Kuunza purojekiti pakupedzwa kwayo kwakabudirira, zvakakosha kuti iite ichitevera chirongwa chakasimba chebasa. Saka mukana wekunzwisisa zvakasiyana mhando dzemaitiro eprojekiti. Ngatizviwane.
Zuva rega rega nzanga yedu inogadzira mamwe anoshanda uye ane simba maturusi ekupedzisa mapurojekiti ako.
Ndeipi nzira yeprojekti?
Tisati tatanga nehurukuro yedu huru pa mhando dzemaitiro eprojekiti, zvinogara zvakanaka kuenda pakutanga kune tsananguro. Nzira yepurojekiti ingori seti yehunyanzvi, misoro, maturusi, matekiniki uye ruzivo rwunoshandiswa kuzadzisa zvinangwa chaizvo muhurongwa hwese.
Aya maitiro anga achiwana mafomu akasiyana mumakore apfuura maererano nezvirongwa zvakagadziridzwa nerutsigiro rwedhijitari. Maitiro aya asvika padanho rekuti kutaura nezve projekiti manejimendi nzira kunowanzo ratidza otomatiki chishandiso, fomati kana software inoshandiswa mune yakapihwa mamiriro, nebasa iri. Chishandiso chakabva chagadzirisa zita risingazivikanwe rebasa.
Pakati peaya masisitimu anoshandiswa kugadzira mapurojekiti pane akakosha akasiyana mafomati. Tichifunga nezve kurongeka kana kusarurama kwechimwe nechimwe maererano nezvatinotarisira zvingave zvisina maturo: imwe neimwe mamiriro, nechinangwa chayo, boka revashandi uye vanogamuchira mutengi, inosarudza rudzi rwenzira inoda kuiswa mukushanda.
Mhando dzemaitiro eprojekiti
Pano tinodoma mashoma mhando dzemaitiro eprojekiti semuenzaniso; Kuti uwedzere kujekesa mazano:
Agile
Kugona kunoreva zita rayo haisi tsaona. Agile inzira yakavakirwa pane zano rekuita kwakanakisa kunounzwa neiyo yakanyanya kuchinjika fomati inogoneka. Zvekuchinja kutaridzika pakupera kwezana ramakore rapfuura uye kutanga kwezvino, Agile yakashandiswa nekukurumidza muchikamu chetekinoroji uye yakasiyaniswa kuita boka rakakura rezvishandiso zvemamwe mabasa.
Mumanifesto yaakapinda nayo munyika, Agile akajekesa zvigadziko zvedzidziso yake yakajeka, zvinosanganisira pamusoro pese kuchinjika kwayo kune zvisingafanoonekwi pamusoro pehurongwa hwesimbi hwakagara hwasimbiswa, kupihwa kwehukama hwemunhu uye hukama hwehukama kune kudyidzana mukati me. timu, kuzvitonga kweakasiyana mamodules ebasa, tarisiro yekuwana chiso chekubatana kupfuura kudiwa mutengi, software mukufamba pamusoro pekunyatso kuunganidzwa kwezvinyorwa uye kupatsanura kwekuedza muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvenguva sprints.
Imwe neimwe sprint ine nzvimbo yechinguvana yevhiki imwe kana mwedzi mumwe uye yakavakirwa pabasa rakanangana nekugadzira chigadzirwa chinoshanda nekukasira, chinogoverwa muzvikamu zvezuva nezuva zvebasa rakaungana. Kumhanya kudiki kunogona kushandura zvakakomba kubva pahukuru hwezvimwe zvinangwa pamusoro pezvimwe kuenda kumhando yezvinangwa zvacho. Kupatsanura uku kunokonzeresa kusimba uye kuchinjika kufambira mberi.
Kuchinjika ndiko chaizvo kukwezva kukuru kweAgile fomati. Kutyaira mota nemugwenga risingazivikanwe, timu inogadziridza kusaenzana kwenzvimbo, kushandura mafambiro, matai uye maitiro ekutyaira sezvinodiwa nenguva. Iyo nzira inodzima iyo yechinyakare pfungwa yekufembera kwakazara kwemamiriro ekukurudzira kufamba kwakashata kuburikidza nekuchinja chaiko.
Tichifunga iyi yakasindimara inoshanduka hunhu, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti, pakati pese mhando dzemaitiro eprojekiti, Agile igadziriro yakavakirwa zvakanyanya pahuzivi hwebasa pane pane zvakagadziriswa zvakagadziriswa maitiro. Kana yega yega diki maitiro ane shanduko yekuchinja pamusoro pese kushanda, hazvina musoro kutarisa kune hombe static zvirongwa zvine chirongwa.
Ndedzipi dzinogona kunge dziri nzvimbo umo iyi agile methodology ine budiriro yakazara? Wazvifungira. Mutambo uye kuvandudzwa kwesoftware kazhinji inzvimbo yakanakira iyo Agile fomati, nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hunogara huchishanduka, vashandi vechidiki, uye nekusagadzikana uye kuchinjika kushanda kwekuita kunoda kuganhura pane zvakajairwa. Nzvimbo yekugara yakakwana yekugona kwakachena.
Scrum
Scrum inzira yeprojekiti ine chinangwa chiripo kusimudzira uye kupa nzira inoshanda kune Agile uzivi. Yakanyanya kurongedzerwa kuchengetedza kuenderera mberi kwechigadzirwa chakatogadzirwa chakaoma, Scrum inotarisa pakudzidziswa kwakaringana kwemapoka ekuzvitonga akafanana neaya anowanikwa muhama yake agile, asi ino nguva yakarongwa kutenderera nguva dzebasa dzinonzi. iterations, kazhinji kacho hafu yemwedzi kana kuti mwedzi wose.
Iyo Scrum methodology ndiyo imwe yeayo anoisa zvakanyanya kusimbaradza pakuzvitonga kwega kwemapoka madiki anoshanda munguva pfupi.
Zuva nezuva, chikwata chinozvitonga chevanhu vanosvika vapfumbamwe chinoshuma mafambiro, zvipingamupinyi uye kumira kwechirongwa chakagovaniswa mumisangano inonzi. scrum inotungamirwa na Scum Master, iyo inotungamirira kutanga kuratidzirwa kwebasa rakapedzwa kusarudza kubvumirwa kwayo uye chechipiri, kune rekare, kurondedzera zvose zvakaitika, chii chinofanira kupfuuridzirwa uye chii chinofanira kuvhiringidzwa.
Scrum inochinjika fomati yakanangwa yekutanga yekuvandudza software isingakwanise kuchinjika kune nyika yegridi zano, kugadzirisa kwemari uye kuvharika kutenderera, kwechero agency. Ndosaka nzira yeScrum yakaverengwa nekumisikidzwa mumakambani mazhinji kuti agadzirise zvimiro zvechinyakare pasina kuzvishandura zvachose, mukuenzanisa kwehungwaru pakati pekuita basa, hukama hwechikwata uye nekukasira.
Waterfall
Waterfall inzira inopindura kumaitiro echinyakare atakadzidza kare maererano nekubudirira kwemapurojekiti. Zvese zvakarongeka zvakapoteredza a chika zvematanho anotangira kubva pane zvinodiwa zvekutanga zvezvinorongwa. Sezvo isu tichidzika mumapopoma tinocherekedza hermetic kutevedzana kwezvikamu zvinotangisa mumwe nemumwe pasina mutsauko. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kupedzwa kuitira kuti zvikwanise kuenderera kune chinotevera, pasina kupindirana.
Iyi yakaoma Waterfall haibvume zvigadziriso zvisingatarisirwe, kunze kwekunge zvikumbiro zvekutaura pamusoro pemutoro uye izvo zvinogona kurambwa. Iyo yese sisitimu inoiswa pakati mune imwechete yakafanotemerwa, chirongwa chenguva refu uye mumapoka makuru ekuuraya, izvo zvinopa mukana wekufanotaura pamusoro pekugadzirisa.
Sezvatinoona, izvi zvinopesana zvakakwana neAgile uye Scrum. Nechikonzero ichi, Waterfall inowanzoonekwa semukuru wemitoo yeprojekiti, yakagadzirwa neyechinyakare, isingabudise uye inononoka maonero. Uye ichokwadi kuti mukuita basa kunowedzera kunetsa kudzokera kunogadzirisa chikanganiso kana chero ruzivo runogona kukanganisa humwe hurongwa. Mushure mezvose, iyo cascade inongotsigira imwe nzira.
Iwe unogona zvakare kunyevera nezve njodzi inosanganisirwa mumhando iyi yechirongwa maererano nekuendeswa kwechigadzirwa chekupedzisira. Nepo mamwe masisitimu anoumbika achisimbisa kudiwa kwekuenderera mberi kwekubatana pakati pechikwata nemutengi, Waterfall inochengetedza thesis inochengetedza inoisa mutengi chete pakupera kwemvura, akagadzirira kugamuchira kana kuramba. Hapana kutumirwa kwechikamu. Hapana ongororo inofambira mberi.
Ehezve, isu tinogona kunongedzera kubva kune yakanaka yekuona kuti Waterfall inowanikwa kune mamiriro ayo magadzirirwo emwenje angave asina kufanira kana kunyange anopesana. Mamiriro ezvinhu umo zvinangwa zvakajeka, kuchengetedzwa kwenguva dzose kunodiwa, nzvimbo yekusimudzira yakatosimbiswa uye kuchinja chimwe chinhu nguva dzose kunoreva kurasikirwa nepfungwa yezviri kuitika. Dzimwe nguva zvinoda sekuru vane ruzivo kuti vatakure zvinangwa zvako kure. Kune izvi kune Waterfall.
XP
XP, ipfupi yeExtreme Programming, inzira yeprojekiti yakatarisana nemhando yepamusoro software kuburikidza nefomati yebasa inofarira kuchinjika kune kushandura zvinodiwa nevatengi. Nenzira iyi, haina kunyanya kusiyana kubva kune yakatwasuka uye yekutaurirana agility masisitimu eAgile uye Scrum.
Nekudaro, XP inosanganisira zvinojairwa zvinodiwa zvinosanganisira kutsanangurwa kwechinangwa chakareruka (nyaya dzemushandisi), kuenderera mberi kwechigadzirwa kuyedzwa (TDD), dhizaini chirongwa nebato rimwe richinyora kodhi uye rimwe rinotarisa, uye kubatanidza zvese zvikamu kuita bvunzo dzinodzokororwa yehurongwa hwese (kuenderera kusanganisa. )
Sezvinoonekwa, inzira inokurumidza asi yakadzorwa zvakanyanya kugadzirisa zvikanganiso nhanho nhanho pachinzvimbo chekuzviwana paminiti yekupedzisira kana yanyanya kunonoka, kuvandudza kunaka kwekodhi uye kuderedza kudzokorora mabasa zvichienderana nechiitwa. yekushanda zvakanyanya.
Lean
Lean ndeimwe ye mhando dzemaitiro eprojekiti apo chirevo cheChirungu chokuti zvishoma zvakawanda, zvishoma zvakawanda. Lean anokurudzira kukwenya zvese zvinogona kutorwa sezvisina kukosha kubva kune manejimendi chimiro kuitira kuti uise timu panzira yakanaka yekugonesa. Nekuisa pfungwa pamurairo mukuru uyu nemusimboti, hazvinyatso kuunza nzira ine zvimiro zvakajeka zvakarongwa. Chinofarirwa naLean ndechekuti chimiro chishoma uye chinoshanda, chero chimiro chayo.
Iyo Lean methodology inobvisa sisitimu yako yezvese zviwanikwa kuti uwedzere kushanda kweiyo purojekiti manejimendi.
Lean anokamura iyi optimization process kuita zvinhu zvitatu, kubhabhatidzwa nemazita ekuda kuziva e mute, mura y Vakafa.
Muda anotarisa pakurwisa pfungwa yekurasa: zvese zviitwa izvo zvisingaburitse chero chinhu chakakosha chekugutsikana kwevatengi uye zvakadaro zvinosanganisira nguva, kushanda nesimba uye kushandisa zviwanikwa zvechikwata.
Mura ine chekuita nekupokana nepfungwa yekusiyana: mutsauko unogara uchiunzwa mukuita unopera uye kusaenzana kugona kwechikwata kunozoponeswa nekubheja zvakanyanya pakumisikidzwa kwemaitiro.
Muri anosangana nemukana wekuremedza sisitimu: kushanda pamwero unorambidza kugona kwedu kunobvisa kushingairira kwechikwata nekuda kwekuneta kuri nyore uye kunonotsa kugadzirwa kwavo. Huwandu hwe70% ndiyo muganho wakakodzera wekuisa pfungwa pakuedza.
Lean, saka, nzira yezvakakosha. Inobatsira kwazvo kudzoreredza purojekiti kunzira inoenderana nayo mushure mekurasika mukudonha kusina basa uye kunodhura. NaLean, izvo zvisingabatanidzi muchizvarwa chekukosha kune mutengi, zvinongofanira kusiiwa kunze.
Kanban
Chiitiko cheKanban chinogona kupfupikiswa senzira yeprojekiti yakanangana nekutarisa basa pane rimwe basa uye kuvimbisa kuona kwebasa riri kuitwa, rinomiririra kuyerera kwaro. Iyo Kanban bhodhi ikirasi yemapurojekiti akaungana, ane pamusoro pemaodha akamirira, basa ririkuitika uye mabasa akapedzwa anorongwa mumakoramu anoteedzana. Neimwe nzira, iko kurerutsa kwakakodzera kweScrum system, zvakanyanya kuita tsika muchimiro chayo.
Chiono chenguva dzose chehukama pakati pezvinokumbirwa nezvinopedzwa, zvichipfuura nehuwandu hwezviri mukusimudzira, inovimbisa kuti kutarisisa kunoiswa painofanira kunge iri, inoverenga zvine chokwadi chakanyanya kumhanya uko chigadzirwa chinopinzwa neruremekedzo. kuChikumbiro chekutanga chinoita kuti zvakumbirwa zvive pachena uye zvinodzivirira kumira.
Munzvimbo dzakatsaurirwa kuchengetedza, Kanban inogona kubatsira zvakanyanya, nekuda kwekureruka kwayo mukugadzirisa nguva dzose kushanda uye kuda kwayo kutungamira zvakare zvakakosha zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvakasimudzwa.
Tinokukoka kuti utarise iyi vhidhiyo inonakidza apo Spanish Marta Falcón anotsanangura muchidimbu kuti chirongwa chinofambiswa sei uchishandisa nzira yeKanban. Nebhodhi rayo rekare rinosanganisirwa.
scrumban
Kana takataura muchikamu chakapfuura nezvekufanana kweScrum neKanban, mune izvi tinofanira kutaura nezve fusion iri pachena pakati penzira mbiri, ine zita reScumban. Iyi inoedza kutora nzira yepakati pakati pemhando mbiri dzefomati, ichitora kubva kune imwe neimwe iyo yainoti ndiyo yakanakisa yemazano ayo.
Semuyenzaniso, sisitimu inochengeta pfungwa inochinjika yebasa rakarongeka rakatenderedza mirairo yeKanban, asi zvakare inochengetedza pfungwa yemusangano wemazuva ese we scrum, kugadzirisa hurongwa huripo.
Zvinogona kupfupikiswa mukuti Scrumban inobvisa kutenderera kwebasa mukudzokororwa kwehafu yemwedzi kana mwedzi wese weiyo classic Scrum kutora chimiro chekutumira icho chinonyanya kuchinjika uye chakajairwa kune yazvino purojekiti, uye zvakare zvishoma inosiya parutivi yakavhurika. fomati yeKanban yekupa kupurojekiti kuenderera kunobudirira kwemusangano wescrum. Nhaurirano ine musoro pakati pemagadzirirwo maviri makuru ekutonga.
PMB OK
Iyo Project Management Body yeZivo, inotsanangurwa neacronym yayo sePMOBK, ine gwara rematanho akakosha ekupedzisa chirongwa. Ndiyo hurongwa hwetioretical kupfuura ese, sezvo ichingoratidza hurongwa hwese hunofanirwa kutungamirwa nehurongwa, pasina kutarisisa kurongeka chaiko kwesangano rinoshanda pairi. Iyo PMBOK inonongedza matanho mashanu akakosha uye akakosha kuita kuti hurongwa hwebasa hugoneke: kutanga, kuronga, kuita, kutonga uye kuvhara.
Kunyangwe iri nzira isingagone kuitwa pachayo, ichiri kubatsira padanho repragmatic, kutsvaga iyo yakarongeka yeprojekiti yako mukati meyepasirese basa chiyero.
PRINCE2
Isu tinovhara nePRINCE2 nechikonzero chiri nyore: ndiyo hofori yemapurojekiti maitiro. PRINCE2 inovhara chimwe nechimwe chezvikamu zvakaratidzwa maererano nesangano rinoshanda rebasa. Iyo nzira inoda kutangira kubva mukutanga, zvichibva pazvikonzero zvine musoro zvekuti kuvepo kwechigadzirwa chekupedzisira kwakakurumidza sei, ndiani chaizvo angabatsirwa, uye kugona kwemutengo wechikwata chiri kugadzirira kuchigadzira. Nhanho imwe neimwe yePRINCE2 ndeyechokwadi chakasimba chekutarisa kune muoni.
Chigadzirwa chehurumende yeBritish pakati pemakore ekuma90, PRINCE2 inzira yakakura iyo isinganyanyi kushanda kune zviduku zviduku zvemakambani maduku. Iyo sisitimu inoitirwa kuunza budiriro huru yetekinoroji kune chikamu chepasirese. Iyo purojekiti iri pasi pehurongwa uhu inotariswa zvakanyanya nebhodhi iro rinove muridzi asina kujeka wekuronga uye zuva nezuva anoongorora zviitiko zviri pasi pehukuru hwayo kuburikidza nemaneja akasarudzwa.
PRINCE2 inzira yakavharwa maererano nemhando dzose dzengozi. Mabasa emumiriri wega wega wepurojekiti akagovaniswa uye anotsanangurwa, zvinangwa zvakajeka, kugona kwemaitiro ese anodzidzwa kubva pakutanga uye manejimendi akakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvakawanda, izvo zvakare zvakatsanangurwa. basa uye maitiro ako. PRINCE2 ndiyo nzira yemapurojekiti ehukuru hwakakura.
Mhedziso
Kusarudzwa kwemaitiro akanaka, pakati pese mhando dzemaitiro eprojekitiInogona kunge yakaoma, asi kwete isingagoneki. Zvinonyanya kuenderana nezvaunoda chaizvo paunenge uchigadzira purojekiti yako. Verenga kuti inofanotaura sei nharaunda yaunofanirwa kushanda mairi, yakakura sei kudyidzana kwaunofanirwa kuita uye nekumhanya kwebasa raunoda kuchengetedza zvinoenderana nehunyanzvi hwako huzivi uye uchakwanisa kusarudza kubva pane rondedzero. chokwadi chinenge chiripo.
Rondedzero yacho haisi pfupiso izere yenzira dzese dzinobvira dziripo pamusika. Zvisinei, inomiririra mazita ayo akawanda akasarudzwa. Sarudzo yakanaka yakavakirwa pamaitiro ebasa rako inogona kuvimbisa budiriro yebasa rako.
Kana wanga uchifarira chinyorwa ichi pamhando dzemaitiro epurojekiti, ungangove wakanyanya kutarisisa pane iyo pfungwa yekuronga inoshandiswa kune akasiyana siyana, kunyanya mubasa rinogadzira. Muchikamu chinotevera unowana chimwe chinyorwa chakatsaurirwa zvinangwa zveurongwa hwebhizimisi hwakanaka. Tevedza chinongedzo!
