obala. Phakathi nezifundo ezingokoqobo, abafundi benza izivivinyo ezihlanganisa ukwethula izinkulumo ngesihloko esithile somlando, inganekwane, izincwadi noma impilo yomphakathi. Ngaphandle kwase-Italy, bathola imfundo ikakhulukazi e-Athene, esiqhingini saseRhodes, lapho bathuthukisa khona nendlela yabo yokukhuluma.
AmaRoma nawo ayekhathazeke ngokuthi abesifazane bafundiswe maqondana nendima yabo emkhayeni: abahleli bokuphila komkhaya nabafundisi bezingane zisencane. Kwakunezikole lapho amantombazane ayefunda khona nabafana. Futhi kwakubhekwa njengokuhloniphekile uma bethi ngentombazane encane ukuthi iyintombazane efundile.
Empucukweni yamaRoma, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lokuqala AD, baqala ukuqeqesha izigqila, njengoba izigqila kanye nabakhululiwe baqala ukudlala indima ephawulekayo emnothweni wombuso. Izigqila zaba ngabaphathi bezindawo futhi zihweba, zaziyizikhundla zokuqondisa phezu kwezinye izigqila. Izigqila ezifundile zakhangwa izinsiza zombuso, izigqila eziningi zazingothisha ngisho nabadwebi bezakhiwo.
Isigqila esifundile sasibaluleke ngaphezu komuntu ongafundile ngoba sasingase sisetshenziselwe imisebenzi ekhethekile. Izigqila ezifundile zazibizwa ngokuthi inani eliyinhloko lomRoma ocebile. Ababeyizigqila, abakhululekile, kancane kancane baqala ukwakha uhlaka olubalulekile eRoma. Balwela ukuthatha indawo yesisebenzi, umphathi ezinsizakalweni zikahulumeni, bahlanganyele emisebenzini yezohwebo, ngokulobola.
Inzuzo yabo ngaphezu kwamaRoma yaqala ukubonakala, okwakuwukuthi babengakuxwayi ukusebenza, babezibheka njengabancishwe amathuba, futhi babonisa ukubekezela ekulweleni indawo yabo emphakathini. Ekugcineni bakwazi ukulingana ngokomthetho.
Amasosha
Ibutho lamaRoma lalingenye yezinto eziyinhloko zomphakathi waseRoma nombuso. Ibutho lamaRoma cishe sonke isikhathi sokuba khona kwalo, njengoba umkhuba ubonisile, lalithuthuke kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke ezinye izifunda zeZwe Lasendulo, selidlulile ebuthweni lezempi elidumile laya ebuchwepheni abavamile bezingane kanye nabakhwele amahhashi elinamayunithi amaningi asizayo nabahlangene. ukwakheka.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ibutho eliyinhloko lokulwa belilokhu liyibutho elihamba ngezinyawo. Ngenkathi yePunic Wars, empeleni, i-Marine Corps yavela futhi yaziphatha kahle. Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zebutho lamaRoma kwakuwukuhamba, ukuguquguquka kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwamaqhinga, okwakuvumela ukuthi isebenze ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zezwe kanye nezimo zezulu ezimbi.
Octavian Augustus wayenciphise ibutho laba amalegion angamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili ngo-14 AD. C. Phakathi nokudlondlobala kweRoma Lasendulo, ingqikithi yenani lebutho ngokuvamile yayifika kubantu abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu, kodwa yayingakhula ibe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-100 noma 250 nangaphezulu.
Ngemva kwezinguquko zikaDiocletian noConstantine, inani lebutho lamaRoma lafinyelela abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-600-650, lapho izinkulungwane ezingama-200 zaziyibutho elihambahambayo kanti bonke abanye babengamabutho. Ngokusho kokunye ukulandisa, eminyakeni ka-Honorius, imali ekhokhelwa amabutho azo zombili izingxenye zoMbuso WaseRoma yayisuka ezinkulungwaneni ezingamakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye kuya kwesigidi (nakuba empeleni ibutho lalilincane).
Ukwakheka kohlanga lwebutho lamaRoma kwashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: ekhulwini lokuqala kwakuyibutho lamaRoma, ekupheleni kwe-XNUMXst nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX kwakuyibutho lama-Italic, kodwa kakade ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. XNUMXnd kanye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX laguqulwa ebuthweni lamaqaba angama-Romanized, asala eRoma ngegama kuphela.
Ibutho lamaRoma laliphethe izikhali ezingcono kakhulu ngesikhathi salo, izisebenzi ezinokuhlangenwe nakho neziqeqeshwe kahle, ezazihlukaniswa ngesiyalo esinokhahlo nobungcweti obuphakeme bezempi babaphathi abasebenzisa izindlela ezithuthuke kakhulu zempi, befinyelela ukunqotshwa ngokuphelele kwesitha.
Igatsha eliyinhloko lebutho kwakuyibutho elihamba ngezinyawo. Ibutho lasolwandle lasekela izenzo zamabutho angaphansi ezindaweni ezisogwini kanye nokuthuthwa kwamabutho endaweni yesitha ngolwandle. Ubunjiniyela bezempi, inhlangano yamakamu, ikhono lokushintsha ngokushesha amabanga amade, ubuciko bokuvimbezela nokuvikela inqaba bathola ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo.
Isiko lasendulo lempucuko yamaRoma
Ezombusazwe, impi, ezolimo, ukuthuthukiswa komthetho (wezomphakathi nezingcwele) kanye ne-historiography kwaqashelwa njengezenzo ezifanele umRoma, ikakhulukazi izicukuthwane. Ngalesi sisekelo, isiko lokuqala laseRoma laqala ukumila.
Amathonya angaphandle, ikakhulukazi amaGreki, angena emadolobheni aseGreece aseningizimu ye-Italy yesimanje, kamuva asuka ngokuqondile eGreece nase-Asia Minor, avunyelwa kuphela ngezinga lapho engazange aphikisane nesimiso samaRoma noma aqhubeke ngokuvumelana nesimiso samaRoma. .kanye ne. Ngokulandelayo, isiko lamaRoma ekuphakameni kwalo libe nomthelela omkhulu kubantu abangomakhelwane nasekuthuthukisweni okwalandela kweYurophu.
Umbono wezwe waseRoma wasendulo wawubonakala ngokuba nomuzwa wokuba isakhamuzi esikhululekile esinomuzwa wokuba ingxenye yomphakathi kanye nokubeka phambili izithakazelo zombuso kunomuntu siqu, kuhlangene ne-conservatism, eyayihlanganisa ukulandela amasiko okhokho. Ekhulwini lesibili nelokuqala ngaphambi kukaKristu kwaba khona ukuchezuka kulezi zimo zengqondo kanye nokuthanda komuntu ngamunye kwaqina, ubuntu baqala ukuphikisa umbuso, ngisho neminye imibono yendabuko yacatshangelwa kabusha.
Ngenxa yalokho, enkathini yababusi, kwazalwa indlela entsha yokubusa umphakathi wamaRoma: kufanele kube “isinkwa namasekisi” amaningi kanye nokwehla okuthile kokuziphatha phakathi koquqaba lwezakhamizi, obekulokhu kubonwa ababusi abacindezelayo ngezinga elithile lomusa.
Ulimi
Ulimi lwesiLatini, okubukeka kwalo kuthiwa maphakathi nenkulungwane yesithathu ngaphambi kukaKristu, kwakuyingxenye yeqembu le-Italic lomndeni wezilimi zase-Indo-European. Enqubweni yokuthuthukiswa komlando we-Italy yasendulo, isiLatini sathatha indawo yezinye izilimi ze-Italic futhi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, saba nesikhundla esiphezulu entshonalanga yeMedithera. Kunezigaba ezimbalwa ekuthuthukisweni kwesiLatini: isiLatini sama-Archaic, isiLatini sakudala, isiLatini se-Postclassical, nesiLatini sakamuva.
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BC, isiLatini sasikhulunywa abantu basesifundeni esincane saseLatium, esisendaweni esentshonalanga emaphakathi nenhlonhlo yase-Apennine, endaweni engezansi yeTiber. Isizwe esasihlala eLatium sasibizwa ngokuthi amaLatins, futhi ulimi lwaso kwakuyiLatini. Inkaba yalesi sifunda kwakuyidolobha laseRoma, okwathi ngemva kwalokho izizwe ezi-Italic zahlangana zaqala ukuzibiza ngokuthi amaRoma.
Inkolo
Izinganekwane zamaRoma asendulo ezicini eziningi ziseduze nesiGreki, kuze kufike ekubolekweni okuqondile kwezinganekwane ngazinye. Nokho, emisebenzini yenkolo yamaRoma, izinkolelo-ze zama-animist ezihlobene nehlelo lemimoya nazo zaba nendima ebalulekile: ama-jinn, ama-penate, ama-lares nama-lemurs. Futhi eRoma lasendulo, kwakunamakolishi amaningi abapristi.
Nakuba inkolo yaba nendima ebalulekile emphakathini waseRoma wasendulo, ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC ingxenye ebalulekile yezikhulu zaseRoma yayisivele ingenandaba nenkolo. Ngekhulu lokuqala BC izazi zefilosofi zamaRoma (ikakhulukazi uTitus Lucretius Carus kanye noCicero) zabuyekeza kakhulu noma zangabaza izikhundla eziningi zenkolo yendabuko. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lokuqala u-Octavian Augustus wathatha izinyathelo zokusungula inkolo esemthethweni yombuso.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-313st ekuhlakazekeni kwamaJuda emadolobheni oMbuso WaseRoma, kwavela ubuKristu, kwase kuba abameleli babanye abantu bombuso bajoyina. Ekuqaleni kuphela kwavusa ukusola nobutha engxenyeni yeziphathimandla zombuso, phakathi nekhulu lesithathu leminyaka yavalwa futhi yaqala ukuhlukunyezwa kwamaKristu kuwo wonke uMbuso WaseRoma. Nokho, kusukela ngo-XNUMX, uMbusi uConstantine wakhipha i-Edict of Milan, evumela amaKristu ukuba avume ngokukhululekile ngenkolo yawo, akhe amathempeli, futhi abe nezikhundla zomphakathi.
UbuKristu kancane kancane baba inkolo yombuso. Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XNUMX ukubhujiswa kwamathempeli amaqaba kwaqala, iMidlalo Yama-Olympic yavinjelwa.
Ciencia
Isayensi yamaRoma yazuza njengefa inani lezifundo zamaGreki, kodwa ngokungafani nazo (ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezibalo kanye nemishini), yayisetshenziswa kakhulu endalweni. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kwakuyizinombolo zesiRoma kanye nekhalenda likaJulius okwasakazwa emhlabeni wonke. Ngaso leso sikhathi, isici sayo esiwuphawu kwaba ukwethula izihloko zesayensi ngendlela ebhaliwe nedlalwayo.
I-Jurisprudence kanye nesayensi yezolimo yafinyelela ekuchumeni okukhethekile, inani elikhulu lemisebenzi lalinikezelwe ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kanye nokuhlelwa kwamadolobha kanye nobuchwepheshe bezempi. Abameleli abakhulu besayensi yemvelo kwakungososayensi be-encyclopedic uPliny Omdala, uMarco Terencio Varrón noSeneca. Ifilosofi yamaRoma yasendulo yavela ikakhulukazi esiGrekini, eyayihlotshaniswa nayo kakhulu. I-Stoicism yayisakazeke kakhulu kufilosofi.
Isayensi yamaRoma yazuza impumelelo ephawulekayo emkhakheni wezokwelapha. Phakathi kodokotela abavelele baseRoma lasendulo, singagqamisa: UDioscorides, isazi semithi futhi omunye wabasunguli besayensi yezitshalo, uSoranus wase-Efesu, udokotela wezokubelethisa kanye nodokotela wezingane, uGalen wasePergamon, isazi sesayensi yemvelo esathola imisebenzi yemizwa nobuchopho. .Izincwadi ze-encyclopedic ezabhalwa ngezikhathi zamaRoma zahlala ziwumthombo obaluleke kakhulu wolwazi lwesayensi engxenyeni enkulu yeNkathi Ephakathi.
Ifa lempucuko yamaRoma
Isiko lamaRoma, nemibono yalo ethuthukisiwe mayelana nokulula kwezinto nezenzo, mayelana nomsebenzi womuntu kuye kanye nombuso, ngokubaluleka komthetho nobulungiswa empilweni yomphakathi, yasebenzisa isiko lesiGreki sasendulo nesifiso saso sokuqonda. umhlaba, umuzwa othuthukisiwe wesilinganiso, ubuhle, ukuvumelana, isici esivelele sokudlala. Isiko lasendulo, njengenhlanganisela yala masiko amabili, laba yisisekelo sempucuko yaseYurophu.
Ifa lamasiko laseRoma lasendulo lingabonwa kumagama asetshenziswa kwisayensi, izakhiwo kanye nezincwadi. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, isiLatini sasiwulimi lokuxhumana olwalusetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke yibo bonke abantu abafundile eYurophu. Isasetshenziswa kumagama esayensi. Ngesisekelo solimi lwesiLatini ezintweni zasendulo zaseRoma, kwavela izilimi zesiRomance, ezikhulunywa abantu abaningi baseYurophu.
Phakathi kwezimpumelelo ezivelele kakhulu zempucuko yamaRoma umthetho wamaRoma, owafeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni okwalandela komqondo ongokomthetho. Kwakusezindaweni zamaRoma lapho ubuKristu bavela khona futhi kamuva baba inkolo yombuso, inkolo eyahlanganisa bonke abantu baseYurophu futhi yaba nethonya elikhulu emlandweni wesintu.
Nazi ezinye izixhumanisi onentshisekelo kuzo: