Uma sikhuluma ngakho Izilwane ezinomgogodla, sibhekisela kubo bonke abanomgogodla ohlukanisa umzimba wabo zibe izingxenye ezimbili ezilinganayo, ugebhezi nomsila, banekhono lokuzivumelanisa nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwendawo, ngisho nobunzima kakhulu. Thola konke mayelana nalezi zinhlobo!
Ziyini Izilwane Ezifuywayo?
I-Los Izilwane ezinomgogodla Ziyiqoqo elihluke kakhulu lezinhlobo ze- Umbuso wezilwane, okuzihlukanisa kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ukuthi zinomgogodla owakhiwe ama-vertebrae, okwamanje izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-72.327 XNUMX ziyingxenye yezilwane ezinomgogodla, kuhlanganise nezinsalela zezilwane esezingasekho.
Lezi zilwane ziyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nanoma iyiphi indawo, kuhlanganise nezingenabuntu nezinzima kakhulu ukuhlala kuzo. Kukholakala ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zavela ngesikhathi se-Cambrian, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-530 edlule, imvelaphi yazo ivela emanzini ahlanzekile emanzini, izinhlobo eziningi ezihlukahlukene ezavela olwandle futhi eminyakeni eminingi kamuva emhlabeni.
Igama elithi "vertebrata" lifana nelithi "Craniata", elihlanganisa nezinhlanzi okuthiwa yi-hagfish noma i-compass fish, engenawo ama-vertebrae eqiniso kanye nama-lamprey noma izinhlanzi zakudala ezingenamihlathi futhi ezinama-vertebrae abizwa ngokuthi i-arcualia, kanye ne-arcualia. ama-gnathostome acishe abe nama-vertebrae.
Uhlaka lwamathambo ezilwane ezinomgogodla luzinza kalula, okube usizo olukhulu ekuqondeni inqubo yazo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Uma sibhekisela ku-taxonomy yabo, lezi zilwane ziyingxenye yeqembu le-subphylum vertebrata, elinye lamaqembu e-phylum chordates noma i-chardata, ukuhlukaniswa kwezilwane lapho kukhona amafomu ane-dorsal neural tube, gill, dorsal. i-chord nomsila esigabeni esithile senqubo yombungu.
Ngokocwaningo lwezakhi zofuzo ze-hagfish nama-lampreys, ziyingxenye yohlobo lwe-Cyclostomata ngaphakathi kwe-Vertebrata. Ngokwalokho okutholwe izinsalela ezintsha, balondoloza ukuthi i-hagfish nayo ingeyezilwane ezinomgogodla, okusho ukuthi i-hagfish inenzalo yezilwane ezinomgogodla ezingenawo umhlathi nokuthi ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo zalahlekelwa ama-vertebrae.
Izici
Kafushane, kungathiwa izici ze- Izilwane ezinomgogodla Yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Zine-bilateral symmetry, okungukuthi, zihlukene kabili futhi zibe nogebhezi oluvikela ubuchopho, amathambo azo ano-cartilaginous noma amathambo futhi anomgogodla noma umgogodla. Kososayensi njengamanje kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-62.000 zalolu hlobo.
- Umzimba wezilwane ezinomgogodla uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu: ikhanda, isiqu kanye namaphethelo, ngaphezu kwezinye ezinomsila; umboko wezilwane ezincelisayo womabili ahlukaniswe abe yisisu kanye nesifuba. Ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla wasemhlabeni, uhlelo lokuphefumula luyi-pulmonary.
- Uma sikhuluma ngezinhlobo zasemanzini, singasho ukuthi zinamaphiko endaweni ephakathi, izilwane ezinomgogodla ezinemihlathi ziphuma emikhawulweni ebhanqiwe ye-trunk. Bakhombisa i-notochord esigabeni sombungu, okuthi uma sebebadala bathathe indawo yekholomu yomgogodla futhi izitho zabo eziningi zezinzwa nezinzwa zinamathele ekhanda labo.
- Banesimiso sokuphefumula se-branchial, okusho ukuthi ngenkathi umbungu ukhula, izindonga zomzimba zakha izimbobo noma izimbobo ku-pharynx ezinikeza ama-gill ezinhlanzi nezinhlobo ezahlukene. Isakhiwo sabo samathambo singaba yi-cartilaginous, ithambo futhi ngezinye izikhathi i-dermoskeleton, okungukuthi, banokwakheka kwamathambo emvelaphi ye-epidermal.
Ukwakheka Kwezinto Eziphilayo Ezilwaneni Eziqinile
Izici ezingokomzimba zazo zonke lezi zilwane zihlukahlukene kakhulu, njengoba zingezezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane, ezinobukhulu obuhlukene, ukudla, izinqubo zokuzala kanye nezinye izinhlelo zomzimba ezingahambelani kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane.
ukuqina
I- integument noma i-membrane yezilwane ezinomgogodla ibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhekeni kwayo ngenxa yemisebenzi ehlukahlukene engayifeza futhi ingabonisa umehluko ohlukahlukene kuma-corneas, lokhu kuvame ukuba uhlelo olukhulu kunazo zonke lwesilwane olusibekela ngokuphelele.
Ku- integument ungabona ungqimba olugcina into ephilayo, ukwakheka kwe-epidermal okufana nezikali zezinhlanzi noma amapuleti amathambo amagobolondo ofudu, futhi inezembozo ezintathu lapho singathola khona i-dermis, i-epidermis ne-hypodermis. . Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-pigmentation ye-membrane ibangelwa amangqamuzana e-pigment nama-chromatophores esikhumba.
Izinhlobo ezimbili zokwakheka zivela esikhumbeni sezilwane ezinomgogodla:
- ukwakheka kwe-epidermis: Lezi yizindlala ezibizwa nge-phaneras, okungukuthi, ukwakheka okuhambisanayo futhi okubonakalayo ngaphezu kwesikhumba, kanye nesikhumba, zakha uhlelo lwe- integumentary olungakhiwa inani elikhulu lamaprotheni (okungesinye isikhathi anobuthi, njengasendabeni ye- izinhlanzi eziningi, izilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini, ezinamafutha kanye nezithukuthuku kanye ne-mammary, isibonelo; izinzipho, izinzipho, izimpaphe noqhwaku. Izinwele, izikali, izinselo, phakathi kwabanye.
- ukwakheka kwesikhumba: Kulezi singabeka njengesibonelo amagobolondo ezimfudu, amazenga ezinhlanzi, amazengwenya, izimpondo, phakathi kokunye.
Isistimu ye-Locomotor
En los Izilwane ezinomgogodla, uhlelo lwe-musculoskeletal luye lwajwayela umsebenzi walo wasekuqaleni, ohlanganisa ukubhukuda nokwenza ukunyakaza okuhlukahlukene okuyinkimbinkimbi enkulu, kuye ngezidingo zaso zezinzwa.
Izinhlanzi ezazikhona enkathini yakudala futhi zasakazeka e Izilwandle nezilwandle, yenze izinguquko eziningi ezibaluleke kakhulu, kusukela ngesikhathi lapho amaphiko abhanqiwe avela, kamuva ashintsha futhi abe yizitho ze-locomotor noma i-chiridia eneminwe emihlanu.
Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi
Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwezilwane ezinomgogodla luyisimiso esivaliwe sokujikeleza kwegazi, kulesi simiso i-circulating medium (igazi) idlula emithanjeni yegazi futhi isebenza njengendlela yokuthutha izakhi kanye nomoya-mpilo kuzo zonke izicubu zomzimba. Lolu hlelo lufinyelela emazingeni ahlukahlukene obunzima ngokusho kokuvela kwesilwane, futhi lunesibopho sokususa imfucuza engumkhiqizo we-metabolism.
Inesimiso segazi kanye nesimiso se-lymphatic, nenhliziyo esabalaliswa emagumbini, emithanjeni, emithanjeni, emithanjeni, kuma-venule, nama-capillaries. Izinhlanzi zinendlela ye-systemic kanye nendlela ye-bronchial. Izilwane eziningi eziphila emhlabeni zinesimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi kabili, okungukuthi, ukujikeleza okuncane noma kwamaphaphu kanye nokujikeleza okukhulu noma okujwayelekile, okusho ukuthi igazi le-venous ne-arterial alihlangani.
uhlelo lokuphefumula
Imishini yokuphefumula yezilwane ezinomgogodla i-branchial ezilwaneni zasemanzini, njengama-cyclostomes, izinhlanzi, nezibungu ze-amphibian. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezilwaneni zasemhlabeni i-pulmonary, nokho, iqembu lezilwane zasemanzini kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini anezinhlobo ezimbili zokuphefumula, izicubu zamaphaphu kanye ne-dermal.
Ama-Vertebrates anesitho esibizwa ngokuthi ama-gill or threadlike appendage, angaphakathi noma angaphandle kuye ngokuthi isilwane sinjani futhi umsebenzi wawo uwukuphefumula, alungiselelwa ukushintshaniswa kwamagesi emanzini. Amagill anento efana ngayo futhi iyindawo yokuxhumana ebanzi nendawo ezungezile, ngoba emathunjini ukuchelela kuthuthukiswe kakhulu kunawo wonke umzimba.
Ezinyonini, isimiso sokuphefumula sinamandla kakhulu, sinikeza umoya-mpilo onembile ukuze kwakheke amandla adingekayo ukuze umzimba usebenze kahle kakhulu uma undiza. Inohlelo lwe-bronchi oluxhunywe kumasaka omoya, amaphaphu ayo ahlukaniswe ama-lobules.
Uhlelo lwezinzwa
Uhlelo lwezinzwa lwezilwane ezinomgogodla luqukethe isimiso sezinzwa esiphakathi, lapho singakwazi ukuhlukanisa ama-subsystems amabili ngoba luwusizo kakhulu kithi; emaphakathi kanye ne-peripheral. Isimiso esimaphakathi sakhiwe ubuchopho nomgogodla, kuyilapho isimiso se-peripheral sakhiwe imicu yezinzwa edlulisela ulwazi phakathi kwezingxenye ezihlukahlukene zomzimba kanye nesistimu emaphakathi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-tetrapods anokuqina okubili emthonjeni womgogodla, ama-intumescence omlomo wesibeletho kanye ne-lumbar, lokhu kuwumphumela wokukhula kwemilenze.
Amehlo ahlelwe egumbini lombono elingemuva (ngaphandle kwezinhlobo zezinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo), okuhlanganisa nezitho ezithintekayo zezilwane ezincelisayo kanye nemigqa yokubamba i-pressure-wave yama-cyclostomes, izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini emanzini, izitho zokuzwa kuma-tetrapod zihlanganisa indlebe yangaphakathi nendlebe ephakathi, amafasitela ayindilinga nayindilinga, ulwelwesi lwe-tympanic, nama-ossicles.
Isistimu ye-endocrine
Ngokufanayo, kufanele sigcizelele ukuthi uhlelo lwe-endocrine lwe- Izilwane ezinomgogodla Ilawulwa yi-pituitary gland kanye ne-hypothalamus, lokhu ngokukhulelwa kwemilayezo ye-biochemical eyenza umsebenzi wabo kuma-pancreas, i-gonads, izindlala ze-adrenal, phakathi kokunye, futhi lokhu kupheleliswa kahle amahomoni enza imisebenzi eminingi emzimbeni.
Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla
Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla kwezilwane ezinomgogodla ziyizitho eziningana ezixhunywe ndawonye ezakha uchungechunge olude lwezinqubo ezisebenza ngaphakathi komzimba, futhi zonke zihlangene zinesibopho senqubo yokufanisa nokumuncwa kokudla, eziguqulwayo ukuze imisoco idliwe futhi isetshenziswe. amaseli.
Izilwane ezinomgogodla ze-prehistory zondliwa ngezinhlelo zokuhlunga, kamuva zavela futhi lezi zashintshwa, i-pharynx yancishiswa kanye nokuqhekeka kwe-gill, lokhu ngaphandle kwezinhlanzi ezingenamihlathi eziyizilwane ezinomgogodla zakudala kakhulu, ezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi yaba imihlathi, lapho bethwebula ukudla kwabo.Ngamafuphi, isimiso sokugaya salezi zinhlobo siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla kwezilwane ezinomgogodla luhlanganisa imbombo, umminzo, isisu, imbobo yomlomo, amathumbu kanye nendunu, zonke lezi zitho zihlangene nezinye izindlala ezinamathele, njengezindlala zamathe, isibindi kanye namathumbu. . Ama-tetrapod anembobo yomlomo ekhulayo, okungukuthi, ezinye izinhlobo eziyisekelayo ziboniswa kuyo, njengezindebe, ulwanga, nolimi namazinyo.
Isistimu ye-Excretory
I-excretory apparatus yezilwane ezinomgogodla yenziwa izindlala zomjuluko kanye ne-renal, iwuhlelo oluphelele kakhulu futhi olusezingeni elilinganayo nama-chordate ancike. Ngenhlangano ekhethekile, kungenzeka ukuhlunga uketshezi lwangaphakathi ngaphandle kwendawo ezungezile yangaphandle, ngesikhathi esifanayo kugcinwe yonke into engaphakathi yalezi zilwane ilingana.
Ukuzala
Izilwane ezifuywayo zizalana ngokocansi (ngaphandle kwezasolwandle, njenge-hermaphroditism), okungukuthi, lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngezinhlobo ezifanayo phakathi kwabantu ababili bobulili obuhlukile, ngokuvundiswa kwangaphandle noma kwangaphakathi kukho kokubili i-viviparous kanye ne-oviparous.
Endabeni yezilwane ezincelisayo kuba nzima nakakhulu ngoba kulokhu, umbungu ukhula ngaphakathi kukanina, owuwondla nge-placenta (esimweni sezilwane ezincelisayo ezincelisayo nama-marsupial), ngemva kokuba amaphuphu ezelwe futhi adla ubisi olukhiqiziwe. ngezindlala zabo zebele.
umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo
Kucatshangwa ukuthi izilwane ezinomgogodla zavela phakathi nokuqhuma kweCambrian (ekuqaleni kwesikhathi se-Paleozoic), kanye nelinye iqembu lezilwane eziningi. Isilwane esinomgogodla esidala kunazo zonke i-Haikouichthys, esineminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-525 yasendulo futhi siyafana i-current hagfish, nakuba yayingenayo imihlathi, ugebhezi lwazo nohlaka lwamathambo kwakunoqwanga.
Izilwane ezihuquzelayo zokuqala zavela ngesikhathi seCarboniferous, ama-synapsids kanye nama-anapsids ayekhona ngobuningi enkathini yePermian, okungukuthi, engxenyeni yokugcina ye-Paleozoic, nokho, ama-diapsids ayeyizilwane ezinomgogodla ezazivame kakhulu emvelweni. inkathi ye-mesozoic.
Ama-dinosaurs azala izinyoni eJurassic futhi kanye nokushabalala kwawo ekupheleni kwenkathi yeCretaceous, abangela ukwanda kwezilwane ezincelisayo, okwakuneminyaka eminingi zikhona, cishe kusukela ekuqaleni kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo ze-synapsid, kodwa. eMesozoic babengemuva.
Izinhlanzi zokuqala ezinemihlathi noma ama-gnathostomes zavela e-Ordovician futhi zanda ngesikhathi se-Devonian, ngenxa yalesi sizathu esibizwa ngokuthi iminyaka yezinhlanzi futhi kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho ama-agnathian amaningi angaphambi komlando aphela khona, nokho kwavela ama-labyrinthodonts , izinhlobo ezishintsha phakathi izinhlanzi kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini.
Izinhlobo Zezilwane Ezifuywayo
Izilwane ezifuywayo zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amane amakhulu:
Chondrichthyes (chondrichthyes)
Lezi izinhlanzi zezilwane ezinomgogodla ezinohlaka lwangaphakathi lwamathambo, ikakhulukazi oluno-cartilaginous, amazinyo azo awanamathele emhlathini futhi athathe indawo yawo njengoba edla, isibonelo: oshaka, imisebe, ama-mantas nama-chimaera.
Ama-Osteichthyes (ama-Osteichthyes)
Leli yiqembu lapho zonke izinhlanzi uhlaka lwazo lwamathambo lwangaphakathi lunamathambo futhi lunezakhiwo zoqwanga kodwa luyingxenye encane kuphela. Ngokuvamile ziba nomlomo oshisayo onamathambo esikhumba anamathele, lapho amazinyo ephuma khona futhi ngemva kokuwa kwamazinyo awaphinde aphume, isibonelo; i-grouper enkulu kanye nezinhlanzi zofezela.
agnatha
Lezi yizo zonke izinhlanzi ezinomgogodla ezingenayo imihlathi futhi zifana ne-eel, ziyi-hematophagous ngoba azikucubunguli ukudla ngendlela efanayo nezinye izinhlanzi, zidla igazi, ama-necrophages, nezidumbu, isibonelo. ; izibani kanye ne-hagfish.
ama-tetrapods
Ezaziwa nangokuthi izilwane ezinemilenze emine, kuleli qembu singathola izinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo, izilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini.
- Aves: Izinyoni ziyizilwane ezinomgogodla ezibonakala ngokuba nezimpaphe, zime emaphethelweni azo ngemuva bese imilenze yangaphambili ikhula ibe amaphiko, nokho, nakuba inamaphiko, akuzona zonke ezikwazi ukundiza. Ezinye izibonelo zezinyoni ezindizayo ukhozi, upholi noma i-macaw, i-hawk, i-hummingbird kanye ne-peliccan.
- AmaMamferfer: Izilwane ezincelisayo zibonakala ngokuba nezandla, izinyawo noma imilenze, nezinwele, kanye nokuba nomhlathi onamathambo wamazinyo nokuba nezindlala zebele, isibonelo; amahlengethwa, ibhubesi, ihhashi, inja nabantu, okuyizilwane ezincelisayo ezinomgogodla.
- Ama-Amphibians: Lezi Izilwane ezinomgogodla babonakala ngokuba nokuthuthukiswa kwemisipha ebalulekile ezithweni zabo, okubavumela ukuba bahambe ngokubhukuda noma ukugxuma, isibonelo; intulo, isele, nenewt, okuyizilwane ezingenamgogodla eziyingxenye yezilwane ezihlala emanzini.
- Iziqubuzelayo: Lawa angama-epidermis aqinile ambozwe ama-keratin scales, anemikhawulo emifushane kakhulu noma engekho, njengoba kwenzeka ezinyoka ezinyakazayo futhi ezikwazi ukubeka amaqanda ngamagobolondo, njengesibonelo sine-iguana, i-turtle kanye ngwenya .
Ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezinga lokushisa lomzimba wakho
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izilwane ezinomgogodla zingahlukaniswa ngokusho kwezinga lokushisa kwazo futhi zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu:
- I-Vertebrates Endotherms: Lezi zaziwa njengezilwane ezinomgogodla ezinegazi elifudumele, ngenxa yokuthi izinga lokushisa lazo aliguquki kungakhathaliseki izimbangela zangaphandle, izinga lokushisa lazo isikhathi esiningi liphakathi kuka-34º C kanye no-38º C.
- I-Vertebrates Ectotherms: Lezi zilwane zibuye zibizwe ngezilwane ezinomgogodla ezinegazi elibandayo, njengoba zikwazi ukulawula izinga lokushisa lomzimba wazo kuye ngokushisa kwemvelo, izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasezweni, izinhlanzi kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ziphuma kuleli qembu.
