Materesikopu pakutanga aitarisa chiedza achishandisa zvidimbu zvegirazi zvakakombama zvinonzi lenzi. Zvisinei, materesikopu mazhinji nhasi anoshandisa magirazi akakombama kuti atore chiedza kubva mudenga usiku. Kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi unogona kuziva mhando dzeteresikopu.
Chii chinonzi Telescope?
Dzidziso dzekutanga dzeUniverse dzakaganhurirwa nekushaikwa kweteresikopu, zvakawanda zvezviwanikwa zveruzivo rwenyeredzi zvemazuva ano zvingadai zvisina kumboitwa dai pasina kuwanikwa kwaGalileo Galilei. MaPirates nevakuru vegungwa vakatakura mamwe materesikopu ekutanga: aive magirazi akapfava aingokudza chiono chako kanenge kana uye aine nzvimbo yakamanikana yekuona.
Materesikopu anhasi mahombe akakura anogona kuona maquadrants emuchadenga. Galileo aisambofungidzira zvaakanga atanga.
Materesikopu okutanga aGalileo akanga ari mitsara yakapfava yemalenzi egirazi ayo aingowedzera simba revanhu masere, asi mumakore asingasviki maviri akanga avandudza kugadzirwa kwake kuva materesikopu 30 akamubvumira kuona chiedza. Planet Jupiter, zvaakawana ndihwo hwaro hweteresikopu inofefetera yemazuva ano.
Kune mhando mbiri dzekutanga dzeteresikopu yemaziso: Reflector uye Refractor, ese ari maviri anokudza chiedza chiri kure, asi nenzira dzakasiyana. Vazivi venyeredzi vemazuva ano vane materesikopu akasiyana-siyana ekushandisa, kune mapuratifomu ekutarisisa pasi rose.
Kunze kwaizvozvo, kune materesikopu eredhiyo, materesikopu emuchadenga zvichingodaro, chimwe nechimwe chine chinangwa mukati mekuongorora nyeredzi, zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezveteresikopu zviri mumalink ari pazasi, kusanganisira magadzirirwo eteresikopu yako iri nyore.
Zvimiro zveTeresikopu
Zvese zviridzwa, mune chero zvigadziriso, zvinoratidzwa nezvikamu zviviri zvakakosha:
- El dhayamita Chinangwa chinoratidzwa netsamba D uye chinoratidzwa mumamirimita.
- La focal daro inoratidzwa nebhii F uye inoratidzwawo mu mm.
Iyo dhayamita
Iyo dhayamita yechinangwa ndiyo girazi rekutanga uyezve iyo inonyanya kukosha yetelescope, nekuti mazhinji ekuona zvinhu zvechishandiso ichi zvinoenderana nazvo. Iyo yakakura, iyo inowedzera kukura iyo inowanzova nayo uye inokubvumira kutarisa nyeredzi dziri kure.
Iyo dhayamita inowanzotaridzwa mumamirimita ezviridzwa zvekutengesa, dzimwe nguva mumainch (1" = 25,4 mm). Kusiyana nezvinofungwa nevanotanga, teresikopu yakakura-dhayamita haina kukwana kugadzira chiridzwa chakanaka chekucherechedza, mamwe akawanda mamiriro ane chekuita nemhando uye kugadzikana anofanira kusangana.
Focal daro
Inogona kuve iyo yakatarisana kureba kwegirazi rekutanga kana iro reziso, iyo yakatarisana kureba kwechiridzwa pachayo inoenderana neiyo yechinangwa uye inoratidzwa mumamirimita kana inofanira kuverengerwa kubva pachiyero chef / D.
Kukwidziridza, dzimwe nguva kunonzi simba rekukudza, kunotarwa nekupatsanura kureba kwechinangwa nekureba kwechikamu cheziso. Semuyenzaniso, kana iyo lenzi yechinangwa iine kureba kwe254 inches uye ziso rine kureba kwe 100 inch, ipapo magnification achaita zana.
focal ratio
Iyi ndiyo "speed" yetelescope's optics, inowanikwa nekupatsanura kureba kwepakati nekuvhura. Iyo diki iyo f-nhamba, iyo yakaderera kukudza, yakakura munda, uye inopenya mufananidzo nechero ziso kana kamera.
Fast focal ratios yef/4 kusvika f/5 inowanzova nani kune yakaderera simba rakakura-munda kuona uye yakadzika nzvimbo yekutora mifananidzo. Slow focal ratios yef/11 kusvika f/15 ndiyo inonyanya kukodzera simba repamusoro romwedzi, mapuraneti uye mabhinari anotarisa nyeredzi uye yakakwirira simba mafoto. Pakati f/6 kusvika f/10 focal ratios inoshanda zvakanaka pamwe chete.
Iyo f/5 system inogona kutora nebula kana chimwe chinhu chisina kusimba chakatambanudzwa munzvimbo yakadzika muchikamu chechina chenguva yef/10 system, asi mufananidzo wacho unongova hafu yehukuru. Nekudaro, zvinyorwa zvepfungwa, senge Nyeredzi, zvinorekodhwa zvichibva pane aperture, kwete focal reshiyo, saka iro gomba rakakurisa, nyeredzi yaunoona kana kutora mifananidzo haina kusimba, zvisinei nereshiyo yefocal.
Teresikopu inoshanda sei?
Teresikopu inoita kuti zvinhu zviri kure zvionekwe padyo nekukudza mufananidzo wakaumbwa neziso rako. Kuti unzwisise kuti teresikopu inoita sei izvi zvinoda imwe nhoroondo.
Vanotibvumira kuona mberi; vanokwanisa kuunganidza uye kutarisa chiedza chakawanda kubva kuzvinhu zviri kure kupfuura maziso edu ega, izvi zvinowanikwa kuburikidza nekudzokorora kana kuratidza chiedza uchishandisa lenzi kana magirazi, refractive telescopes ine lens yakawanda yakafanana neanowanikwa mumaziso edu, asi yakakura zvikuru .
Mukati meteresikopu, mwenje unotanga wasvika kune yekutanga lenzi, iwo malenzi ekutanga akakomberedzwa, akatenderedzwa uye anogona kupeta mwenje wabatwa uye achinangisa kune yakatarisa yechipiri lens, iyi lenzi yechipiri ine basa rekunangisa iyo mwenje kuburitsa mufananidzo wakajeka wechinhu. .
Materesikopu anotarisisa anoshanda zvakafanana kune zvinoramba, asi nekuratidza, pane kukotama, chiedza chine magirazi akakombama, muzviitiko zvose zviri zviviri chiedza chakawanda chatorwa padanho rekutanga zvinoreva simba rakawanda rekuona kure uye danho rekutarisa rinoshanda. rinoburitsa mifananidzo yakajeka.
Mhando dzeTeresikopu
Kune marudzi matatu makuru emateresikopu emaziso uye anosiyana nenzira yaanounganidza nayo chiedza kugadzira mufananidzo:
Iyo Refracting Telescopes
Vane lenzi rakakomberedzwa kune rimwe divi rinotarisa chiedza pasi pechubhu refu pane yechipiri lenzi, inonzi ziso, inokudza mufananidzo.
Kana masaisai akaita sechiedza achibva pane imwe svikiro achienda pane imwe pakona, anochinja kwaakananga, uku kunonzi refraction. Lenzi chimedu chegirazi chakagadzirirwa kupeta mwenje uchipfuura napo nenzira yekuti mufananidzo ugogadzirwa. Rudzi urwu rweteresikopu inoshandisa nhevedzano yemisanganiswa yelenzi yakasiyana kuitira kugadzira mufananidzo wechinhu chiri kure, semuenzaniso, nyeredzi kana setiraiti.
Reflecting Telescopes
Vanoshandisa magirazi panzvimbo yemalenzi kuunganidza chiedza. Muchionioni, chiedza chinofamba chichidzika nechubhu yeteresikopu kuenda kuchionioni chikuru chepuraimari, chinotaridza mwenje kuchionioni chiduku chechipiri, icho chinozoratidza chiedza kudzokera kuchionioni cheziso. Nemhaka yokuti chiedza chinoratidzwa nokudzokera shure mukuratidzira teresikopu, mapfupi kupfuura materesikopu anofefetera, apo chiedza chinofamba nenzira iri nyore, yakatwasuka kubva kune rumwe rutivi rwechubhu yeteresikopu kuenda kune rumwe.
Materesikopu anotarisisa ane zvimwe zvakanaka pamusoro pezvinotaridza, senge kusatongwa nechromatic kukanganisa nekuti mwenje unopenya hauparadzire zvinoenderana newavelength. Saizvozvovo, teresikopu duct yereflector ipfupi pane iyo refractor yemutsetse mumwechete, iyo inoderedza mutengo weiyo nzira.
Nechikonzero ichi, iyo arc yetelesikopu iyo inoratidziro iripo idiki, yakachipa uye iri nyore kuvaka, iyo ocular nzvimbo yechigadzirwa ichi ichiri kukurukurwa nenyanzvi.
Girazi rekutanga rinoratidza mwenje kubva kuchinhu chekudenga kuenda kune chinonyanya kutariswa padhuze nepamusoro pechubhu, zviri pachena kana mucherechedzi akaisa ziso rake ipapo kuti atarise neine mwero saizi reratidziro angavharisa mwenje kubva pagirazi rekutanga nemusoro wake.
Sezvakataurwa na Isaac Newton Biography, musayendisiti akakosha uyu akaisa girazi diki rakatsetseka pakona ye45 ° pakati pemwenje mukuru uye nenzira iyi akaunza mwenje parutivi rwepombi yeteresikopu, huwandu hwechiedza hwakadzikiswa nenzira iyi hudiki kwazvo kana huchienzaniswa ne. simba rakazara rekuunganidza chiedza regirazi rekutanga, chiratidziro cheNewtonian chine mukurumbira wakashata pakati pevagadziri veteresikopu vanonyanyisa.
Chimwe chionioni chakasiyana-siyana chakagadzirwa nemumwe akararama panguva yaNewton, muongorori wenyeredzi wekuScotland, James Gregory.Akaisa girazi repadenga (concave second mirror) kunze kwechinhu chikuru chaitarisisa kuti chiratidze chiedza nepaburi regirazi rekutanga.Zvinoshamisa kuti magadzirirwo akaitwa Gregorian iyo Earth-orbiting space observatory muna 1980.
catadioptric telescopes
Imhando yakakosha yeteresikopu inotaridza apo chiedza chinotanga kupfuura nepalenzi yakakombama iri pamusoro pechubhu yeteresikopu isati yasvika pagirazi rekutanga.
Teresikopu inonzi catadioptric inzira yekuona iyo inogadzirwa kuti itange mifananidzo yezvinhu zviri chinhambwe chisingaperi uyezve inounza refractive type optics (lenses) uye reflective optics (mirror).
Iko kushandiswa kwezvose zviri zviviri girazi uye lens optics kunoburitsa mamwe mabhenefiti maererano nekuita pamwe nekuita maitiro ekugadzira. Izwi rekuti "catadioptric" mubatanidzwa wemazwi maviri: "catoptric" ane chekuita neteresikopu yemaziso inoshandisa magirazi akakomberedzwa uye "dioptric" inoreva teresikopu inoshandisa lenzi.
Iwo mana catadioptric telescope madhizaini anonyanya kushandiswa neamateur nyanzvi dzenyeredzi ndeaya:
- Schmidt-Cassegrain
- Maksutov-Cassegrain
- Schmidt-Astrograph
- Schmidt–Newtonian
Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope
Teresikopu yeSchmidt-Cassegrain yave imwe yeteresikopu inonyanyozivikanwa yakapihwa veruzhinji kwemakore mazhinji, nekufamba kwayo kwakajairika ine chubhu diki ine concave spherical primary girazi, yakazara-yakapararira inspector lens, uye yechipiri girazi. .yakaratidza kuti idiki uye iri panzvimbo yekuona padyo nepakati pe sensor plate.
Maksutov-Cassegrain teresikopu
Teresikopu yeMaksutov-Cassegrain zvakare ishongedzo inokatyamadza inounzwa kune vanofarira venyeredzi, mukugovera kwayo nguva dzose, teresikopu iyi ine mukurumbira ine chubhu pfupi ine spherical concave main mirror, yakazara boot supervisory lens inova isina kusimba foil lens uye. girazi rekuwedzera mukati meiyo corrector plate.
Schmidt-Astrograph Telescope
Iyo catadioptric astrograph teresikopu yakagadzirwa kuita astrophotography, izvi materesikopu enyeredzi Havana zvakawanda zvekuita nekuona, mune yakarereka yenyeredzi, astrographs anoshandiswa zvakanyanya kutora mifananidzo yezvinhu zvakasiyana, asi akashandiswawo kudzidza nezve denga, pamwe nekutsvaga comets kana asteroids.
Kunze kwechimiro chayo chekuona, iyo astrograph inowanzova nezvinhu zvakafanana, senge yakaderera focal ratio, kureva, mapfupi nzira dzemaziso kupfuura mamwe materesikopu, uye nzvimbo yakafara yekutarisa inoratidza yakapinza mifananidzo.
Schmidt-Newtonian telescope
Schmidt-Newtonian telescopes musangano uripo pakati peyakajairika Newtonian inoratidzira teresikopu uye Schmidt-yakagadziridzwa Cassegrain, ivo vanogadzira foto kune rimwe divi renzira, pedyo nekuvhura kumberi senge Newtonian, vane girazi rekutanga rakanyura uye denderedzwa. corrector lens iri padhuze nepanopindwa negonhi reteresikopu duct.
Ndeipi yakanyanya kunaka telescope yekutanga?
Kutenga teresikopu idanho rekutanga rakakosha kune imwe nhanho yekukoshesa denga rehusiku uye mashura anowanikwa mukati maro, kune huwandu hwakakura hwesarudzo dzeteresikopu.
Pane zvakanakisa materesikopu ari kushandiswa nhasi, sarudzo yakanakisa ndiyo inoratidzira teresikopu. Iyi teresikopu yakanyatsovakwa yealuminium ndiyo huru yepakati-renji sarudzo inokodzera vashandisi pamatanho mazhinji.
Telescope kutarisira uye kugadzirisa
Inofanira kuva nenzvimbo yakanaka yekuchengetera inofanirwa kunge yakaoma, isina guruva, yakachengeteka, uye yakakura zvakakwana kuti teresikopu ipinde nekubuda zviri nyore. Sezvineiwo, unofanirwa kuchengeta teresikopu yako iri kana pedyo nekunze tembiricha. Kuita izvi kunoderedza kutonhora (kana kupisa) nguva inodiwa kana yaiswa husiku.
Kana teresikopu yako kana mabinoculars achiuya nekesi, ishandise, kesi haingo wedzera chechipiri chisimbiso cheguruva, asiwo kudzivirira chiridzwa kubva kune tsaona inogogodza.
Funga kuchenesa lenzi chete kana mavara achionekwa; kana zvisina kudaro iwe unogona kuisiya yakadaro, usambofa wakachenesa lens kana girazi nekuda kwekuichenesa, nokuti nguva dzose paunoibata, unoisa pangozi yekukuvadza.
Tanga maitiro nekubvisa zvidimbu zvose zvakawana nzira yavo kusvika kumusoro, izvi hazvirevi kupfutidza nelens nemuromo wako; uchangopfira pose pose.
Vazivi venyeredzi vazhinji vanosarudza kushandisa mweya wakadzvanywa pachinzvimbo chebhurasho nekuti hapana chinobata pamusoro, chengeta gaba rakati twasu nemuromo uri kure nelenzi kusvika pazvinokurudzirwa nemugadziri. Kana gaba racho riri padhuze zvakanyanya kana kurereka, rinogona kurova pamusoro pegirazi nekurisvibisa.
Zviitwa zvevanofarira zvenyeredzi
Isu tinomhanyisa akatevedzana maworkshops nyeredzi kune vadzidzisi vechikoro chemuno vachishandisa zviitiko zve nyeredzi Mukosi yatinodzidzisa vadzidzi vepuraimari, vadzidzisi vechikoro vanotipa mhinduro pamusoro pekubudirira uye kukundikana.
Zvadaro tinoedza zviitwa yakaongororwa mukirasi. Kuburikidza neiyi in-service uye pre-service mhinduro, zviitiko zve rabhoritari ye nyeredzi mukosi yakagadziridzwa zvachose mumakore matatu apfuura.