Izimbobo ezimnyama cishe ziyimfihlakalo enkulu endaweni yonke eyaziwayo!
Kuze kube manje siyazi okuncane kakhulu ngabo, ngoba ubuchwepheshe bethu abukasivumeli ukuba sifunde izici zabo ngokujulile, ikakhulukazi ngoba zonke zikude kakhulu nesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga.
Esinye isizathu esenza kube nzima kakhulu ukufunda i- izimbobo ezimnyama endaweni yonke, ukuthi lezi azikhiphi ama-pulses okukhanya njengezinkanyezi, ngokuphambene nalokho, insimu yazo enamandla yamandla adonsela phansi iyakwazi ukumunca ngisho nokukhanya okuseduze, kodwa lokhu kuyinto esizoyichaza kamuva.
Nokho, kusukela ngo-1970 futhi sibonga imibono ehlongozwayo ngu UStephen Hawkins mayelana nezimbobo ezimnyama, sikwazile ukuqonda okuningi mayelana nazo, okuhlanganisa idatha ebonakalayo mayelana nokuma kwazo, ukwakheka, inqubo yokwakheka kanye nobudlelwane babo ekuguqulweni kokuqhubeka kwesikhashana.
Inkanyezi enomsila ingaba mnandi njengemigodi emnyama! Ungaphuthelwa isihloko sethu esigcwele izingxenye zenkanyezi enomsila
Kodwa yini ngempela esiyaziyo ngemigodi emnyama?
Uma uke wabona ifilimu kaChristopher Nolan: I-Interstellar (2010) futhi ushiywe ungaqondi lutho nhlobo, ngakho-ke yingoba awukakwazi okwanele ngakho imigodi emnyama.
Ngiyakutshela, ifilimu isekelwe kumbono ka-Einstein wokuhlobana okujwayelekile, okusho ukuthi indawo yonke ayinazo izilinganiso ezi-3, kodwa ezingu-4, kanti isikhathi siwumkhakha wesine endizeni yeqiniso.
Ngakho-ke, imithetho ye-universal mechanics ithinta isikhathi, njengoba nje ibalulekile, kuhlanganise nokukhanya.
Ngale ndlela, isikhathi ngeke sibe indawo yonke, kodwa ubukhulu obungakhubazeka, bunwetshwe noma bufinyezwe njengebhande elinwebekayo, ngokwemithetho ye-physics, njenge amandla adonsela phansi.
Unentshisekelo yokufunda kabanzi mayelana nezimbobo ezimnyama emkhathini?
Khona-ke ungayeki ukufunda lesi sihloko kuze kube sekupheleni, ngoba sichaza konke okudingeka ukwazi ngalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo, ukuze ngesikhathi esizayo lapho ubona i-Interstellar, ungazizwa ulahlekile ngokoqobo emkhathini.
Yiziphi izimbobo ezimnyama?
Imigodi emnyama ayiyona imigodi ngempela, bewazi lokho?
Eqinisweni, ngokusho kwe-theorem ye Hawkins futhi Ellis Kusukela ngo-1970, izimbobo ezimnyama kukholakala ukuthi ziyi-spheroid ngesimo ngenxa yokukhanga kwesisindo sazo maqondana nendawo yazo, ngenxa yesenzo sawo amandla adonsela phansi. Kwenzeka okufanayo nangezinkanyezi, kodwa ngezinga eliyizigidi izikhathi eziphakeme.
Izimbobo ezimnyama ziyiphoyinti emkhathini, ezakhiwe iqoqo lesisindo esiminyene ngokwedlulele, elikhiqiza amandla adonsela phansi anamandla kangangokuthi ayakwazi ukudala ukugoba ekuqhubekeni kwesikhathi sasemkhathini.
Insimu ye-gravitational yemigodi emnyama inamandla kakhulu, ukuthi ayikho ingxenyana yento ekwazi ukubalekela ukuwohloka uma isondela kakhulu. Eqinisweni, ukukhanga kunamandla kangangokuthi iyakwazi ukumunca izinhlayiya ze-photon ezakha imisebe yokukhanya kwelanga.
Kunjalo, zibizwa ngama-black holes ngoba ziyakwazi ukugwinya ngokoqobo ukukhanya okuzungezile.
Ziminyene kangakanani izimbobo ezimnyama?
Isici somzimba esinikeza i supermassive black holes amandla adonsela phansi kanye nezindawo ezishisayo, ukuminyana okwedlulele kwento eziqukethwe endaweni encane yesikhala.
Ukuze uthole inani lezinto ezakha inkanyezi yethu ukuze libe umgodi omnyama, kuzodingeka ukuthi lizigoqe ngokwalo ngendlela eyeqisayo, licindezele zonke izinhlayiya zayo ukusuka kusayizi ongamakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyi-1.300. endaweni engengaphezu kwamakhilomitha ama-2 ububanzi.
Ngakho-ke, ilanga kwakuyodingeka lehlise ubukhulu balo izikhathi ezicishe zibe ngu-900.000 XNUMX, kodwa ngaphandle kokumosha noma iyiphi into eliyenzayo.
Ijika lesikhathi sesikhala
Wake wazibuza ukuthi imbobo emnyama ikwazi kanjani ukunciphisa isikhathi?
Uyakhumbula I-Gargantua en Interstellar?
Ku-movie, umkhumbi-mkhathi Ukukhuthazela uphoqeleka ukuthi amise ukuqoqa idatha mayelana nombono wempilo endaweni iplanethi ye-miller, ezungeza ngokuzenzakalelayo eduze kakhulu ne-a supermassive black hole ebizwa ngokuthi iGargantua.
Ngenxa yalokhu, abasebenzi babhekene nenkinga ye-astrophysical: Ngenxa yokuba seduze neGargantua, isikhathi sihamba kancane kakhulu emhlabeni kunaseMhlabeni, ngakho-ke umsebenzi wokusesha, okwakuzothatha amahora ambalwa kubo, eMhlabeni kungasho amaningana. iminyaka.
Kodwa kungenzeka kanjani lokhu?
Uma kubonakala kuwumqondo ongavamile kuwe, kungenxa yokuthi sijwayele ukucabangela isikhathi njengento engaguquki yendawo yonke, ngokuyisisekelo ngoba asinalo ithuluzi elingasilimaza, njengoba senza ngezinye izindiza zeqiniso.
Nokho, inkolelo-mbono ka-General Relativity, eyahlongozwa u-Albert Einstein ngo-1915, iphakamisa ukuthi isikhathi siwubukhulu beqiniso obudlulela phezu kwezindiza u-X no-Y (ubukhulu bobubanzi nobude).
Ngakho-ke, uma umzimba onobunzima wenza isenzo endizeni yeqiniso, uzodala okuguquguqukayo kobukhulu Z (ukujula) okungakhubaza okubili kokuqala futhi, ngakho-ke, kungenza kanjalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ake sikubheke ngale ndlela:
Cabanga ukuthi unweba ucezu lwendwangu, udale indawo eyisicaba (ubukhulu X kanye no-Y); futhi engutsheni uwisa ibhola. Isenzo sesisindo sebhola kwendwangu sizodala i-concave underside yendiza.
Lo mphumela yilokhu ku-astrophysics eyaziwa ngokuthi Ukugoba kwesikhathi sesikhala.
Manje, ngenxa yemithetho ye-physics, into esindayo ebekwe endizeni, iphawuleka kakhulu isenzo sayo kuyo, ngakho-ke i-curvature izojula.
Yilokhu okwenzeka ngempela izimbobo ezimnyama nesikhathi esigobile.
Uma zicindezelwe kuze kube sekugcineni, izimbobo ezimnyama ziba izinto eziminyene ngendlela emangalisayo -futhi ngenxa yalokho zisindayo-, ngakho-ke isenzo ezisithathayo ezindizeni ezingu-X no-Y sidlulele ngempela.
Ukugoba okubangelwa yizimbobo ezimnyama kunamandla kangangokuthi akuvumeli ukuba kuphunyuke udaba olungenayo, lokhu kubangela ubunye besikhathi sesikhala esiwazi ngokuthi. I-Horizon yomcimbi.
Ukugoba okwakhiwa yizimbobo ezimnyama "kujule" futhi ukukhanga kwawo amandla adonsela phansi kunamandla kangangokuthi amunca yonke into esondela eduze kwawo, ngakho-ke, ekubeni ku-vortex eguquguqukayo yendawo ekhiqizwa I-Gargantua, iplanethi Miller wayebhekene ne-warp ekuqhubekeni kwesikhathi sakhe, ekwehlisa ijubane ngokungena e-Gargantua's Event Horizon.
Eqinisweni, inani eliqondile ukuthi ihora ngalinye elichithwa ku Miller Yayilingana neminyaka eyi-7 yoMhlaba.
Eqinisweni, amagagasi aphezulu angu-1 km amboza yonke indawo Miller, Zingabuye zichazwe njengomphumela wamandla adonsela phansi asetshenziswa umgodi omnyama emhlabeni.
Zakha kanjani izimbobo ezimnyama?
Izimbobo ezimnyama kungathiwa yizinsalela ezishiywe yizinkanyezi ngemva kokushona kwazo.
Kuze kube emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule, kwakukholelwa ukuthi izimbobo ezimnyama zakhiwa ngesikhathi sokuqala kwendawo yonke nokuthi lesi simo sasingeke siziphinde.
Nokho, isifundo Umlando Wesikhathi: kusuka ku-Big Bang kuya emigodini emnyama, edalwe ngokubambisana ngabakwaHawkings, Oppenheimer, kanye noRoger Penrose, ikhombise ukuthi izimbobo ezimnyama zidalwa ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi. ukuwa kwamandla adonsela phansi.
Ukuze siqonde ukuwa kwamandla adonsela phansi okunikeza indlela yokwakheka kwezimbobo ezimnyama, kufanele sibuyele emuva kancane, inqubo yokufa kwezinkanyezi.
nini ukuya kweyodwa Inkanyezi ephuzi (njengelanga lethu) liqeda imithombo yalo ye-hydrogen, liqala ukushisa izinhlayiya ze-helium endaweni yalo, ngenqubo eshubile kakhulu yokuhlanganisa izikhali zenuzi. Njengoba le nqubo iqhubeka, inkanyezi, esisondela esigabeni sayo sokugcina sokuphila, ingakhula ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-300 futhi ishintshe umbala wayo, ibe inkanyezi. Inkanyezi Enkulu Ebomvu.
Ngokusebenzisa wonke uphethiloli ongaphezulu kwayo, izinqubo zokuhlanganisa izikhali zenuzi zizoma, futhi ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi inqubo yokulwa namandla adonsela phansi ayo, zonke izinhlayiya zawo zizoqala ukudonseleka emnyombweni wawo, zinciphise ubukhulu bawo futhi zidale lokho. siyazi as a Inkanyezi Encane Emhlopheinkanyezi efile
Kodwa-ke, inani elikhulu lenkanyezi lingabangela ukuthi le nqubo ithathwe ngokwedlulele, icindezele i-White Dwarf ngaphezu kwemingcele yayo futhi idale umzimba onesisindo esigxilile nakakhulu endaweni encane kakhulu.
Kufana nokuzama ukugoba ilanga lethu ukuze ulifake esigxotsheni semoto yakho.
Lesi sinyathelo sokugcina senza insimu yamandla adonsela phansi ewumphumela ibe namandla kangangokuthi iqala ukugwinya ukukhanya kwayo, ekugcineni phendula inkanyezi ibe umgodi omnyama.
izinhlobo zemigodi emnyama
Kukhona okuhlukile izinhlobo zemigodi emnyama futhi lezi zihlukaniswa ngokobukhulu bazo kanye nenani lesisindo esikuqukethe.
supermassive black hole
Izimbobo ezimnyama ezinkulu ngokungangabazeki zinkulu futhi zinamandla kakhulu. Lezi zingaqukatha izikhathi eziyizigidi ezimbalwa ubukhulu belanga lethu endaweni izikhathi eziphindwe ka-2 noma ezi-3 kuphela ezinkulu, okuwenza abe namandla kakhulu.
Kuvamile ukuthola izimbobo ezimnyama ezinkulu kakhulu eziphethe izikhungo zemithala eminingi emikhulu, ikakhulukazi imithala eyizimbobo. Isibonelo esicacile singatholakala ekhaya, njengoba i-Milky Way ijikeleza Sagittarius A, umgodi omkhulu omnyama omkhulu ngempela olinganiselwa ku-120 AU.
Izimbobo ezimnyama ezimaphakathi
Zilandela esikalini ngokwesisindo sazo. Aminyene kakhulu kunezimbobo ezimnyama ezinkulu, kodwa asahlaba umxhwele ngempela.
Izimbobo ezimnyama ezinesisindo esilinganayo phakathi kuka-100 no-1.000.000 wobuningi belanga zingena ngaphakathi kwalokhu kuhlukaniswa.
izimbobo ezimnyama ze-stellar mass
Zivamile impela futhi sisuka kwiplanethi enguMhlaba sikwazile ukubona izimbobo ezimbalwa ezimnyama ezingena kulesi sigaba.
Izimbobo ezimnyama ze-Stellar-mass ziqukethe phakathi kuka-30 no-70 mass solar ngaphakathi kwazo. Lezi zakha kusukela ekuwohlokeni kwamandla adonsela phansi ezinkanyezi ezinkulu, ezaziwa ku-astrophysics ngokuthi I-Supernovae.
izimbobo ezincane ezimnyama
Izimbobo ezimnyama ezincane ziyisigaba salokhu kuhlukaniswa, noma kunjalo, zihlala ziyi-hypothesis.
Ngokusho kwe- Ithiyori kaHawkins Mayelana nezimbobo ezimnyama, lezi zimbobo ezincane ezimnyama zizoqukatha inani elimangalisayo lezinto endaweni encane kakhulu, ngakho-ke udaba olungaphakathi kuzo lungalawulwa yimithetho ye-quantum physics.
Omunye wemishini ye-hadron collider enkulu e-CERN ukwenza izakhi zokwenza umgodi omncane omnyama wokwenziwa, lapho imibono eminingana mayelana ne-quantum physics ingahlolwa noma, ekugcineni, kungahlukaniswa inhlayiya indaba emnyama.