Impilo yamaMayya yayilawulwa indawo yonke kanye nokunyakaza kwezidalwa zasezulwini. I Isayensi yezinkanyezi yaseMayan ijwayele ukuxhuma amandla omhlaba namandla omkhathi. Izifundo nokutholwa okwenziwa amaMayans ezinkanyezini kuyaqhubeka nokubamangaza ososayensi nabantu abavamile namuhla.
Isayensi yezinkanyezi yaseMayan
AmaMayans afunda i-cosmos kanye nokunyakaza kwezindikimba zasezulwini ngosizo lwama-sundials, ngenxa yalokhu akha izindawo zokubuka izinto ezivulekayo eziqondise ukuzungeza kwamaplanethi. Njengoba beyizazi zezinkanyezi ezinkulu nezazi zezibalo ezihlakaniphile, bathwebula izibalo zabo kanye nabakutholile "kuma-codex" okusele amathathu kuphela njengoba iningi labhujiswa ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kweSpain. Ngokusekelwe kulokho ababekuphawulile, benza amakhalenda amaningana, amanye awo ayeyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi enembe ngokwedlulele.
Ngenxa yalolu lwazi bakwazi ukubala isikhathi ukuze banqume kokubili izigaba zenyanga, ukuma kwelanga ngesikhathi sokusitheka kwelanga, ama-solstices nama-equinox, kanye nemijikelezo yemvelo. Basebenzise lezi zibalo ukuze balungise izinsuku zemikhosi yabo ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukuqaphela kwabo kwakuqondiswe ngokuyinhloko eVenus, kodwa futhi naseMars, Jupiter, Saturn, kanye nePleiades, lapho bathi iMaya yendawo yonke yavela khona.
I-Milky Way yayibaluleke kakhulu kusayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan. Ngokwezinganekwane zamaMayans, iMilky Way iyindlela imiphefumulo eyithathayo lapho ihamba isuka ekujuleni komhlaba iye emazulwini ngale. Ngokusekelwe ekubaleni kwabo kwezinkanyezi, kucatshangelwa indawo amaplanethi, bathola iphuzu lokuphambana kwe-ecliptic ne-Milky Way.
Leli phuzu balibiza ngokuthi iSihlahla Esingcwele ngenxa yesimo saso. Lokhu kwabenza babona ukuthi lapho ilanga lihlangana nalesiSihlahla Esingcwele kumelela ukuvuleka kwezinga lokukhula kokuqaphela okungokomoya, obunye ubungako. Ukuhlangana kokugcina kwenzeka ngenjikalanga yasebusika ka-2012, okungukuthi, uDisemba amashumi amabili nanye, lolu suku luwusuku lokuqala lomjikelezo omusha weminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu namakhulu amabili.
I-Mayan Cosmogony
Ngokwezinkolelo zamaMayans, kukhona amazulu ayishumi nantathu ahlelwe ngezingqimba emhlabeni futhi abuswa onkulunkulu abayishumi nantathu ababizwa ngokuthi i-Oxlahuntiku noma amakhosi ayishumi nantathu e-overworld. Umhlaba usekelwe ingwenya enkulu noma isilwane esihuquzelayo esikhulu esintanta phezu kolwandle. Kunemihlaba engaphansi komhlaba eyisishiyagalolunye, ephinde yagqitshwa, futhi ebuswa onkulunkulu abayisishiyagalolunye, i-Bolon Tiku, amakhosi ayisishiyagalolunye wesikhathi nesiphetho, obusa ngokulandelana okungapheli phezu "komjikelezo" noma "isonto" lobusuku obuyisishiyagalolunye.
AmaMayans abheka isikhathi njengochungechunge lwemijikelezo engenasiqalo nesiphetho, ephazanyiswa izinhlekelele noma izinhlekelele ezimele ukubuyela esiphithiphithini sakudala. Le mijikelezo, kanye nomhlaba awusoze waphela, ngoba amaMayans nawo akholelwa ku- palingenesis, ukuzalwa kabusha okujikelezayo noma ukuzalwa kabusha kwendawo yonke. Le mijikelezo yokubhujiswa nokuzalwa kabusha ivezwe ezibikezelweni ezitholakala ezincwadini ezakha uKilam Balam.
KuKilamu uBalami kukhona isibikezelo, ngokwesibonelo, esilandisa ngokuvukela konkulunkulu abayisishiyagalolunye konkulunkulu basezulwini abayishumi nantathu, ukwebiwa kweNyoka enkulu, ukuwa komkhathi nokucwila komhlaba. Futhi ku-Chilam Balam kuthiwa ngo-1541 ama-dzules, abezizwe, bafika.
Kuze kube yilowo mzuzu, “isikhathi sobuhle belanga, sonqenqema olubunjwa izinkanyezi, lapho onkulunkulu besibuka khona” sasilinganiselwe, kodwa amadzule afika futhi aqeda konke. "Bafundisa ukwesaba, babunisa izimbali, bamunca baze babulala imbali yabanye ukuze baphile": babeze "ukuzothena iLanga."
KumaMayans, icosmos ihlukaniswe ngamazinga amathathu futhi la mazinga ahlukaniswe amakhona amane. Ezingeni eliphakeme kunawo wonke umkhathi wesibhakabhaka, osekelwa onkulunkulu abane ababizwa ngokuthi i-bacab, kuleli zinga kwenzeka izenzakalo eziyinhloko zezinkanyezi, ikakhulukazi indlela yansuku zonke yelanga phakathi nosuku. Ukuphila kwabantu kwenzeka ezingeni elilandelayo emhlabeni, okuyindawo enkulu eyisikwele enekhona ngalinye eliqondiswe endaweni eyikhadinali esekelwe uPauahtun, unkulunkulu wemvelo ophindwe kane.
Izinga eliphansi kunazo zonke i-Xibalbá, okuwumhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba obuswa onkulunkulu bokugula nokufa: u-Hun Camé kanye noVucub Camé. Lapho, usuku nosuku ilanga, ngemva kohambo lwalo endaweni ewumkhathi, lilwa impi esabekayo nonkulunkulu bama-infernal nezinye izidalwa zangaphansi komhlaba kuze kube yilapho libanqoba futhi liqala kabusha uhambo lwalo lwasezulwini.
Ikhalenda LaseYurophu kanye Nekhalenda leMayan
Ikhalenda likaJulius, elanqunywa umbusi waseRoma uJulius Caesar onyakeni wamashumi amane nesithupha ngaphambi kukaKristu, lahlukanisa unyaka waba yizinyanga eziyishumi nambili cishe izinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu lilinye ukuze lifinyelele ku-365, kanye nonyaka ogelezayo ngo-366, ngaleyo ndlela unyaka wekhalenda wawuzoba nezinsuku ezingu-365,25. . Kodwa unyaka welanga unezinsuku ezingu-365,2422, ngakho unyaka ka-1582 wabona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-solstice yasebusika kanye noKhisimusi kanye ne-spring equinox ne-Easter.
Ukuze alungise lokhu kungaboni ngaso linye, uPapa Gregory XIII, ngeseluleko sesazi sezinkanyezi esingumNtaliyane uLuis Lilio, wamisa lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi ikhalenda likaGregory, eqeda izinsuku eziphakathi kuka-October 1582 no-1700, 1800 futhi ngaleyo ndlela wabuyisela iminyaka eguquguqukayo ekhalendeni. . Uphinde walahlekelwa yizinsuku ezintathu njalo emakhulwini amane ngokukhipha isimemezelo sokuthi amakhulu eminyaka ayiminyaka eyi-leap kuphela uma ehlukaniswa ngamakhulu amane. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, i-1900, 1600, kanye ne-2000 akuyona iminyaka ye-leap, kodwa i-XNUMX kanye ne-XNUMX.
Njengamanje izinsuku ezingaphambi konyaka wamashumi amane nesithupha a. C. iguqulelwe ekhalendeni likaJulius. Leli ikhalenda le-Julian ye-proleptic. Izibalo zezinkanyezi zibuyisela unyaka uziro, futhi iminyaka ngaphambi kwalowo nyaka izinombolo ezinegethivu. Lokhu ukuthandana kwezinkanyezi. Awukho unyaka uziro kumlando wokuqomisana. Ekuqomeni okungokomlando, unyaka wokuqala BC ulandelwa unyaka wokuqala ngemva kukaKristu, isibonelo, unyaka −3113 (astronomical dating) uyafana no-3114 BC (historical dating).
Inkolo yesikhathi namakhalenda kwakuyinto engaguquki phakathi komphakathi wamaMaya, ukuhamba kwesikhathi kwathathwa njengendaba yonkulunkulu, ngabe basungula ikhalenda futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi babezolinika umuntu ukuthi ahlele yonke imisebenzi umphakathi . Ezikhathini zasendulo, amakhalenda amaningi ayesetshenziswa, njengenyanga, iVenusian, ilanga elibili, iHaab, iTzolk'in kanye neLong Count.
Amakhalenda awagcini nje ngokusitshela ngokunemba kwawo okungokwesayensi okumsulwa kodwa namasiko nezinkolelo zawo ezingokwenkolo. Ireferensi yedethi ethile phakathi nesikhathi se-cosmic, okuhlanganisa ulwazi mayelana nesigaba senyanga, izenzakalo zasemkhathini kanye neNkosi yobusuku eyabusa ngaleso sikhathi esinembile.
Ku-cosmogram ye-Madrid Codex kubhekwa ukuthi ikhalenda lihlobene kanjani ngokujulile nokudalwa kokuphila. Phakathi nendawo kukhona onkulunkulu ababili abamele uNkulunkulu weNyanga kanye neLanga (ububili bobunkulunkulu). KumaMayans, isikhathi ngokwaso singamandla angcwele, anesibopho sokulinganisela komhlaba, lapho yonke into isuka khona nalapho kugeleza khona yonke into (Craveri, 2013). Isikhathi siwumthombo wokuqala wokugeleza kwendawo yonke, ngakho-ke ikhalenda nalo lingcwele, njengoba linomthwalo wemfanelo kanye nomthwali wesikhathi.
Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi siqinisekise ukuthi ikhalenda liyibhuloho elakhelwe ukuqopha umlando phakathi kwesikhathi sabantu nesikhathi se-cosmic. Kulandiswa kanje ukudalwa komhlaba kuKilam Balam kaChumayeli:
“UNopuc Tun, uMphristi Omkhulu weSolar, walandisa ukuthi, lapho umhlaba ungakavuki esikhathini esidlule, inyanga yazalwa futhi yaqala ukuhamba yodwa. Inyanga yazalwa, kwazalwa negama losuku futhi wadala izulu nomhlaba, ngezigaba: amanzi, umhlaba, amatshe nezihlahla. Futhi wadala izinto zolwandle nomhlaba.
Ngaphakathi kokukhulelwa kwamaMaya, kwavela isikhathi ngaphambi kwezwe naphambi kwabantu. Isikhathi sazalwa, asidalwanga onkulunkulu, njengoba kwakunjalo ezinye izinto eziseMhlabeni. Lo mehluko ubonisa ukuthi isikhathi ngokwaso singokwaphezulu, njengoba kungekho muntu osidalayo, kodwa kunalokho siyazenza.
Ikhalenda lalinomsebenzi wokubhula noma wokubikezela, futhi lalisetshenziswa abapristi abangama-augur ukwenza amasiko ahlukene. Izinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu zenziwa ngokusekelwe emandleni avumayo noma cha we-Tzolk'in, ngenxa yaleso sizathu ithonya lekhalenda phakathi kwempilo yabantu lalingenakungabaza: ukugubha isibopho somshado, ukwakha ikhaya noma isikhumbuzo udumo kumbusi, ukuhlwanyela nokuvuna noma lapho umntwana efika emhlabeni, ikhalenda elingcwele lalisetshenziswa.
Ukwakhiwa kwekhalenda kulawula isikhathi somphakathi samadoda, yiyona elawula imisebenzi yezenhlalakahle. I-Haab, isondela onyakeni wezinsuku ezishisayo wezinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu, yayixhunyaniswe nemijikelezo yezinkathi ezithile zonyaka, ezikhathini ezomile kanye nezinkathi zemvula. Ngakho-ke, ngokusebenzisa lesi simiso se-calendrical, abapristi babelawula imisebenzi yezolimo eyayincike emandleni eLanga ukuze baqedele umjikelezo wabo siqu. Lokhu kusho umjikelezo wokuzalwa, ukukhula nokufa, wona owuphawu lokuphila noshintsho (Craveri, 2013).
Umsebenzi owenziwa yinoma yiliphi ikhalenda lomphakathi ukhawulelwe ezinjongweni ezisemthethweni nezokuphatha, okukhunjulwa ngazo izinsuku zomlando ezifanele kakhulu. Isibonelo salokhu ngu-Stela A wase-Copán, lapho kuqoshwe khona usuku lokunyukela emandleni kombusi. Ngokuxhumanisa kokubonisa izenzakalo zomlando, inkumbulo ehlangene yomphakathi iyadalwa.
Ikhalenda lomphakathi lalibonisa noma yimuphi umcimbi womphakathi okufanele ugujwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi wawuyimikhuba engcwele yokukhulekela onkulunkulu, imikhosi yokuhlonipha ababusi bedolobha, izikhumbuzo zezimpi ezazikhona ezinsukwini zakudala zokhokho babo noma ezinye zendawo. imikhosi. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke kwaba usizo ekuhleleni imisebenzi yezolimo phakathi nomjikelezo waminyaka yonke.
Umehluko phakathi kwekhalenda elingokwesiko kanye nekhalenda yomphakathi ukuthi leli lakamuva alisebenzi emandleni ngokwemiklamo yaphezulu noma yezinkanyezi, kodwa liphawula isiqalo nesiphetho esiqondile sezinsuku ezithile. Ukuzilungisa kuyoxhomeka ezintweni zasezulwini—lezo ezithonya izinguquko zemvelo—kanye nentando nezithakazelo zezikhulu ezibusayo.
Ikhalenda elakhiwa amaMeya laliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ikhalenda lamaMaya lasungulwa eMesoamerica futhi laba nezinsuku ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha. Kuleli khalenda, usuku ngalunye lwanikezwa igama, njengoba nje sinikeza usuku ngalunye lwesonto igama. Kwakukhona igama lolunye lwezinsuku ezingamashumi amabili futhi usuku ngalunye lwabelwa uphawu oluyingqayizivele. Izinsuku zazibalwa kusukela kolunye kuye kweyishumi nantathu, njengoba zazingamashumi amabili futhi ukubalwa kwafinyelela eshumini nantathu, ekufinyeleleni osukwini lweshumi nantathu, usuku olulandelayo lwalubalwa olulodwa.
Kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica ikhalenda elingcwele lokubala izinsuku ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha lalisetshenziswa amakhulu eminyaka, kungenzeka ukuthi lalisetshenziswa ngisho nangaphambi kokusungulwa kokubhala.
Amagama osuku lwamaMeya nezincazelo zawo okungenzeka ukuthi: Imix (I-Lily Yamanzi), iChuwen (Ixoxo), Ik (Umoya), Eb (Ugebhezi), Ak'bal (Ebusuku), Ben (Isiqu Sommbila), K'an (Ummbila), Ix (Jaguar), Chichan (Inyoka). Amadoda (Ukhozi), Kimi (Ikhanda Lokufa), Kib (Igobolondo), Manik (Isandla), Kaban (Earth), Lamat (Venus), Etz'nab (Flint), Muluk (Amanzi), Kawak (Storm Cloud ), Kulungile (Inja), Ahaw (Mnumzane).
AbakwaMayans baphinde benza cishe unyaka welanga owawuthatha izinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu unyaka ngamunye. Ngenxa yokuthi babengakwazi ukusetshenziswa kwezingxenyana, ingxenye yesine esele yosuku unyaka ngamunye yabangela ukuba ikhalenda labo liphambukise onyakeni wangempela osebenzisa ilanga nelanga. Kulo nyaka wezinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu bekunezinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili ngokubala ukuthi ngezinombolo ukusuka kuqanda kuye kweyishumi nesishiyagalolunye, ukuze isibalo sisuke ku-zero pohp (igama lenyanga yokuqala) siye ku-pohp eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye, bese siqhubeka ngoziro. wo (igama lenyanga yesibili).
Amagama ezinyanga nezincazelo zawo okungenzeka zicatshangelwe) yilezi: Pohp (Mat), Yax (Green), Wo (?), Zak (White), Sip (??), Keh (Red), Sotz (Bat ), Mak (??), Sek (??), K'ank'in (??), Xul (Inja), Muwan (Izikhova), Yaxk'in (Ilanga Elisha), Pax (??), Mol ( Amanzi), i-K'ayab (Ufudu), i-Ch'en (Mnyama), i-Kumk'u (??). Ezinyangeni eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili ezijwayelekile, abakwaMayya banezela inyanga ekhethekile yezinsuku ezinhlanu ebizwa ngokuthi i-Yeb eyakhiwe izinsuku ezinhlanu ezingenalo igama elibikiwe.
AmaMayans aphinde asebenzisa ama-glyphs akhethekile abonisa izikhathi zesikhathi. A Kin wayemele usuku; AmaWinan amele isikhathi esiyizinsuku ezingamashumi amabili, esifana nalokhu esikubiza ngokuthi yinyanga; I-Tun ihambisana nesikhathi sonyaka owodwa wezinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha kanye neKatun okuyinkathi yeminyaka engamashumi amabili yezinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha ngayinye. Ukuphela kwe-K'atun kwakuyinkathi yesikhathi ekhethekile egujwa amaMeya. Inokufana kwayo ezweni lanamuhla nasenkathini yesikhathi esiyibiza ngokuthi ishumi leminyaka.
AmaMayans abuye abala izikhathi zeminyaka engu-400 ezibizwa ngokuthi amaBaktun. AmaMayans asebenzise lezi zikhathi ekubaleni kwezinsuku ezikhethekile manje okuthiwa ukubala okude.
Namuhla usuku olujwayelekile lokubala Olude lubhalwe kanje: 9.14.12.2.17. Lokhu kumelela ama-baktun ayisishiyagalolunye, ama-katun ayishumi nane, amashuni ayishumi nambili, ama-winal amabili, nama-k'in ayishumi nesikhombisa.
Okukhethekile kwe-Mayan Astronomy
Ikhalenda lelanga lamaMaya lalinembe kakhulu kunaleli esilisebenzisa namuhla. Wonke amadolobha enkathi yakudala aqondiswe ngokuphathelene nokuhamba kwedome lasezulwini. Izakhiwo eziningi zakhiwe ngenjongo yokufakaza izenzakalo zasemkhathini ezivela eMhlabeni.
Yile ndlela i-Castle of Chichén Itzá, lapho ukwehla kwe-Kukulkan, inyoka eyakhiwe izithunzi ezidalwe emaphethelweni esakhiwo ngesikhathi se-solstices, kubonakala.
Izitebhisi ezine zesakhiwo sezizonke izinyathelo ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu, isinyathelo ngasinye simelela usuku lonyaka. Ku-Dresden Codex nasezindaweni eziningi ze-stelae kukhona izibalo zemijikelezo yenyanga, yelanga, ye-Venusian kanye namathebula e-periodicity of eclipses.
AmaMeya anquma ukuhleleka nezinsuku zezenzakalo zomlando esebenzisa uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwekhalenda. KumaMayans, ukuqala konyaka kwaba lapho ilanga liwela phezulu, okungukuthi, ngoJulayi XNUMX, futhi lathatha izinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu; kulawa angamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nane ahlanganiswe amaviki angamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili ngalinye libe nezinsuku eziyishumi nantathu futhi unyaka waqala ngosuku lwamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, izinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha zahlukaniswa zaba yizinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili ngayinye yaba nezinsuku ezingamashumi amabili. Amasonto nezinyanga zadlula ngokulandelana futhi zizimele komunye nomunye. Noma kunjalo, zazihlala ziqala ncamashi ngosuku olufanayo, okungukuthi, kanye njalo ezinsukwini ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha, isibalo esiyimpinda kokubili okuyishumi nantathu (kwesonto) kanye namashumi amabili (yenyanga). Ikhalenda lamaMaya, nakuba liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, lalinembile kakhulu elaziwa kwaze kwaba yilapho kuvela ikhalenda likaGregory ekhulwini le-XNUMX.
Isayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan yagcwaliseka ngokugcwele. Ngokungafani nezazi zezinkanyezi zaseYurophu, isayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan yagxilisa isithakazelo sayo esifundweni sokuhamba kwelanga ngaphezu kwe-latitude yalo. Minyaka yonke ilanga liya endaweni yalo yelanga lasehlobo, noma i-latitude engu-23-1/3 degrees enyakatho, futhi eningizimu yaleyo ndawo iningi lamadolobha aseMeya atholakala, okusho ukuthi ayenenzuzo yokubona ilanga ngqo ngaphezu kwawo isikhathi eside njengoba lalingaphezu kwe-latitude yabo, okwakuphindwe kabili ngonyaka.
Njengoba sasingekho isithunzi emini, isayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan yayingakwazi ukunquma kalula lezo zinsuku. Ukubuka kokudlula endaweni ye-zenith kungenzeka kuphela ezindaweni ezishisayo futhi kwakungaziwa ngokuphelele kubanqobi baseSpain abehlela enhlonhlweni yaseYucatan ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha. AmaMayya ayenonkulunkulu owayemelela lesi sikhundla selanga, okuthiwa unkulunkulu wokugxuma.
AmaMeya ayeyizazi ezinkulu zesibhakabhaka, abala ukunyakaza kwezinkanyezi futhi alinganisa isikhathi. Izibalo ze-calendrical kanye nokunyakaza kwamaplanethi ku-astronomy yamaMayan kwakunembe kakhulu kunezaseYurophu zangaleso sikhathi ngaphambi kokunqotshwa kweSpain. I-Copán, i-Palenque ne-Quiriguá kwakuyizikhungo ezibalulekile ezinikezelwe kusayensi yezinkanyezi. Ekhulwini lesi-365 e-Copán, bakwazile ukunquma unyaka wangempela abathi uwubude bezinsuku ezingu-2420, ukubala kwamanje kubeka unyaka ezinsukwini ezingu-365,2422.
Umbhalo ohambisana nalezi zibalo utholakala ku-Altar Q, okubonisa idethi ehambisana nonyaka ka-776 AD Ku-Stela M, isisekelo sezitebhisi zethempeli elingu-26 lase-Copán, idethi engu-9.16.5.0.0 etholakalayo, ehambisana nokuthi 756 AD. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwakuwukuzimisela kokuhamba kweVenus, ukuthola isilinganiso sezinsuku ezingamakhulu amahlanu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nane zenkathi ye-synodic.
Cishe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, amaMayans enza izibalo ezifanayo ngobude bonyaka. E-Copan, ukuze anqume ubude bonyaka wezindawo ezishisayo, amaMaya ayesebenzisa amafomula enyanga kanye nezilungiso ezivela ku-katun eyishumi nanhlanu.
I-Copan Stela A iqukethe umjikelezo we-Metonic wezinyanga ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi amathathu nanhlanu eminyakeni eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye, ofana nalowo ochazwe etafuleni lokusitheka kwenyanga le-Dresden Codex. Ngokwezibalo zenyanga, izinyanga eziyi-149 zilingana nezinsuku ezingama-4400 kanye nezinyanga ezingama-235 zilingana neminyaka eyi-19, ngakho inyanga eyodwa ilingana nezinsuku ezingama-29, izinyanga ezingama-53020134 zilingana nezinsuku eziyi-235 zilingana neminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye. Ngakho unyaka ungalingana no-6.939,597315 noma 365,241964 izinsuku.
Venus
Esifundweni sezinkanyezi samaMaya iVenus yayiyinto ethakazelisa kakhulu, idlula ngisho nelanga. Isayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan yafunda ukunyakaza kweVenus ngokucophelela njengoba ihamba phakathi nezinkathi zonyaka. Ngenxa yalokhu kubuka bathole ukuthi uMhlaba kanye neVenus kuthathe izinsuku ezingama-584 ukuze ziqondane endaweni efanayo maqondana nelanga. Baphinde bathola ukuthi kuthatha cishe izinsuku eziyi-2.922 ukuthi uMhlaba, iLanga, iVenus, nezinkanyezi ziqondane.
Ngolwazi lwezinkanyezi lwamaMayan baphawula ukuthi iVenus yayingabonwa eMhlabeni ngesikhathi iphethini yeVenus ithathwa njengesihlanganisi esingaphansi, lapho idlula phakathi koMhlaba neLanga.IVenus iyanyamalala isikhathi esifushane cishe esiyizinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili. Bese kuvela iVenus futhi esibhakabhakeni sasekuseni kanye neLanga njengoba ishiya ukuhlangana okuphansi. Lesi sikhundla, ngoba siphuma kanye nelanga, sibizwa ngokuthi i-heliacal ortho futhi kusayensi yezinkanyezi yaseMayan kwakuyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu yeVenus.
Ngemva nje kokukhuphuka iVenus ifinyelela ukukhanya kwayo okukhulu kakhulu. Izobe isihamba ngokushesha ibheke entshonalanga kude neLanga ngomnyakazo wokubuyisela emuva. Kamuva kuyokwazi ukuqhubeka nokuyibona esibhakabhakeni sokusa cishe izinsuku ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha ize ifinyelele ekuhlanganeni okuphezulu. Kuleli qophelo iVenus izoba ngakolunye uhlangothi lweLanga ukusuka eMhlabeni, iba lufifi, ize ishone ngaphansi komkhathizwe, bese ivele ngakolunye uhlangothi lweLanga ngokwesilinganiso sezinsuku ezingamashumi amahlanu kamuva.+
IVenus ibe isiphuma njengenkanyezi yakusihlwa futhi ihlala esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku cishe izinsuku ezingama-XNUMX ize idlule endaweni yobude bayo obusempumalanga futhi ithole ukukhanya kwayo kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba ifinyelele ekuhlanganeni okuphansi futhi, iqala umjikelezo futhi.
Isayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMaya yayineVenus ngaphansi kokubhekwa njalo futhi babheka isikhundla sayo njengento ebalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinkulu. Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi amaMeya ahlela izimpi zawo ngokusekelwe ezindaweni ezimile zeVenus neJupiter. Imihlatshelo yabantu yenziwa ngemva kokuhlangana okuphakeme lapho iVenus isezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, ngoba besaba ukukhuphuka kokuqala kwe-heliacal ngemva kokuhlangana okuphansi.
Ekhalendeni lamaMeya elivela ku-Dresden Code umjikelezo weVenus unemininingwane ephelele. Ngezinkanyezi zaseMayan, babala uchungechunge lwezinsuku ezingamakhulu amahlanu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nane, okungukuthi, izinsuku ezingu-2.920 eziseduze neminyaka eyisishiyagalombili noma, okufanayo, ukuphindaphinda okuhlanu komjikelezo weVenus.
IVenus yiQuetzalcóatl, iNkosi yokusa, njengoba kuboniswe ezithombeni eziqoshiwe zeTeotihuacán, kanye ne-Dresden Codex, ombhalo wayo wamagama ugcinwa ekhanda likankulunkulu owehlayo. Ochwepheshe abaningi bayavuma ukuthi kuyi-Dresden Codex kunobufakazi bokuthi izikhathi ezisemaceleni zamaplanethi zaziwa ngesayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan. Uma kunjalo, lokhu kungasho ukuthi ukunyakaza kwe-heliocentric ku-Solar System kwakwaziwa.
UVenus wayaziwa ngezinkanyezi zaseMayan ngokuthi uNok Ek (inkanyezi enkulu) futhi yaziwa nangokuthi u-Xux Ek (inkanyezi yomnyovu). I-synodic revolution ye-Venus, okungukuthi, isikhathi esidlula phakathi kweziqephu ezimbili zeplanethi ephambi noma ngemuva kweLanga, ukusuka endaweni yokubuka yoMhlaba) ine-oscillation ehluka ukusuka ezinsukwini ezingu-580 kuya kwezingu-588 (izinsuku ezingu-583.92). . Izibalo ezenziwa amaMayans zibeke ezinsukwini ezingama-584 ngokwesilinganiso. Ngamanye amazwi, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuqondana phakathi kweLanga, uMhlaba kanye neVenus kuyaphindwa njalo ezinsukwini ezingamakhulu amahlanu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nane.
Ngesayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan, kwenziwa izinguquko ekubaleni kwabo iminyaka eminingi, ngaleyo ndlela bafeza ukunemba okukhulu, njengoba kungabonwa kuyi-Dresden Codex.
Ucwaningo lweVenus kwaba ukhiye ohlelweni lwezibalo lweMayan kanye nesayensi yezinkanyezi. I-Synodic Revolution yeVenus yayiyireferensi yawo wonke amakhalenda. Ekuhlotshaneni kweVenus-Sun kwezinsuku ezingu-2.920, iminyaka emihlanu yaseVenus ilingana neminyaka eyisishiyagalombili yelanga yezinsuku ezingu-365. Inombolo yeshumi nantathu ihlobene eduze nesibalo seVenus. Ishumi nantathu isonto elingcwele, iyisamba sesihlanu kanye nesishiyagalombili esihambisana nokuhlobana kweVenus neLanga, futhi iphindaphindeka ngamashumi amabili yikhalenda lezinsuku ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha.
Inombolo yamashumi amabili ohlelweni lwezinombolo zamaMaya ihlobene ne-synodic revolution yeVenus, izikhathi ezingamashumi amabili ukuhlobana phakathi kweVenus neLanga kunikeza ngokuqondile ukuguquguquka kwe-synodic okuyikhulu kweVenus. Amathebula eVenus aboniswe ku-Dresden Codex abonisa izigaba ezine ezikhuluma ngokubukeka nokunyamalala kweVenus, kanye nokuhlangana kwayo okuphezulu nokungaphansi. Ikhalenda likaVenus liphinde livezwe ngamathathu ahlukene, ngalinye libe ngama-synodic revolutions angamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu noma elilingana neminyaka eyikhulu nane yekhalenda yezinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu.
Imijikelezo yeVenus edabula idome yasezulwini ibhalwe kahle kakhulu kusayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan. Umjikelezo yiminyaka engamakhulu amabili namashumi amane nantathu lapho iplanethi yenza izinyathelo ezine. Esokugcina senzeka ngoJuni 2012, 1040. Kunamarekhodi amabili, elinye elihambisana nonyaka ka-1145 eCotzumalhuapa, eGuatemala kanti elinye, ngo-XNUMX lapendwe eThempelini Lesikhova eChichén Itzá.
Ilanga
Isayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan nayo yabeka ukubaluleka okukhulu eLangeni. AmaMayans ayelibuka eduze iLanga unyaka wonke njengoba lihamba emkhathizwe. E-Chichen Itza, eNhlonhlweni YaseYucatan, ekushoneni kwelanga, inyoka yezinkanyezi ikhuphuka ikhuphuka eceleni kwezitebhisi zephiramidi okuthiwa i-El Castillo ngosuku lwezikhathi zasentwasahlobo nekwindla. Lokhu kukhomba ukuthi amaMayans awabonanga nje kuphela ukweqisa kwelanga ezikhathini zasendulo, kodwa nama-equinoxes lapho ilanga libonakala liphuma empumalanga noma entshonalanga.
I-La Luna
Inyanga yayikhona futhi emibhalweni yekhalenda yesayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan. Ukubalwa kwenyanga kwakusekelwe ezinsukwini ezingamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye noma ezingamashumi amathathu. Ngemva kokuthola ulwazi olufanele ngosuku ngokwekhalenda lamaMaya, kuyaphawulwa ukuthi imibhalo evamile yamaMaya iqukethe ukubala kwenyanga.
Inkathi yenyanga yokuzungeza iseduze nezinsuku ezingu-29,5, ngakho ngokushintshanisa ukubala kwayo phakathi kwalezi zinombolo ezimbili, inyanga nayo yahlangana kahle nokulandelana kwekhalenda. Ulwazi lwabo lwenyanga lwaluhlaba umxhwele ngoba babikezela nokusitheka kwelanga, i-almanac yokubikezela lokho kuqukethwe kuyi-Dresden Codex.
Isikhathi samanje senkathi ye-orbital yenyanga yizinsuku ezingu-29,53059, nakuba kukhona ukungezwani ngenxa yokuthi akukho okufanayo ekunyakazeni okubonakalayo kweLanga neNyanga. AmaMeya ayengakwazi ukusetshenziswa kwezinombolo zengxenyana. Ngemva kwesikhathi eside sokubala bathola ubuhlobo obuseduze, izinyanga ezintathu zinikeza cishe izinsuku ezingama-59; izinyanga eziyisithupha cishe zinikeza izinsuku eziyi-177; izinyanga eziyishumi nesikhombisa cishe zinikeza izinsuku ezingama-502; izinyanga ezingamashumi amabili nanye cishe zinikeza izinsuku ezingama-620.
Embhalweni osesitebhisini seNdlu C yeSigodlo sasePalenque, kunombhalo ovela ku-603 AD owengeza inani lezinsuku eziyi-4.193, elilingana nezinyanga ezicishe zibe yikhulu namashumi amane nambili, isikhathi esimaphakathi senyanga izinsuku ezingama-29,528. I-Palenque yakha isici sezinyanga ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nanye ezihambisana nezinsuku ezingu-2.392, kangangokuthi inyanga eyodwa yayilingana no-29.533086.
Ifomula eyakhiwe nguCopán yavumela izinyanga ukuthi ziqoqwe ngamaqembu ayisithupha, ushintsho olwenziwa ngo-692 AD olwahlanganiswa eMotagua, Petén nase-Usumacinta. Iqembu lezinyanga eziyisithupha lakha uhhafu wonyaka wenyanga wemvelo wezinsuku ezingama-254 noma ezingama-355. Konke ukubala kwenyanga kuqala ngeNyangayezulu entsha. Isibalo seminyaka yemvelo yenyanga sasisetshenziswa kakhulu amaMaya ekubaleni okubanzi kwezinkanyezi.
Ngo-AD 756 uCopán wethula olunye ushintsho olubalulekile. Ku-Stela M, kwaphawulwa izinyanga ezinhlanu ngosuku lapho amanye amadolobha ayeqophe eziyisithupha. Lokhu kwakumelela ushintsho kusukela onyakeni wezinyanga eziyishumi nambili ukuya ohlelweni lokufiphala kwenyanga oluqala njalo ngesigamu sonyaka, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kumelwe kusetshenziswe iqembu lezinyanga ezinhlanu esikhundleni seziyisithupha.
I-Dresden Codex inikeza itafula lezinyanga ezinhlanu neziyisithupha ezihlelwe ngendlela yokuthi iqembu ngalinye liqale futhi liphethe eduze nokuhlangana kwe-ecliptic. Ithebula lihlanganisa inkathi yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu nantathu. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi cishe ngo-756 AD ulwazi lokusitheka kwelanga lwavumela ukwakhiwa kwamatafula enyanga.
i-ecliptic
I-ecliptic umugqa ogobile iLanga elihamba ngawo lizungeza uMhlaba, ekunyakazeni kwawo okusobala njengoba kubonakala eMhlabeni. Ngezinkanyezi zaseMayan, i-ecliptic imelelwa njengenyoka enamakhanda amabili. Indlela yeLanga esibhakabhakeni ephawulwa ngamaqoqo ezinkanyezi ezingaguquki. Lapha ungathola inyanga namaplanethi ngoba axhumene, njengoMhlaba, nelanga. Izinkanyezi ze-ecliptic nazo zibizwa ngokuthi i-zodiac.
Kumaqoqo ezinkanyezi ezinkanyezi zeMayan kukhona ufezela, ongalinganiswa nomlaza weScorpio, ukwakha ufezela kwasetshenziswa izinzipho zeLibra. I-Gemini yethulwa amaMeya njengengulube noma i-peccary. Ezinye izinkanyezi ze-ecliptic zikhonjwa njenge-jaguar, okungenani inyoka, ilulwane, ufudu, i-xoc monster, okuyinto ezinganekwaneni zamaMayan kwakuyi-shark noma i-monster yasolwandle. I-Pleiades yayibhekwa njengomsila we-rattlesnake futhi ibizwa ngokuthi "Tz'ab".
izikhalazo
I-Pleiades iyiqembu lezinkanyezi ezinokubaluleka okuvelele kuyo yonke i-Mesoamerica. Ngeso lenyama babekwazi ukuyibona ngeso lenyama ukubonakala kwayo nokunyamalala kwayo ngoba kwase kunquma ukuqala imisebenzi ethile yezolimo. Ama-Mayans ababiza ngokuthi "umsila we-rattlesnake", ngenxa yokwakheka kweqembu.
Ukubonakala kokuqala esibhakabhakeni kwalesi simiso sezinkanyezi kwaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi yemvula kanye nokufuduka kwezinyoni futhi ngenxa yalokho kunquma inala noma ukushoda. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, abazingeli babekwazi ukufunda ngokufuduka kwezilwane zabo ngokusekelwe ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu.
Indlela yobisi
Ngezinkanyezi zamaMayan babazi i-Milky Way ngegama elithi Wakah Chan, lapho u-Wakah esho ukuthi "uqondile" kanye no-Chan "inyoka". I-Milky Way yayimelwe futhi njengesihlahla se-Ceiba esiluhlaza, eside nesibabazekayo esibizwa ngokuthi i-World Tree. Lapho iSagittarius iphakeme ngaphezu komkhathizwe iSihlahla Somhlaba sasimi siqondile, sabe sesiphakama ngaphezu komkhathizwe saphakama saya enyakatho. Isihlahla Somhlaba sasisezingeni eliphezulu ngaleso sikhathi, lapho iSagittarius ingaphezu komkhathizwe futhi iwela i-meridian.
U-Wakah Chan wayeyisisekelo enganekwaneni yakhe yendalo, nasemcabangweni wakhe womsuka wendawo yonke; imijikelezo ye-Milky Way yayiyi-eksisi, kokubili ukulinganisa isikhathi, nokugubha ukulondolozwa kokuphila; ngandlela thize yayiyikhampasi yokubukeka kwayo nokulondolozwa kwayo eMhlabeni.
Ama-Eclipses
Amathebula atholakala ekhasini lamashumi amahlanu nanye nasekhasini lamashumi amahlanu nesishiyagalombili le-Dresden Codex abika konke ukufiphala kwelanga nokunye okuningi kwenyanga ngaphandle kokucacisa ukuthi yiziphi ezizobonakala endaweni ehlala amaMaya. Amathebula e-codex ahlanganisa cishe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu nantathu, okungukuthi, cishe ama-lunation angamakhulu amane nanhlanu. Lawa mathebula aklanywe ngokukhethekile ukuthi aphinde asetshenziswe futhi aqukethe uhlelo lokulungisa lwezikhathi ezithile.
Amatafula abhekisela ekusithekeni kwelanga okutholakala kuyi-Dresden Codex aqala kusukela ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX futhi ngenxa yomklamo wawo angasetshenziswa kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX. Ithebula liphinde lihlobanise ukusitheka kwelanga kanye nezigigaba zenyanga nemijikelezo yeVenus futhi okungenzeka ukuthi i-Mercury nezinye izigigaba zasezulwini nezesizini.
Emakhasini angamashumi amahlanu nanye kanye namashumi amahlanu nesishiyagalombili e-Dresden Codex kubalwe amanyanga angamakhulu amane nanhlanu alandelanayo aqoqwe ngamaqembu ahlukene angamashumi ayisithupha nesishiyagalolunye, angamashumi ayisithupha awo akhiwe amanyanga ayisithupha ngalinye kanye nesishiyagalolunye kwezinhlanu ezinhlanu. Izinyanga zokuqala zihlanganisa izinsuku eziyikhulu namashumi ayisikhombisa nesikhombisa noma ikhulu namashumi ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalolunye, ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezinyanga zezinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu phakathi kwalezo ezingamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye). Ezinsukwini zokugcina zeqembu ngalinye kwenzeka ukusitheka kweLanga.
Isazi semivubukulo saseBrithani uJohn Eric Sidney Thompson wabonisa ukuthi izinsuku zokuqala nezokugcina zamatafula okusitheka kwelanga kungenzeka zingu-10.12.16.14.8, okungukuthi, 1083 AD kanye no-16.14.10.0.8, okungaba ngu-1116 AD, ngakho-ke, kungaba Ibhalwe ngenguqulo yokuqala ye-Dresden Codex cishe ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
NgokukaNoriega, isayensi yezinkanyezi yamaMayan yakwazi ukuthola izindlela ezinhlanu zokubikezela ukusitheka kwelanga, ezivezwe kuyi-Dresden Codex. Amafomula anjalo yilawa:
Ifomula yokuqala izoba ngu-El Saros, umjikelezo wokuphindaphinda kokusitheka kweLanga neNyanga esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili kanye nezinsuku eziyishumi noma eziyishumi nanye, ezaziwa emhlabeni wakudala futhi kuthiwa ngamaKaledi. Lo mjikelezo uhambisana nezinyanga ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi amabili nantathu esikhathini esiyizinsuku ezingama-6585.32 futhi ubhalwe ekhasini lenombolo yamashumi amahlanu nambili, esigabeni B se-Dresden Codex futhi uvela nasendingilizini yesine ye "Sun Stone".
Ifomula yesibili isho umjikelezo wokunye ukufiphala kweLanga neNyanga okwenzeka enkathini yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu enezinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha 360 isikhathi ngasinye. Lesi sikhathi sihambisana nezinyanga eziyi-158.5 ezenzeka ezinsukwini ezingama-4680 futhi siqoshwe ekhasini lamashumi amahlanu nesishiyagalombili le-Dresden Codex. Kuleli nani lezinsuku, izinguquko eziyisithupha ze-synodic zeVenus, izikhathi ezingu-158.5 kanye nokusitheka kwelanga okuyisikhombisa okulandelanayo kweLanga neNyanga kwenzeka endaweni efanayo.
Ifomula yesithathu isekelwe kweminye imijikelezo yeLanga neNyanga eyenzeka enkathini eyizinsuku ezingama-7280 futhi ehambisana nezinyanga ezingama-246.5, nayo ekhonjiswe ekhasini lenombolo yamashumi amahlanu nesishiyagalombili le-Dresden Codex. Ifomula yesine isho umjikelezo wokuphindaphinda kokusitheka kwelanga onenkathi yezinyanga ezingama-450 futhi iyisamba salokhu okubili kwangaphambilini. Lo mjikelezo owenziwe ngezinsuku eziyi-11,958 nawo ubhalwe ku-Dresden Codex.
Okokugcina, ifomula yesihlanu isekelwe kumjikelezo weSaros kathathu, owakhiwe phakathi nezinyanga ezingamakhulu ayisithupha namashumi ayisithupha nesishiyagalolunye, ezibonwa embuthanweni wesibili weTshe Lelanga. amaMaya. Ku-Codex yaseMadrid kuhlobene nendlela ukusitheka kwelanga okuthinta ngayo imijikelezo yemvula nesomiso emkhakheni wezolimo. Ama-almanacs afana namathebula e-Dresden Codex avela ekhasini leshumi kanye nekhasi leshumi nantathu.
Okunye Ukubhekwa
Imikhosi nemikhosi yezinkanyezi zaseMayan yathola ithonya elikhulu ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zasemkhathini. Emibhalweni ehlukene kanye nemibhalo eqoshiwe etholakalayo, kutholwe izinkomba zeVenus, iNyanga, iLanga, iMars, iJupiter, iSaturn, iScorpio, i-Orion kanye neMilky Way. Akwaziwa ngokunembayo ukuthi amaMayans abone ezinye izinkanyezi, abanye abacwaningi bayaphika ukuthi bakwazile ukubala ukunyakaza kwamanye amaplanethi baze baphike nokuthi amanye amatafula e-Dresden Codex abhekisela kuMars.
Abanye bacabanga ngendlela ehlukile ngokusekelwe kulokho i-Codex ebhekisela kuyo ezimpawini zamaplanethi nezigcawu ezivela embhalweni wesandla. Eqinisweni, ngenxa yokusondela kwayo eLangeni, iMercury kunzima ukuyibuka, nakuba ezinye izimpucuko zakwazi ukwenza lokho. Isazi-mlando esingumJalimane u-Ernst Wilhelm Förstemann sathola kuyi-Dresden Codex ukuhlobana kwenguquko yesinodi ye-Mercury kubalwa ngenani lezinsuku eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu nanhlanu nekhalenda elingcwele, ngenombolo 11.960 24 emakhasini 25, 52 no-XNUMX e-Dresden Codex. Dresden.
Le nombolo iphinde ihlobane nokubalwa kwezinyanga ezingamakhulu amane nanhlanu. Ekhasini lamashumi amahlanu nesishiyagalolunye kunesibalo esimelela inani eliphindwe kahlanu kuno-11.960. Ngakho izibalo zeMercury zihlobana nezamanye amaplanethi. UFörstemann ngokwakhe uveza ukuthi izikhombo zeMars ziboniswe emakhasini 24, 38, 41, 43, 59 no-64 e-Dresden Codex.
Ukwengeza, ekhasini lamashumi amahlanu nesishiyagalolunye izinombolo ezinkulu ezimbili ziyavela: 1.426.360 kanye 1.386.580 umehluko wabo wezi-39.780 olingana nama-synodic revolutions angamashumi amahlanu nanye eMars, ngalunye lwezinsuku ezingamakhulu ayisikhombisa namashumi ayisishiyagalombili.
Izinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye zokuguquguquka kwe-synodic yeJupiter kanye namakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisikhombisa nesishiyagalombili eSaturn kushiwo izikhathi eziningana kuma-akhawunti e-Dresden Codex. Ekhasini lamashumi ayisikhombisa kunenombolo ebaliwe yezinsuku ezingama-4914 ezihambisana nezibuyelo eziyishumi nantathu zeSaturn. Ekhasini lamashumi ayisikhombisa nambili kubalwa kwale planethi enezinsuku ezingama-378. Ezinye izikhombo zikhonjisiwe kusukela ekhasini lamashumi amahlanu nambili kuya ekhasini lamashumi amahlanu nesishiyagalombili le-Codex.
Ngokuphathelene nokubhekwa kwemilaza nezinkanyezi, akukho ukwaziswa okwanele. Nokho, kuyaziwa ukuthi i-Pleiades, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Tzab (i-rattlesnake) yabonwa ngokuvumelana namarekhodi ahlukene akhona. Umlaza weGemini wawaziwa ngokuthi ufudu. Kumakhodidi kukhona izethulo eziningana zenkanyezi ye-Polar.
Umlaza weCassiopeia wabonwa ngempela njengoba ubhekwa njengomhlahlandlela wabahamba ngezinyawo. Ngokuqiniseka, i-Milky Way yabonwa, kanye nemilaza ye-Orion ne-Big Dipper, kanye nezinkanyezi i-Rigel, i-Betelgeuse ne-Sirius, ebonakala ngeso lenyama.
Amakhodi wamaMayan
Ama-codices ama-Mayan amasethi amashidi noma izincwadi zokubhalela ezibhalwe ngombhalo wamaMayan ngababhali bempucuko yaseMayan yangaphambi kwe-Columbian. La ma-codex anikezwa amagama amadolobha agcinwe kuwo manje: iDresden, iMadrid, iParis, neMexico. I-Dresden Codex ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengebaluleke kakhulu kwezine.
Ngesikhathi iSpain inqoba iYucatán ekhulwini le-1562, kwakunezincwadi eziningi ezifanayo kamuva ezacekelwa phansi ngezinga elikhulu abanqobi nabapristi. Ngakho, ukucekelwa phansi kwazo zonke izincwadi ezazikhona eYucatan kwayala uMbhishobhi u-Diego de Landa ngo-July XNUMX. La ma-codex, kanye nenqwaba yemibhalo eqoshiwe ematsheni esikhumbuzo ne-stelae esalondolozwe nanamuhla, kwakha izinqolobane ezilotshiwe zempucuko yamaMaya.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zezindikimba abaziphatha zihluke kakhulu ezindikimbeni ezigcinwe ematsheni nasezakhiwo; Ngokucekelwa phansi kwayo, kulahlekile amathuba okubonwa kwezindawo ezibalulekile zempilo yamaMeya. Kusele ama-codex amane kuphela: i-Dresden Codex, i-Madrid Codex, i-Paris Codex, ne-Grolier Codex (ucezu).
IDresden Codex
I-Dresden Codex iyikhodi ethuthuke kakhulu kuma-codex amane asekhona. Le codex iyikhalenda lapho kunikezwa khona zonke izinsuku zonyaka nonkulunkulu abahlobene nabo. Ichaza ikhalenda lamaMeya kanye nohlelo lwayo lokufaka izinombolo. I-codex ibhalwa emgqeni omude wephepha elihlanganisiwe eligoqwe njenge-akhodiyoni ukuze kwakhiwe incwadi enamakhasi angamashumi amathathu nesishiyagalolunye anezinhlangothi ezimbili.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi yabhalwa ababhali abaningana, abahlanu noma abayisishiyagalombili ngokusho kochwepheshe ababeyihlola, ngaphambi nje kokunqotshwa kweSpanishi. Uvela futhi eYurophu lapho iRoyal Court Library yaseSaxony yawuthola khona ngo-1739. Ugcinwe eMtatsheni Wezincwadi Wezifundazwe naseNyuvesi yaseSaxony eDresden.
I-Codex yaseMadrid
I-codex yaseMadrid ikhuluma ngamatafula ezinkanyezi kanye nezinkanyezi. Ngokomlando, kwakunguHernán Cortes ngokwakhe owamthumela enkantolo yasebukhosini baseSpain. Inamakhasi ayikhulu neshumi nambili, ahlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili, ezaziwa ngeCodex Troano kanye neCodex Cortesiano. Zombili lezi zingxenye zaphinde zahlanganiswa ngo-1888. Igcinwe eMuseo de América eMadrid, eSpain.
I-Codex yaseParis
I-codex yaseParis yatholwa ku-National Library of France ngo-1859 nguLéon de Rosny esesimweni esidabukisa kakhulu. Isagcinwe ku-Mexican Fund (Fonds Mexicain) ye-National Library of France futhi igadwe ngomona ngaphandle kokubukwa komphakathi, nokho-ke kuye kwenzeka ukutadisha ngenxa yamakhophi alo mbhalo. I-codex yaseParis yenziwe ngamakhasi ayishumi nanye, imininingwane yawo isulwe ngokuphelele kwamabili futhi ama-glyphs aphakathi kwamanye agciniwe kodwa lawo avela emaphethelweni asuliwe.
Ngokusho kwencwadi kaBruce Love enesihloko esithi "I-Paris Codex: Manual for a Mayan Priest" eyanyatheliswa ngo-1994, ingqikithi yayo ibhekisela ezindabeni zemicikilisho, ezihambisana nonkulunkulu nemikhosi yabo, iziprofetho, ikhalenda lemikhosi kanye ne-zodiac ehlukaniswe yaba amakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha- izinsuku ezine.
I-Grolier Codex
I-Grolier Codex manje yaziwa ngokuthi i-Mayan Codex yaseMexico, yavela ngawo-1970 lapho izazi seziyazi kakade, kusukela ngekhulu le-2016, ngokuba khona kwezithathu zangaphambili. Ubuqiniso bale codex yesine yamaMayan baqale bangabaza. Akuzange kuqinisekiswe ngokusemthethweni kuze kube ngu-XNUMX nguSolwazi uStephen Houston waseBrown University nethimba lakhe.
Lolu ucezu olunamakhasi ayishumi nanye okukholakala ukuthi lwatholakala emhumeni ezintabeni zaseChiapas ngo-1965. Amakhasi aso awayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunawamanye ama-codex. Ngayinye inonkulunkulu obheke kwesokunxele. Phezulu kwekhasi ngalinye kumakwe ngenombolo, kuyilapho phansi kwesokunxele kubonakala kunohlu lwamadethi. Igcinwe ku-National Museum of Anthropology e-Mexico City engayibonisi emphakathini, kodwa izithombe zingatholakala ku-inthanethi.
i-mayan stelae
Ama-stelae aseMayan angamatshe esikhumbuzo aqoshwe abaculi abavela empucukweni yamaMayan yaseMesoamerica. Lawa amatshe amade, ngokuvamile aba banzi kunogqinsi, aye aqoshwa futhi abekwa mpo, aye aqoshwa isikhathi esiningi ngokukhululeka okuphansi, kodwa futhi sithola amanye ekukhululekeni okuphezulu, ngisho nemibhalo eqoshiwe emhlophe. Avame ukuhlotshaniswa namatshe ayindilinga abizwa ngokuthi ama-altare, nakuba umsebenzi wawo wangempela ungaqiniseki.
Itshe lesikhumbuzo elamiswa ngamaMeya ngamanani amakhulu laliqoshwe usuku olude lokubala kulo futhi ngokuvamile lalivame ukuba nochungechunge oluhambisanayo oluqukethe idatha ebhekisela enyangeni, njengenani lezinsuku enkathini ethile yokuthwasa kwenyanga, ubude benyanga. kanye nenani lezinyanga ochungechungeni lwesithupha. Okunye kufaka phakathi isibalo sezinsuku ezingamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili neshumi nesishiyagalolunye ezingahlotshaniswa nokubalwa kwezinsuku kumjikelezo ohlotshaniswa ne-Jupiter.
Ezinye izehlakalo zezinkanyezi zarekhodwa, isibonelo, isixwayiso sokufiphala kwelanga e-Quiriguá Stela E – 9.17.0.0.0. Ukufiphala kwelanga okuncane kwabonakala eMesoamerica ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva ngo-17.17.0.0.2, okungukuthi, ngoLwesihlanu, Januwari 771, XNUMX.
Ama-Observatories ku-Mayan Astronomy
Izimboni zezinkanyezi zaseMayan zazingaphezu kwazo zonke izinhlobo ze-oracle, indawo yokuthandaza kanye nethempeli. KumaMayans, ukuqopha ukunyakaza kwezinto zasezulwini kwakuyindlela yokuveza intando yonkulunkulu. Ngokutadisha ukunyakaza kwezinkanyezi, amaMayya akwazi ukuthuthukisa amakhalenda awo futhi ukuqondanisa kwesikhala somkhathi nesakhiwo kwakuyisexwayiso sokuthi usuku olubalulekile lwalusondela.
Ukubaluleka nendima yenhlalo eyayinayo e-Mesoamerica yabonakala ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo futhi, ikakhulukazi endaweni ye-Mayan astronomy, ukubhekwa kwesibhakabhaka. Izakhiwo zezakhiwo ezihlotshaniswa nezakhiwo ezingcwele kanye nezomphakathi, ngaphezu kokugcizelela ulwazi oluthuthukisiwe lwabakhi abangochwepheshe bomphakathi, zakha ukubonakaliswa okucacile kwamandla kombusi. Lezi zakhiwo zaziqondiswe ngamabomu ngokusekelwe kumibandela yesayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nezifundo zangaphambilini ze-topographical.
AmaMayans akha izakhiwo ngendlela yamapiramidi namapulatifomu asetshenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi yezombangazwe neyenkolo kodwa futhi asebenza njengezimpawu noma izindawo zokubhekisela ezibonisa ukuphuma nokushona kwelanga, kanye nokuhamba kwezinkanyezi ezifana neNyanga kanye neVenus. Njengoba umvubukuli onguchwepheshe bemivubukulo yamaMayan kanye nesayensi yezinkanyezi u-Orlando Casares Contreras echaza:
«Iphuzu lokubuka ukunyakaza kweLanga lingaba umnyango wethempeli, i-alfarda. Izibani nezithunzi ezikhiqizwe ukunyakaza kweLanga, iVenus noma iNyanga zivezwa ezindongeni, ezitebhisini, emigwaqweni, emigwaqweni ngisho nemidwebo yodonga yamakhulu ezakhiwo zamaMeya. Ngalezi zimpawu zesikhashana le mpucuko yasendulo yenza isikhathi sabonakala futhi yakhomba ukuthi kuhlwanyele futhi kuvunwe nini»
UJesús Galindo, isazi se-archaeoastronomer e-National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), wachaza «Ukuhleleka kokukhanya ezakhiweni kwenzeka ukuze kungabonisi into ethile esibhakabhakeni, kuyimifanekiso yokubonisa amadoda ukuthi usuku oluthile olubalulekile lusondela; ngale ndlela bahlela imisebenzi yabo kanye nempilo yabo yezomnotho, yezenhlalo neyenkolo».
Njengesibonelo salesi sitatimende, u-Jesús Galindo uthi imidlalo yokukhanya nethunzi evezwa ezakhiweni zezindawo ezihlukahlukene eMesoamerica ikhonjwe ngezinsuku zika-April amashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye kanye no-Agasti weshumi nantathu. Nakuba kungekho senzakalo esihlobene nelanga esirekhodiwe ngalezo zinsuku, ilanga lihambisana nezakhiwo ezahlukene. Umsebenzi walezi zinsuku ukuhlukanisa unyaka wezinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu zibe izingxenye ezimbili.
Wabonisa ukuthi icala elinjalo lingabonakala ethempelini eliphezulu lamaJaguars eNkantolo Enkulu Yebhola laseChichen Itza kanye nefasitela eliphakathi kweCaracol (i-Observatory) yedolobha elifanayo laseMayan laseYucatan; Ukwakhiwa Kwezitezi Ezinhlanu Zase-Edzná, eCampeche futhi, ngaphandle kwendawo yaseMayan, iPyramid of the Sun, eTeotihuacán, eSifundazweni SaseMexico.
Ku-Galindo Trejo, izakhiwo ezigxile emkhathini zatshalwa ngezimpawu zamasiko, njengoba, lapho zihambisana, kwaboniswa ukuthi zazihlobene nezimiso eziyisisekelo zekhalenda futhi zivumelana nentando yonkulunkulu. Kwakuwuhlobo lwamawashi e-cosmic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbusi owayala ukuba kwakhiwe isikhumbuzo salo wavela phambi kwabantu bakhe ebonisa ukuthi kokubili lesi sakhiwo naye ngokwakhe wathola umusa wonkulunkulu.
Ukubhekwa kwezinkanyezi zamaMaya kwenziwa ngeso lenyama noma ngamathuluzi ayingozi manje akwaziwa. Kwenzeka okufanayo nakwezinye izimpucuko. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX, ngoGalileo Galilei, lapho isibonakude saqala ukusetshenziswa ekuhloleni isibhakabhaka. Noma kunjalo, abantu baseMesoamerica babenezindawo zokubheka izinkanyezi ezifana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi "isakhiwo se-horizon". Injalo indaba yeqembu E lase-Uaxactún noma okuthiwa "i-Caracol" yase-Chichén Itzá. Ukuba khona kwama-observatories kwembulwa kumakhodidi ahlukahlukene aseMayan.
Phakathi kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ziningi kakhulu kulo lonke elaseMesoamerica nasezindaweni zaseMayan ikakhulukazi, lezo ezikhomba ekushoneni kwelanga ngo-Okthoba 1986 no-February 2012, isibonelo esicacile esiyindawo ye-Preclassic yase-El Mirador (Guatemala). , Indlu E yeSigodlo SasePalenque (Chiapas), Ithempeli Eliphakeme LamaJaguars eNkantolo Enkulu Yemidlalo yaseChichén Itzá, e-Observatory yase-El Caracol, naseCasa Colorada yaseChichén Itzá (Aveni neHartung, 2016; Sprajc kanye no-Sánchez Nava, XNUMX; Galindo Trejo, XNUMX).
Usuku lokuqala, u-Okthoba wamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye, luphawula izinsuku ezingamashumi amahlanu nambili kuze kube yilapho iLanga lifinyelela endaweni yalo enkulu eningizimu, phakathi nenkathi yasebusika. Uma lo mcimbi usugujwa, kuzomele kudlule ezinye izinsuku ezingamashumi amahlanu nambili ukuze kufike usuku lukaFebhuwari XNUMX.
Kusukela kulolu suku lokugcina kuya kuMfumfu olandelayo wezingamashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye, kudlula izinsuku ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha ncamashi. Ngakho-ke, abaklami bezakhiwo bamaMeya kanye nezazi zezinkanyezi basebenzisa i-solstice yasebusika njenge-pivot yemvelo ukuze babale izinsuku, bazifake phakathi kwalezo zinsuku.
Izindawo zokubuka ezinomumo wenyanga ngaphakathi kwesayensi yezinkanyezi yaseMayan zingabonwa esiqhingini saseCozumel, esithathwa njenge "tollan", okungukuthi, isikhungo sokuhambela iNhlonhlo yaseYucatan ngesikhathi se-Epiclassic kanye ne-Postclassic kusukela ngonyaka ka-900 kuya ku-1519 AD, ( Patell, 2016). Kulesi siqhingi, izakhiwo zaseSan Gervasio, eGrupo Manitas; Iqembu Lamashumi Ayisithupha Nane Emaphakathi; Iqembu leRamonal; I-Buena Vista kanye ne-Expedition.
Ngasinye salezi zakhiwo sibonisa ukuma kwenyanga, okubusa ukubonakaliswa kweNyanga enciphayo. Yafinyelela emaphethelweni ayo asenyakatho eduze nenkabazwe yasebusika, futhi ngasehloboni lasehlobo yayifinyelela emaphethelweni aseningizimu. KumaMayans asezinhlonhlotsheni, ukunyamalala kweNyanga enciphayo empumalanga kubonise isikhathi sohambo oluya endaweni engcwele yase-Ixchel.
Emabhilidini ahlukahlukene eSan Gervasio ungabona ukuthambekela kumanani afinyelelwa yiLanga ngoJune nangoDisemba. Edolobheni lase-El Mirador (Guatemala), amaphethini okuqondanisa atholakele maqondana nokushona kwelanga (Sprajc, Morales Aguilar kanye noHansen, 2009).
Nakuba, mhlawumbe isibonelo esifanele kakhulu yileso se-El Caracol Observatory e-Chichen Itza. Lesi sakhiwo esiyindilinga esakhiwe kumapulatifomu amabili sinochungechunge lwamafasitela, amathathu aphezulu kanye namathrethi awo womabili amapulatifomu akhombisa ukuma kweLanga emkhathizwe ngezinsuku ezibaluleke kakhulu: ama-solstices nama-equinoxes, ngaphezu kwezikhundla ezikhona. ifinyelela kuVenus ezindaweni zayo eziphakeme endaweni engaphansi kwesibhakabhaka (Galindo Trejo, 2006).
Kunobufakazi obuningi bokuthi iCopan, eHonduras, yayiyisikhungo esibaluleke kakhulu sezinkanyezi zamaMayan. Kusukela emininingwaneni eku-Stela A lapho, kwakungenzeka ukunquma ikhalenda ngokunemba okukhulu, unyaka ka-731. Ku-Stela M eclipse kutholakala okokuqala ngokuhlelwa kwezinyanga ngamaqembu amahlanu nesithupha, unyaka ka-756. Ngo-763, iThempeli lamashumi amabili nambili lanikezelwa kuVenus ngokulungiswa kwenkathi ye-synodic, futhi iThempeli leshumi nanye cishe lalinikezelwe kumatafula e-eclipse.
Isibalo sika-Copan sika (AD 731) sobude bonyaka wangempela sasiyizinsuku ezingu-365,2420 (inani lamanje lingu-365.2422, ngakho-ke kukhona umehluko wengxenye eyodwa yezinkulungwane eziyishumi zosuku). I-Copán, i-palenque ne-Quiriguá kwakuyizindawo lapho kwanqunywa khona isikhathi sonyaka wezindawo ezishisayo. Inyanga enqunywe yi-Copán (AD 699) yayiyizinsuku ezingu-29,53020 (isibalo samanje siyizinsuku ezingu-29) kanti esase-Palenque kwakuyizinsuku ezingu-53059.
Mayelana ne-synodic revolution yeVenus, ukubalwa kwe-Copan (763 AD) ngokulungiswa okungaphansi kosuku olulodwa njalo eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha, kwaba ngu-583.92, okufanayo nenani lamanje.
EMexico yasendulo, kwakuqhutshwa imihlangano ukuze kulungiswe ukwaziswa okwakunqunywe ekhalendeni futhi mhlawumbe kuxoxwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene eziphawulwe ngezinkanyezi. Lokhu kufakazelwa ku-Xochicalco ne-Copan. I-Copán Altar Q iyibhlokhi yetshe ebekwe ngaphambi kwephiramidi Yethempeli 16 elinezithombe ezibaziweyo. Kuqoshwe izibalo eziyishumi nesithupha, okukhumbuza umhlangano wezazi zezinkanyezi owabanjwa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX.
Izibalo zabantu zibonwa e-altare T ngohlelo olufanayo. Esitebhisini esiholela eThempelini lokuqala le-Acropolis, e-Copán futhi umbhalo omude kunayo yonke wamaMayan ohlanganisa ama-hieroglyphs angamakhulu ayishumi nanhlanu.
I-zenith passage of the Sun ingenye yezinto zezinkanyezi ezihlobene nokuqondanisa kwezakhiwo. Ithempeli likaTulum Lesihlanu liyisibonelo esihle salokhu futhi lasebenza ukuhlobanisa ithempeli nobunkulunkulu belanga. Izethulo zikaKin no-Ixchel emidwebeni yokudweba zisagcinwe kuyo. I-Building P e-Monte Albán (Oaxaca) ingesinye i-zenithal observatory: Ngaphansi kwezitebhisi ezinkulu kunekamelo elimnyama elinendawo encane yokuvula elingenisa kuphela imisebe yelanga kusukela ngo-Ephreli 17 kuya ku-Agasti 25.
Lezi zinsuku zibeka iLanga lapho lifinyelela esicongweni salo emini phakathi nenkathi yehlobo futhi zombili zihlukaniswa ngesikhathi kulesi senzakalo ngezinsuku ezingamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isiko lamaZapotec lahlukanisa ikhalenda lezinsuku ezingamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisithupha zibe izinkathi ezine zezinsuku ezingamashumi ayisithupha nanhlanu, ezibizwa ngokuthi "cocijo" (Galindo Trejo, 2006).
Esinye isibonelo sokuma kwezakhiwo maqondana ne-solar zenith sitholakala kuPyramid of the Magician e-Uxmal, izakhiwo zangaphandle zesakhiwo ziqondiswe ezinsukwini zikaMeyi amashumi amabili nambili kanye noJuni amashumi amabili nesibili, ahambisana nemigudu yelanga. ngokusebenzisa i-zenith ku-latitude ye-Uxmal (Aveni ne-Hartung, 1986)
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