Iwe wakamboona nyeredzi inopfura kanopfuura kamwe. Kune kunyange zviitiko zvikuru zvavo, sezvakaita The Perseids. Izvo pasina mubvunzo zvinoyevedza kuona, asi unonyatsoziva here chinonzi nyeredzi yekupfura? Wanga uchiziva here kuti ingangoita meteorite? Gara nesu kuti uzive mhando dzemameteorite izvo zvinoumbwa nazvo.
Chii chinonzi meteor?
Maererano neRAE, meteorites "zvidimbu zvemuviri wekudenga zvinowira pasi, kana kune imwe nyeredzi." Kubva pane iyi tsanangudzo zvinonzwisiswa kuti kune kwete meteorites chete paPasi, asi kuti tinogona kuvawana munenge kumativi ose ekudenga ezuva. Asi hazvitsananguri kwavanobva. Maererano nekutsvakurudza kwenguva refu, vanogona kubva kune asteroids, comets, uye kunyange mamwe mapuraneti.
Nokudaro, apo zvidimbu zviduku zvematombo izvi zvinosangana nemhepo yakapoteredza pasi mugwara razvo, zvinoora, zvichisiya shure kwazvo kanzira kakajeka mukumuka kwazvo, Kupfura Nyeredzi. Asi, kana chidimbu ichocho chisiri chidiki uye chichikwanisa kurarama nebhurasho nemhepo, chinoenda pasi chakananga pasi sebhora remoto. Ichi ndicho chimedu chedombo rinosara chatinodaidza kuti meteorite.
Tinogona kutaura zvechokwadi kuti rukoko rwePasi rwatinodaidza kuti mhepo inoshanda sedziviriro pazvidimbu izvi. Mamiriro ekunze (atmosphere) igasi rinofukidza pasi uye zvarinoita ndezvekuti tyisidziro dzakawanda kwazvo dzinoparara pasina kusvika pasi. Zvisinei, nemameteorite makuru zvinoitika kuti vachaputsa kuita zvidimbu zviduku, zvinogona kurova pasi. Izvi ndezvechokwadi zvikuru mune zvesayenzi zvokuti zvinofungidzirwa kuti mugore rimwe chete matani 40.000 XNUMX emameteorite anogona kuwira kuNyika.
Ehe, mazhinji mune microscopic uye imperceptible fomu. Asi pane, uye zvicharamba zviripo, zviitiko umo meteorites ehukuru hunoremekedzwa akakwanisa kuwira pasi uye kuwanikwa uye kuongororwa. Zvimwe zvakakura semeteorite kubva kuEl Chaco (Argentina) ine 37.000 kg.
Mhando dzemeteorite
Zvinoitika kuti haasi ese meteorites ane chimiro chakafanana. Isu tinofarirawo nezvekwakabva, kuumbwa kwavo uye zera ravo, nekuti nekuda kwezvinhu izvi, zvinokwanisika kusiyanisa. Sezvo nguva yapfuura uye sainzi yakashanduka, zvave zvichigoneka kumisa kupatsanurwa kwemameteorite, zvichienderana nemakemikari, geological kana kuchengetedza zvinhu.
Nezvinangwa zvechinyorwa chino, isu takasarudza iyo yakasarudzika yetsika maererano nekwayakabva uye kuumbwa kwayo. Aya ndiwo makuru mhando dzemameteorite:
Primitive chondrites kana meteorites
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mavambo ayo anobva Solar system yakaumbwa sei, makore anenge mabhiriyoni 4.500 apfuura, yakasara isina kuchinja kubva ipapo. Mavari zvinogona kuonekwa kuti havana kupinda nenzira dzekubatanidza kana kusiyanisa, uye havana kuchinjwa nemamiriro ezvinhu e geological, akadai semhepo, mvura kana mafungu.
Aya ndiwo ari kure kwazvo eSolar System yedu uye akakosha kudzidza kuumbwa kwemapuraneti. Aya zvidimbu zvedombo zvimedu zvisingakoshi zvesainzi. Machondrite anonziwo primitive kana unfused meteorites uye ane humwe hunhu hunova hushoma muzana hwesimbi, isingasviki 10%.
Zita rokuti chondrites rinobva pachimiro icho chikwata ichi chematombo ekudenga chine mukati, chinoratidza huwandu hwemativi ane chitarisiko chegirazi. Aya ndiwo anonyanya kuzivikanwa meteorites uye anomiririra anopfuura makumi masere neshanu muzana emameteorite ese akawanikwa.
Mukati mechikamu ichi cheChondrites, tinogona kuwana mhando dzakasiyana, nekuda kwekuumbwa kwavo uye muzana yesimbi:
carbonaceous chondrites
Aya ma chondrites anongova 5% chete echondrites akawira pasi. Kuumbwa kwaro kunowanzo kuve ne5% kabhoni, asi zvinowanzoitika kuwana inosvika makumi maviri muzana emvura uye mamwe maorganic compounds. Iwo akawanikwawo aine chikamu chepamusoro-soro chezvinhu zvinoputika, ndicho chikonzero izvo zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakaumba kure zvikuru kubva kuZuva.
zvakajairika chondrites
Ndivo kirasi yakajairika yechondrites yakasvika Pasi. Izvo zvinogadzirwa nesimbi uye silicates. Zvinowanzobva kune madiki asteroids uye anowanzo kuderedzwa zvichienderana nechikamu chesimbi chaainacho.
Enstatite chondrites
Aya mameteorites ane matombo, ayo magadzirirwo ayo anonyanya kuita mineral inonzi enstatite (MgSiO3). Izvo hazvina kunyanya kuwanda, asi zvinozivikanwa kuti zvicherwa zvefossil, kubva pakaumbwa pasi redu, sezvo kuumbwa kwavo, pakati pemeteorites inozivikanwa, ndiyo inonyanya kufanana nePasi.
Nechikonzero ichocho, masayendisiti ezvemapuraneti anoratidza kuti musanganiswa weaya marudzi emameteorite, nekuda kwekuita kwekuunganidza, yaive embryonic mavambo ePasi. Dzidziso iyi inotsanangurawo chikonzero chekushaikwa kwavo. Zvimedu zvishomanana chete zvakapararira kubva munharaunda iyo mapuraneti epasi akaumbwa kuva bhanhire guru, uye vashomanana vakaburuka kwatiri kubva ikoko.
kupatsanurwa kana kusanganiswa
Aya meteorite akamuka semhedzisiro yechikamu kana yakazara fusion maitiro emitumbi kwavanobva. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mabviro ayo anobva kumitumbi yepasirese yekuwedzera kukuru, iyo inogona kuyera kusvika kuzviuru zvemakiromita muhupamhi, uye yakaitwa metamorphic maitiro mukati mavo. Maererano nekuumbwa kwayo, marudzi matatu anogona kusiyaniswa. mhando dzemameteorite zvakasiyana: matombo (kana acondrites), metallorocosos uye metallic.
achondrites
Sezvinoratidzwa nezita ravo, vakadaro mhando dzemameteorite havana chondrules. Achondrites anonyanya matombo egneous mavambo, anobva kune mamwe mitumbi muSolar System. Izvo zvave zvichibvira kumisikidza subclassification ye achondrites, maererano nekwavakabva.
Achondrites akawanikwa anobva kuMars (Shergotites, Nakhlites, Chassignites), Mwedzi kana Vesta (Ecrites, Diogenites, Howardites). Asi chokwadi ndechokuti voruzhinji vane mavambo avo mumiviri yechisiko chapose pose isati yazivikanwa.
Simbi
Metallic meteorites ndeavo vane kuumbwa kwe90% simbi, kazhinji musanganiswa wesimbi uye nickel. Yakave yakasimbiswa kuti inowanzobva kune macores ema asteroids makuru, saka inofanira kunge yakadzingwa panguva yekugamuchira kukuru.
Zvakare, ivo vanokamurwa zvakanyanya zvichienderana nechimiro chavo chechimiro. Saka, hexahedrites ndeaya ane 4-6% nickel uye 90% iron. Ivo vanogashira zita iri nekuti ivo vakaumbwa ne cubic crystals, yehexahedral type, ye camacita. Zvadaro tine octahedrites, iyo 6-14% nickel uye inoratidza inozivikanwa zvikuru Windmanstätten mitsetse. Izvi ndizvo mhando dzemameteorite simbi dzakawanda.
Rockmetal
Mwanakomana mhando dzemameteorite ayo ane akaapoteredza hafu yesimbi zvinhu uye imwe hafu silicate zvinhu. Izvo zvakatemwa kuti dzinobva mukati mechikamu cheasteroids hombe. Maererano nekuumbwa kwavo, vanoiswa se: pallasites uye mesosiderites.
Iyo pallasites ndeimwe yeayo mhando dzemameteorite yakanaka kwazvo iripo, nekuti inoratidza musanganiswa wesimbi, kunyanya iron uye nickel, uye silicates, kunyanya olivine. Vakatora yavo kubva kunyanzvi yemhuka uye nyanzvi yemiti yokuGermany Peter Simon Pallas, uyo akawana muna 1772 muenzaniso wokutanga worudzi urwu rwemeteorite muSiberia, Russia. Kune rimwe divi, mesosiderites anoratidza kwakasiyana uye kusagadzikana musanganiswa wemaminerari akadai sepyroxene kana plagioclase uye nickel nesimbi makristasi.
Tinovimba kuti chinyorwa ichi chakubatsira iwe kudzidza nzira yekuziva iyo mhando dzemameteorite izvo zviripo.