Ushintsho lapho ukwakheka kwento eshintshwa khona kubizwa izinguquko zamakhemikhali ezinto, ngenxa yalokho, izakhiwo zokuqala ziyashintsha futhi kwakheka into eyodwa noma ngaphezulu entsha. Sikumema ukuthi ufunde kabanzi ngalesi sihloko!
Kuyini ukuguquka kwamakhemikhali?
Ukushintsha kwamakhemikhali kubizwa ngokuthi ukumelana kwamakhemikhali, kuyinkambo lapho i-nuclei eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ishintsha ibe yinye noma ngaphezulu izinto ezintsha nezihlukile, ngamanye amazwi, ukuguquka kwamakhemikhali kuwukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubandakanya ukuvuselelwa kwama-athomu, ngokusho yena Imodeli ye-Atomic Democritus.
Nakuba izinguquko zomzimba ngokuvamile zingahle zihlehliswe, ngokuvamile azikwazi ukuba khona. izinguquko zamakhemikhali ezinto, ngaphandle kokushintshashintsha kwamakhemikhali okuhlukahlukene, lapho kwenzeka ukushintsha kwamakhemikhali, kuba khona noshintsho emandleni esistimu, ukuguquka kwamakhemikhali anikeza ukushisa kubizwa ngokuthi i-exothermic reaction, kanti leyo emunca ukushisa ibizwa ngokuthi i-endothermic reaction.
I-ayoni iyinsimbi emhlophe empunga futhi iqhuba ugesi, ikhangwa uzibuthe futhi ihlangana nama-acids acwebile ukuze ikhiqize i-hydrogen, isibabule asiyona insimbi futhi siphuzi ngombala, sincibilika ku-carbon disulfide.
Lapho insimbi eyimpuphu nesibabule kufudumala ndawonye, kwakheka into entsha ngokuphelele, i-iron sulfide, izakhiwo ze-iron sulfide zihluke ngokuphelele kulezo zensimbi nesibabule. Imnyama ngombala, ayikhangwa uzibuthe futhi ayivumeli ugesi kagesi ukuba idlule kuwo, isabela nge-dilute acids evela kugesi we-hydrogen sulfide, ngamafuphi, i-iron sulfide ayibonisi izakhiwo zensimbi noma zesulfure.
Izinhlobo zezinguquko zamakhemikhali
Nakuba kunezinkulungwane zokuhlukahluka kwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene, amaningi awo anezici ezifanayo, lokhu kufana kusivumela ukuba siqale ukuhlukanisa izinguquko zamakhemikhali ezihlukene zibe izinhlobo ezibanzi.
Inhlanganisela
Kwenzeka lapho izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zihlangana ngendlela yamakhemikhali ukuze zakhe into eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ezihlukene, ukusabela okuhlangene kungabangela izinsimbi, njengensimbi, ukuba zigqwale nomoya-mpilo ovela emoyeni.
Amandla omlilo, njengekhandlela elivuthayo, nawo ayizibonelo zokushintsha kwamakhemikhali ngokuxubana kwe-wax nomoya-mpilo ekuphenduleni okudala ukushisa, ukukhanya, nesikhutha.
Ukuwohloka
Kuphambene nenhlanganisela, kwenzeka lapho into eyodwa ihlephuka ibe izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezihlukene, lolu hlobo lokushintsha kwamakhemikhali lubonakala lapho isithelo sibola ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukubola kungenzeka futhi lapho izinto ziheha amandla, njengokubola kwamanzi. ku-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo ngogesi.
i-offset kabili
Ekuphenduleni kokufuduka okukodwa, uhlobo lwamakhemikhali olulodwa kuphela luyasuswa, ekuphenduleni kokushintshwa okuphindwe kabili noma ukusabela kwe-metathesis, izinhlobo ezimbili (imvamisa ama-ion) ziyasuswa, isikhathi esiningi, ukusabela kwalolu hlobo kwenzeka kwisixazululo, kanye nokuqina okungancibiliki (ukusabela kwemvula). ) noma amanzi (ukusabela kokungathathi hlangothi) kuzokwakhiwa.
Isimanga
Uma uxuba isixazululo se-potassium chloride nesisombululo se-nitrate yesiliva, amafomu aqinile amhlophe angancibiliki esixazululweni esiwumphumela, ukwakheka kokuqinile okungancibiliki esixazululo kubizwa ngokuthi imvula.
Indlela Yokuqaphela Izinguquko Zekhemikhali Yendaba?
Ungakwazi ukukhomba Amazinga Okuhlelwa Kodaba Ngokulandelayo:
- Ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa: Lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona ukuguqulwa kwamandla ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali, ngokuvamile kwenzeka ukuthi ushintsho olungalinganiswa nezinga lokushisa.
- Ukukhanya: Okunye ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuveza ukukhanya.
- Amabhamuza: Ezinye izinguquko zamakhemikhali zikhiqiza amagesi angabonakala njengamabhamuza esixazululweni esiwuketshezi.
- Imvula: Okunye ukuhlangana kwamakhemikhali kukhiqiza izinhlayiya eziqinile ezingahlala zilenga esixazululo noma ezingase zihlehle.
- Ukushintshwa kombala: Ukushintsha kombala kuyinkomba enhle yokuthi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwenzekile, ukusabela okubandakanya ukuguquka kwensimbi kujwayele ukukhiqiza umbala.
- Ukushintsha kwephunga: Ukusabela kungase kukhiphe ikhemikhali eguquguqukayo ekhipha iphunga eliphawulekayo.
- Okungenakuhlehliswa: Ukushintsha kwamakhemikhali kuvame ukuba nzima noma akunakwenzeka ukuhlehla.
- Shintsha ekubunjweni kwayo: Uma ukusha kwenzeka, isibonelo, umlotha ungatholakala, lapho imikhiqizo ibola, ukubonakala kwayo kubonakala izinguquko.
Izibonelo Zezinguquko Zamakhemikhali
Ngezansi kukhona izibonelo ezingakhombisa izinguquko zamakhemikhali ezinto:
ukubasa izinkuni eziko
Lapho izinkuni zivutha futhi ziqala ukuvutha kancane, ekugcineni ziphenduka umlotha, kodwa njengoba zivutha, kukhiqizwa ukushisa, kuba nokukhanya, futhi kuphuma intuthu ngoshimula. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okushisa, ukukhanya nomusi kuyisici sokusabela kwamakhemikhali okuholela endabeni entsha, umlotha awukwazi ukubuyela okhunini.
Ubhanana ovuthiwe futhi obolile
Amabhanana amaningana asekhishini, ngezinye izikhathi aluhlaza lapho ethengwa, kodwa ekugcineni aqala ukuphuzi futhi agcine evuthwe aze abole, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kabhanana kuye kwashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi okuholela kuma-molecule amasha.
ukushiswa kwephepha
Noma yiluphi uhlobo lokushiswa luwukusabela kwamakhemikhali, kusukela ekushisweni kwephepha kuya ekuqhumeni okukhiqizwa yi-dynamite.
Inqubo yomlilo, okusho ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, njalo ihilela ukwakheka komoyampilo nophethiloli, isibonelo, iphepha elinezinhlayiya zekhabhoni ezixutshwe namanye ama-athomu akha ikhemikhali yeketanga le-carbon.
Ukuxhuma
Uma isipikili noma enye insimbi iqala ukugqwala ngaphandle, kungenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwensimbi nomswakama osemoyeni.Uzipho lungasuswa ukugqwala, kodwa ukugqwala ngokwako akukwazi ukuguqulwa kubuyele ensimbi. .
Ihamba ekwindla
Phakathi nentwasahlobo nehlobo, amaqabunga esihlahla aluhlaza okotshani futhi akhipha umoya-mpilo njengoba izitshalo zizenzela ukudla nge-photosynthesis, noma kunjalo, zifika ekwindla, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kubangela ukuthi amaqabunga abe nsundu futhi ekugcineni awe esihlahleni. Amaqabunga ansundu awakwazi ukuphenduka abe luhlaza futhi.
ukugaya ukudla
Ukudla kufanele kuhlukaniswe kube uhlobo olungase lusetshenziswe amangqamuzana ethu.Lapho sidla, imizimba yethu ihlephula ukudla kube izingcezu ezincane. Imizimba yethu iphinde yephule ngamakhemikhali lezo zingcezwana zokudla zibe ama-molecule amancane, le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukugaya.
Ukudla kushintsha ukugayeka kokudla ngamakhemikhali lapho kwakhiwa izinto ezincane ezintsha lezi zinguquko zamakhemikhali ziyizibonelo zokugaya kwamakhemikhali Ukugaya kwamakhemikhali kuqala emlonyeni lapho ama-enzyme ematheni eqala ukuphula ama-carbohydrate iningi lezinguquko zamakhemikhali ezinto ekugayweni kokudla zenzeka emathunjini amancane.
ukubilisa iqanda
Iqanda elibilisiwe eliqinile, elishintshwe amakhemikhali noma elishaywe kahle alisoze labuyela esimweni salo, uma amaqanda epheka esebenzisa ukushisa okuphakathi, ukushisa okuphezulu kwenza i-protein emaqandeni ibe nzima futhi ibe yirabha, uma usebenzisa ukushisa okuphezulu ukubilisa iqanda kubangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. phakathi kwe-yolk nokumhlophe okushiya ifilimu eluhlaza ezungeze isikhupha.
amabhethri noma amabhethri
Amabhethri asebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ukuze asebenze ngokushaja futhi abangele amandla kagesi phakathi kwamatheminali awo aphumayo, indlela eyisisekelo ibizwa ngokuthi iseli ye-electrochemical futhi isebenzisa ukusabela kwe-oxidation nokunciphisa, iseli le-electrochemical eliqala amandla angaphandle libizwa ngokuthi i-voltaic cell, i-Voltages. akhiqizwa amaseli anjalo ngokomlando aye aqanjwa ngokuthi amandla e-electromotive.
I-Electroplating yensimbi
I-Electroplating yensimbi isebenzisa ugesi ukuhlukanisa isixazululo samakhemikhali, okuwumphumela wenqubo amabhethri akhiqiza ngayo imisinga kagesi, zonke lezi zinto ziyizibonelo ze izinguquko zamakhemikhali ezinto, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okubangelwa ugesi okunikeza imikhiqizo yokugcina ewusizo ngokwesayensi noma ngokwezimboni.
Ukubhaka ikhekhe
Uma uthanda ukupheka, ungazibheka njengosokhemisi wokuzilibazisa, ukubhaka ikhekhe kuwukushintsha kwamakhemikhali ngoba i-baking powder noma i-baking soda, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyini, ibhekana nokusabela kwamakhemikhali, ukushisa kusiza i-baking powder yenze amagwebu amancane egesi, okuyinto. yenza ikhekhe libe lula futhi libe luhlaza.
Ubisi omuncu
Ukusetshenziswa kobisi kuhlukaniswa njengokushintshwa kwamakhemikhali, ubisi lwe-asidi luyinqubo yokuvutshelwa, ushukela we-lactose uguqulwa ube yi-lactic acid, okwenza i-pH yehle.
ukubola kwemfucuza
Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngesikhathi sokuwohloka kwama-carbohydrate namaprotheni kuchazwa, futhi izibalo ze-stoichiometric zesidingo se-oxygen, ukuvela kwe-carbon dioxide ne-ammonia, kanye nokuhwamuka kwamanzi kwenziwa.
Izindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu ngokuvamile zingcolisa izindawo zamanzi zendawo ngenxa yokuthi amanzi emvula angena kudoti acosha amakhemikhali amaningi.
Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kuphazanyiswa izinga lokushisa, ukusabela okuningi kwenzeka ngokushesha emazingeni okushisa aphakeme, lokhu kuyiqiniso ngokubola kukadoti, izinga lokushisa elipholile lapho izinto ezingaba yiqhwa ngokuvamile zehlisa izinga lokusabela.
Ukuqhuma kweziqhumane
Imibala emangalisayo yeziqhumane eziqhumayo ivela ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okubangelwa ukushisa, ukushiswa kuqhuba iziqhumane emoyeni kuyilapho i-oxidation inikeza umoya-mpilo odingekayo ukuze kujabulise izinhlanganisela zensimbi eziqhumeni, ukumuncwa kanye nokuphuma kwamandla kukhiqiza izinhlobonhlobo zemibala eyingqayizivele yeziqhumane.
Iziqhumane eziningi ezimibalabala ezivela ophahleni ziyakhazimula ngenxa yokuthi ukushisa ngemva kokuqhuma kubangela usawoti wensimbi ukuba ubambe amandla, uma lokho kwenzeka ukhipha ukukhanya okubonakalayo, umbala owubonayo uncike ensimbi noma ekuxubeni kwezinsimbi ku-fireworks, i-strontium kanye nosawoti we-lithium. , isibonelo, ikhiqiza okubomvu kuyilapho izinhlanganisela zethusi zidala okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ukusabela phakathi kukasawoti nama-asidi
Ama-acids yizinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali ezibonisa, kusixazululo samanzi, ukunambitheka okuqinile, isenzo esibi ezinsimbi kanye nekhono lokuguqula odayi abathile bemifino eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka babe bomvu, izisekelo ziyinhlanganisela yamakhemikhali okuthi, uma kuyikhambi, kube insipho uma uthintwa futhi yenze kube bomvu. odayi bemifino baphenduka luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Uma kuxutshwe, ama-asidi nezisekelo anciphisa komunye nomunye futhi akhiqize usawoti, izinto ezinokunambitheka okunosawoti kanye nolunye lwezimpawu zesici sama-asidi noma izisekelo.
ukukhanyisa umentshisi
Ukukhanyisa umentshisi nokuwuyeka ushise kuyisibonelo sokushintsha kwamakhemikhali, lapho umentshisi ukhanyiswa ukungqubuzana kudala ukushisa kanye nenhlanganisela evuthayo evutha emoyeni.
Ukukhanyisa umeshi kuqala ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamameshi: amameshi okuphepha kanye nomeshi "wokushaya noma yikuphi", okufanayo kokuphepha kungakhanyiswa kuphela uma othile ewushaya endaweni eshayayo eceleni kwebhokisi likamentshisi .
Izinguquko zamakhemikhali kanye nezinguquko zomzimba
I-Los Izinguquko zomzimba umphumela woshintsho esimweni somzimba wento ethile, ukuguquka komzimba kungaba ukuncibilika, ukuhwamuka noma ukubilisa, isibonelo, iqhwa liyancibilika libe amanzi awuketshezi, futhi amanzi awuketshezi angaguqulwa abe umhwamuko ngokuwabilisa. Ukuhlelwa kwama-molecule akha iqhwa namanzi kuyashintsha ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene, kodwa ama-molecule ahlala engama-molecule amanzi phakathi noshintsho ngalunye.
Un ukushintsha kwamakhemikhali kwenzeka ngenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali, ngesikhathi sokusabela kwamakhemikhali, ama-athomu angaphakathi kwento azihlela kabusha ngokwenhlanganisela ehlukene, isibonelo, ushukela uba noshintsho lwamakhemikhali lapho uphekwa ukwenza uswidi, ukushisa kokupheka kuguqula ama-molecule kashukela. zibe ama- molecule ahlukene anikeza uswidi umbala kanye nokunambitheka kwawo.
I-Los izinguquko zamakhemikhali ezinto, okungukuthi, izinguquko ekubunjweni kwento, ngamanye amazwi, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, yizo izinguquko lapho into yokuqala idlulela entweni noma ezintweni ezihlukahlukene nezinye izinto eziyisisekelo, isibonelo, i-magnesium, lapho ishiswa, iphenduka ibe impushana emhlophe, amakhekheba ensimbi ashisayo emoyeni.
Ngaphansi kwethonya lamanje kagesi njalo, ukubola kwamanzi ku-hydrogen ne-oxygen, njll, kwenzeka. I-Chemistry ibamba iqhaza ezinguqukweni ezinjalo, incazelo kanye nencazelo yabo, ukusetshenziswa kwabo okusebenzayo kuchazwa ubuchwepheshe bamakhemikhali.
