Mhumhi mhando dzinowanzosiyaniswa kunyanya ne canines dzadzo dzine simba uye dzakapinza premolars. Pasinei nekutambudzwa kwavakaitwa, idzi canids dzichiripo, kunyanya muEurasia neNorth America. Dzimwe mhando dzayo dzakatsakatika kana kuti dziri panjodzi yekutsakatika. Muchinyorwa chino iwe uchakwanisa kuziva zvakawanda nezve Mhando dzeMakumhi.
Iwo Mapere
Mhumhi imhuka inoyamwisa inodya chete uye imbwa yedu yepamusha (Canis lupus familiaris) chikamu chemhando imwe chete iyoyo, zvisinei nekusiyana kwakashata muhukuru uye maitiro. Zita rejenasi ndiCanis zvinoreva kuti "imbwa" muchiLatin. Izwi rokuti "canine" rinobva pashoko rechirevo rokuti canine ("yembwa"), panobva izwi rokuti canine zino zvakare. Mhando dzese dzemhumhi kana canines dzine mazino ecanine akakodzera, ayo avanoshandisa kuuraya mhuka yavo inove chimiro chavo chekudya.
Hunhu hweMhumhi
Kuvapo kwemhumhi panyika kunotangira makore anenge 800.000 XNUMX apfuura. Ipapo vakagoverwa munzvimbo huru dzepasi, dzakadai seAmerica, Asia neEurope. Nhasi, zvisinei, izvi zvachinja, sezvo ivo vanowanzove vakanyanya kunyura muNorth America nemativi eEurope, kunyanya matunhu eRussia.
Sechikamu chezvimiro zvemhumhi, kufanana kwavo nembwa yepamba kunomira pachena. Kazhinji vanorema pakati pe40 ne80 kilos, zvichienderana nerudzi, uye vane muviri wakasimba une makumbo akasimba uye ane tsandanyama, achiperekedzwa neshaya dzine simba dzine mazino akapinza.
Mhuka dzehupfu dzinogona kumhanyisa kumhanya kwemakiromita gumi kusvika makumi matanhatu neawa, zvakare iine kugona kusvetuka kukuru, hunhu hwakakosha kudzivirira nzvimbo dzine makomo nekudaro kubata mhuka dzadzo. Vane pfungwa yakasimukira yekunhuwidza uye pfungwa yekuona inoita kuti vaone murima, nekuda kwekuti vane tapetum lucidum, membrane inovabvumira kuvandudza maonero avo mumamiriro ezvinhu asina chiedza.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mvere dzavo dzakakora, dzakakora uye dzakasimba, iyo inoshumira kwete chete kuvadzivirira kubva mumamiriro ekunze akaipa uye tsvina, asiwo inovachengeta vachidziya mumamiriro ekunze anotonhora uye inoshanda secamouflage. Mhumhi dzisati dzakura (kureva, dzisingakwanisi kubereka) dzinonzi vana, uye boka rawo kubva panguva imwe chete yekuzvitakura kunonzi marara.
Mhando dzeMapere
Kune akasiyana siyana ezvipenyu uye sub-mhando dzemhumhi dzakagoverwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi, asi ndeipi nhamba yezvipenyu zviripo? Parudzi rweCanis, marudzi gumi nematanhatu akasiyana akazivikanwa, anosanganisira Canis lupus, iyo, zvakare, yakaziva makumi matatu nenomwe sub-species ine misiyano yakawanda, pakati peiyo muchinjiko pakati peimbwa yepamba uye grey wolf inogona kuwanikwa. . Kune, zvakare, iyo Canis mesomelas elongae, subspecies yeCanis mesomelas akasiyana-siyana, asiri mapere, asi makava, pamwe chete neCanis simensis, iyo iriwo coyote.
Zvinoenderana neizvi uye sezvo asiri ese marudzi ari chikamu chegenus Canis mapere, ndeapi marudzi emapere aripo? Maererano nemasangano ehurumende, zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaitwa uye sezvakataurwa nekuenzanisa toxicogenomics dhatabhesi (CTD), idzo dzakaratidzwa pazasi ndiyo chete mhando dzemhumhi dziripo, dzine masubspecies akasiyana:
- canis anthus
- canis indica
- canis lycaon
- canis himalayensis
- canis lupus
- canis rufus
Mhumhi dzeEurope, Asia neOceania
Pazasi tinokusiira iwe ongororo yeanonyanya kuzivikanwa marudzi emhumhi uye akagoverwa munzvimbo dzese dze. Europe, Asia uye Oceania:
Grey Wolf
Mhumhi yegrey (Canis lupus), imbwa inogara kunharaunda dzesango uye dziri kure dzeEurasia neNorth America. Ndiyo nhengo hombe yemhuri yayo, ine varume vanosvika makumi mana nematatu kusvika makumi mana nemashanu makirogiramu (43 kusvika 45 mapaundi) nepo vakadzi vanorema 95 kusvika 99 makirogiramu (36 kusvika 38.5 mapaundi). Iwo anosiyana kubva kune mamwe marudzi eCanis neganda rawo rakakura uye mashoma anonongedza, kunyanya munzeve nemumhino.
Jasi rayo rechando rakakura uye rakakora, iro rakanyanya ruvara iro rine mottled grey, kunyangwe rinogonawo kunge rakachena chena, tsvuku uye brown kusvika dema. Huwandu hwepasi rose hwerudzi rwemhumhi uhwu hunofungidzirwa kusvika pa300.000 vanhu. Mhungu grey ndiyo imwe yemhando dzemhuka dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa uye dzinodzidzwa, padzinenge dzakanyorwa mabhuku akawanda kupfuura mamwe marudzi emusango.
Ndiyo chete yakasiyana-siyana yeCanis inogoverwa muEurasia yose neNorth America, iyo yakatanga kuEurasia munguva yePleistocene, ichitora North America pazviitiko zvitatu zvakasiyana mu "Rancholabrean" kana kuti nguva yekupedzisira yePleistocene. Imhuka yemagariro, inofamba mumhuri dzenyukireya iyo inoumbwa nevaviri vakasangana, iyo inoperekedzwa nevana vakura vevaviri.
Iyo grey wolf ndiyo yakajairika chikara chinotora chinzvimbo chepamusoro mucheni yechikafu muhuwandu hwayo. Vanhu nemadindindi chete ndivo vanomutyisidzira zvikuru. Kazhinji inodya zvakanyanya kune hombe ungulates (inofamba nemahwanda), asiwo inodya mhuka diki, zvipfuyo, zvakaora, uye marara. Mhumhi ine makore manomwe inofungidzirwa kuva yakakura kana kuti isingasviki, uye hukuru hwehupenyu hwayo hunosvika makore gumi nematanhatu.
Common kana European Wolf
Mhumhi yeEurasian, mhumhi yeEurope (Canis lupus lupus), inowanzonzi mhumhi yakajairwa kana kuti Middle Russian Forest wolf, imhando yegrey wolf yakaberekerwa kuEurope uye sango nenzvimbo dzakatenuka dzeyaimbova Soviet Union. . Pamberi peMiddle Ages, yakaparadzirwa zvakanyanya muEurasia yose. Kunze kweiyo yakakura paleontological uye genetic rekodhi, mitauro yeIndo-European netsika yaishandisa mazwi akasiyana kureva mhumhi, iyo inoratidza kuvepo kwakakura kwemhuka uye chiratidzo chetsika.
Vairemekedzwa zvikuru muBaltic, Celtic, Slavic, Turkish, Ancient Greek, Roman and Thracian tsika, uku vaine mukurumbira wakashata mumagariro ekutanga eGerman. Ndiyo huru pakati peOld World grey mapere, avhareji ye39 kilograms (86 lb) muEurope; zvisinei, zvienzaniso zvakakura zvikuru zvakayera 69 kusvika 80 kilograms (152 kusvika 176 pounds), kunyange izvi zvinogona kusiyana nenharaunda.
Mvere dzayo dzinenge dzipfupi uye dzakakora, uye kazhinji dzine ruvara rwakati piriviri, nehuro huchena husingasviki pamatama. Kuungudza kwaro kurefu uye kune ruzha kupfuura izvo zvevaduku vegrey wolves muNorth America, vane manzwi ane simba uye anosimbisa sirabhi yekutanga.
mhumhi nhema
Mhumhi dema ingori mhando yehudzi yegrey wolf (Canis lupus), kureva kuti, haisi subspecies yewolf order. Kufanana nemhumhi grey, mhumhi nhema inowanikwa muNorth America, Asia, uye Europe. Musiyano webhachi uyu unobva mukushanduka kwemajini kwakaitika pamuchinjikwa pakati pembwa dzepamba nemapere emusango. Nekudaro, kare kwaive neFlorida black wolf (Canis lupus floridanus), iyo yakanzi yakatsakatika muna 1908.
Mhumhi yeSiberia
Mhumhi yeSiberia (Canis lupus albus), imhando yegrey wolf inozvarwa kuEurasia tundra uye masango tundra matunhu kubva kuFinland kusvika kuKamchatka Peninsula, yakatanga kutaurwa muna 1792 naRobert Kerr, uyo akatsanangura semhuka yaigara munharaunda. yeYenisei uye iyo yaive neganda reukoshi hukuru. Mhumhi iyi yeSiberia nguva dzose inozorora mumipata yenzizi, matenhere, uye masango akachena.
Munguva yechando inodya zvinenge mhuka dzomusango uye dzomukati chete, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nguva ichidya tsuro, makava eArctic nemamwe marudzi. Iboka guru, nevarume vakuru vanosvika 118 kusvika 137 centimeters (46,5 kusvika 54 inches) pakureba uye vakadzi 112 kusvika 136 centimita (44 kusvika 53,5 inches).
Kunyangwe ichiwanzotaurwa kuti yakakura kupfuura Canis lupus lupus, ichi hachisi chokwadi, sezvo zvinorema zvienzaniso zvekupedzisira subspecies zvakanyorwa. Huremu hwavo hwepakati ndeye 40 kusvika 49 kilogram (88 kusvika 108 pounds) muvarume uye 36.6 kusvika 41 kilogram (81 kusvika 90 pounds) muvakadzi. Inoratidza jasi rakati rebei, gobvu, rakapfava uye rakatsetseka, rinowanzojeka uye grey muruvara. Iyo undercoat ine lead grey uye kumusoro kutsvuku grey.
Steppenwolf
Mhuka dze steppe wolf (Canis lupus campestris) dzimwe nguva dzakakamurwa kuita mhando mbiri, desertorum uye cubanensis (zvisinei nekuti inoonekwa pane dzimwe nguva seyakasiyana yeTibetan wolf). Muzviitiko zvose izvi, imhumhi maduku asi ane simba, ane bvudzi pfupi grey, akakwanisa kuenderana nehupenyu mumapani nemagwenga ematunhu ekumaodzanyemba kweRussia nepakati peAsia.
russian wolf
Iro Russian Wolf (Canis lupus communis) inoonekwa seyakanyanya kuwanda pakati pemapere eEurope uye iyo ine kupararira kwakanyanya, sezvo iripo muEastern Europe neRussia, uye kubva kumaodzanyemba kweSiberia kusvika kuPacific Ocean.
Iberian wolf
Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) inozivikanwawo semhumhi yekuSpain. Idzi mhando dzemhumhi dzakasimudzwa subspecies yegrey wolf inogona kuwanikwa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweIberian Peninsula, ndiko kuti, kuchamhembe kwePortugal uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweSpain. Kunogara mapere ari pakati pe2.200 ne2.500 akachengetwa kuti asasangana nemamwe marudzi emapere kweanopfuura zana ramakore. Ndivo vanoumba mapere makurusa muWestern Europe.
Nekuda kwekutonga kwehuwandu uye kukuvadzwa kwezvipfuyo, mapere eIberia pari zvino ndiwo ega mapere subspecies muWestern Europe anogona achiri kuvhimwa zviri pamutemo. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, muSpain chete, gore rega rega zvibvumirano zvishoma zvekuvhima zvinopihwa, zvine hunyoro zvinoshanda chete kuchamhembe kwerwizi rweDuero. Pamwe chete nekuomerwa kwekuvhima kwavo nekuda kwehunhu hwavo hwekusvinurira uye chokwadi chekuti havawanzoonekwa, vanotsvakwa zvakanyanya nevavhimi vazhinji vekuEurope semubairo wekuvhima kukuru.
Levantine Wolf
Mhumhi yeLevantine ( Canis lupus deitanus ) pamwe nemhumhi yeIberia, imhuka yakadanwa naCabrera muna 1907, asi pachiitiko ichi pagara paine kusahadzika kwakawanda pamusoro pekuva pamutemo kwayo, sezvo yakaongororwa zvichibva pane zvakati wandei zvaiitwa. mukutapwa muMurcia uye haana kuonekwa musango. Mapere eLevantine aive madiki pane mapere ekuIberia, aine bvudzi pfupi, dzvuku. Zvichida zvienzaniso zveCabrera zvaingova vanhu vasina kujairika veIberian wolf. Chero zvazvingava, hazvina kumbonzwika kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX.
Italic Wolf
Mhumhi yekuItaly ( Canis lupus italicus ), inonziwo Apennine wolf, ndeimwe yemakirasi emapere akasimudzwa ari subspecies yegrey wolf inozvarwa kuItaly peninsula. Inogara muApennines uye kumadokero kweAlps, kunyange zvazvo yave ichipararira kuchamhembe nekumabvazuva. Muna 2005, huwandu hwemhumhi hweItaly hwaifungidzirwa pa500 vanhu. Yakave yakachengetedzwa zvine mutsindo muItari kubvira kuma70, apo huwandu hwayo hwakaderera kusvika pamakumi manomwe kusvika kuzana vanhu. Chiverengero chavagari vapasi chave chichiwedzera, kunyange zvazvo kuvhima kusiri kwapamutemo nechitambudzo zvichipfuurira kuva tyisidziro.
Census yakaitwa muna 2016 ne "Istituto superiore per la protezione e la ricerca Ambientale" yakaratidza kuti, pamwe nemukana mukuru, pakati pe1.269 ne1.800 mapere akanga ari muItaly kubva 2009 kusvika 2013. Kubva ku90, nzvimbo yavo yekugovera yakanga yakapararira. kusvika kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweFrance neSwitzerland. Kunyangwe isingazivikanwe pasi rose semhando dzakasiyana siyana, ine yakasarudzika mitochondrial DNA haplotype uye yakasarudzika dehenya morphology.
Mhumhi yeItaly inorema 25 kusvika 35 pounds (55 kusvika 77 kilograms), kunyange zvazvo mamwe mahombe asvika 40 kusvika 45 pounds (88 kusvika 99 kilograms). Vanoyera pakati pe 110 ne 148 centimita kureba uye 50 kusvika 70 masendimita kumusoro pamapfudzi. Mvere dzavo dzinogara dziri grey muruvara, izvo zvinowanzoita kutsvuka muzhizha. Dumbu nematama zvakareruka muruvara, uye kune mitsetse yakasviba kumashure uye kumagumo emuswe, uye dzimwe nguva pamwe nemakumbo epamberi.
Arabian Wolf
Mhumhi yeArabia (Canis lupus arabs) inozivikanwa senge subspecies yegrey wolf, inogara muArabia Peninsula. Iro imhumhi duku kudarika dzose inozivikanwa, iyo inowedzerwa kuti imhuka yave yajaira kurarama murenje. Inogara ichiunganidza mumapoka ane mwero uye yakazara omnivorous muzvisikwa, ichidya zvakaora uye marara, pamwe chete nemhuka duku uye yepakati-kati.
Mune imwe yezvinyorwa zvemagazini ino hunyanzvi munyika yemhuka, "Mammalogist Species of the World" (Especies of Mammals of the World) yakagadziriswa muna 2005, kutaurwa kwakakosha kunoitwa kuzita iro mhumhi yeArabia yakagamuchira seCanis lupus arabs kubva. nyanzvi yemhuka yeChirungu Reginald Innes Pocock muna 1934. Kuyambuka nembwa dzepamba kwakaitika, asi hazvina kunyatsojeka kana ichi chiri chikonzero nei akati mhumhi iri pedyo neCanis lupus lupus. Izvi zvinoratidza kushushikana kwekutsakatika kuburikidza nekusanganiswa, sezvo mapere eArabia akakodzera kugara murenje pane mahybrids emhumhi.
MuIsrael nePalestine Territories mune kusawirirana maererano neiyo chaiyo taxonomic chimiro chemhumhi. Mamwe masayendisiti anotsinhira kuti mawolf subspecies maviri aripo, Canis lupus pallipes kuchamhembe uye Canis lupus arabs kumaodzanyemba. Vanoratidza kuti avo vanobva kumaodzanyemba maduku pane avo vanobva kuchamhembe, avo vanewo rima uye vhudzi ravo rakareba. Vamwe vaongorori vanofungidzira kuti mhumhi yemunzvimbo iyi iArabian Canis lupus, isina musiyano chaiwo pakati pemhumhi dzekuchamhembe nedzekumaodzanyemba. Semune dzimwe nzvimbo, kune kuberekesana nembwa dzomusango, izvo zvinowedzera chimwe chinhu chekusava nechokwadi.
Ethiopian Wolf
Iyo inonziwo Abyssinian, Canis simensis kana Ethiopian wolf imhungu kana coyote, saka haisi rudzi rwemhumhi. Inorarama chete pakakwirira mamita 3.000 mumakomo eEthiopia. Iine hukuru hudiki hwakafanana nembwa, sezvo inowanzorema 10 kusvika 20 kilos. Pamusoro pezvo, ine makushe matsvuku ane mavara machena pasi pemutsipa wayo nemuswe mutema. Inoungana mumapoka akarongwa nenzira ye hierarchical. Nhasi uno vari panyatwa yekutsakatika nekuda kwekuparara kwenzvimbo yadzinogara uye kurwiswa kwavanoitwa nevanhu kuti vasave kure nezvipfuyo.
African Golden Wolf
Iro African golden wolf (Canis anthus) imhumhi yakasiyana-siyana inogona kuwanikwa mukondinendi yeAfrica. Ichi chisikwa chinoshandiswa kune semi-renje mamiriro ekunze, asi inosarudza kugara munzvimbo dzine mvura dziri pedyo. Nezvemaumbirwo ayo, saizi yaro idiki pane yemamwe mapere, anorema makirogiramu gumi nemashanu uye achiratidza makushe ane ruvara rwakasvibira kumusana nemuswe uye mvere dzine ruvara rwejecha pamakumbo nemudumbu.
indian wolf
Mhumhi yeIndia (Canis lupus pallipes) imhando yemhumhi yegrey wolf inowanikwa kubva kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweAsia kuenda kuIndia. Hukuru hwayo hunogona kuwanikwa pakati peiyo yeTibetan nemhumhi yeArabia, uye haina jasi rechando rinonakidza rekare sezvo ichigara munzvimbo dzinodziya. Maviri epedyo ane hukama haplotypes mukati meiyi subspecies, inova hwaro hwezvimwe zvese zvipenyu Canis lupus haplotypes, kunze kweiyo dzinza remadzitateguru Himalayan wolf, yakaonekwa uye yakasimwa semhando dzakasiyana.
Muna 2018, kutevedzana kweiyo genome yese yakashandiswa kuenzanisa nhengo dzegenus Canis. Chidzidzo ichi chakakwanisa kuwana humbowo hwekubatana kwemajini pakati pemapere egoridhe emuAfrica, hunguhwe dzegoridhe nemapere machena (kubva kuSaudi Arabia neSyria). Mhumhi yegoridhe yemuAfrica kubva kuSinai Peninsula yakaratidza kusanganiswa kwakanyanya neMiddle East grey mhumhi nembwa, zvichiratidza basa rebhiriji repasi pakati peAfrica neEurasian makondinendi mukushanduka-shanduka.
Zvakaonekwa kuti mhumhi yegoridhe yeIndia kana yeAfrica yakabva kune canid iyo kubva pakuona genetic yakasanganiswa 72% grey wolf uye 28% yeEthiopian wolf madzitateguru.
himalayan wolf
Mhumhi yeHimalaya (Canis himalayensis) inowanikwa kuNepal nekuchamhembe kweIndia. Inoungana mumapoka maduku uye nhasi kune nhamba shomanana yezvienzaniso zvevanhu vakuru. Nezvekuonekwa kwayo, imhuka diki uye nhete. Nguo yake yakasimba uye inoratidzwa mumumvuri wakajeka we chestnut, grey uye cream.
tibetan wolf
Iyo Tibetan Wolf (Canis lupus chanco) inoratidzira grey yakada kuchena ruvara, inoratidza matani ebrown munzvimbo yepamusoro yemuviri. Inogona kuwanikwa pakati peAsia yose, ichisvika kuMongolia kuchamhembe uye kumadokero kweHimalaya kumadokero. Kumwero wakaderera, iwo anogona kuwanikwa paKorea Peninsula.
Yaenda
Dingo imbwa yakaberekerwa kuAustralia, ine zita remhando ichiri nyaya yekukakavadzana: inowanzonzi Canis familiaris, Canis familiaris dingo, Canis lupus dingo kana Canis dingo. Imbwa yerudzi rwakachena, nyangwe yakaberekeswa musango chete, kana kuburikidza nemusanganiswa wedhingo nembwa yemumba. Imbwa yepakati nepakati ine slim uye yakasimba kuvaka, inokodzera kumhanya, agility uye kuramba.
Iwo matatu akakosha ejasi mavara edhingo ndeaya: ginger rakareruka kana tani, dema uye tani, kana chena chena. Dehenya, chikamu chikuru chemhuka, chakaita sehwege uye chihombe kana tichienzanisa nemuviri waro. Iyo inosiyaniswa kubva kune imbwa yemumba nekufara kwayo palatal vault, ipfupi cranial kukwirira, uye yakafara sagittal crest.
Dingo rekare rinozivikanwa rakawanikwa kuWestern Australia, uye rakatanga kusvika makore 3.450 apfuura, zvichiratidza kuti dingos dzakasvika muAustralia nevafambisi vegungwa zuva iroro risati rasvika. Maumbirwo ayo haana kuchinjwa mumakore ekupedzisira e3.500, izvo zvinoratidza kuti hapana kusarudzwa kwakaitwa panguva iyoyo. Dingo rine hukama hwepedyo nembwa yekuNew Guinea. Dzinza ravo rakasiyana kubva kudzinza rakatungamira kune imbwa dzemazuva ano, dzinogona kurondwa kubva kuMalay Archipelago kuenda kuAsia.
Nyowani Guinea Kuimba Imbwa
Iyo New Guinea kana New Guinea Highland Singing Imbwa (Canis lupus hallstromi) imbwa inoshamisa inogara kunzvimbo dzakakwirira dzechitsuwa cheNew Guinea. Inoonekwa sehama ye dingo reAustralia, kunyangwe chimiro chayo chetaxonomic chiri kukakavara. Muna 2016, iyo New Guinea Highland Wild Dog Foundation yakaudza vezvenhau kuti iyo neYunivhesiti yePapua yakawana uye yakatora boka regumi neshanu "imbwa dzomusango."
Mhuka iyi inozivikanwa nematauriro ayo chaiwo. Zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezve imbwa dzeNew Guinea dzinoimba musango, uye kubva muna 2016 mapikicha maviri chete aizivikanwa ekuona ari mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai: imwe yakatorwa muna 1989 ndokuburitswa pachena mubhuku raTim Flannery "Mammals of New Guinea", uye imwe yakatorwa. muna Nyamavhuvhu 2012 negwara rekufambisa Tom Hewett munzvimbo yeStar Mountains yeWest Papua.
Mamwe marudzi eEurope, Asia neOceania
- Gansu (Canis lupus filchneri)
- ChiRomanian (Canis lupus minor)
- Tibetan (Canis lupus laniger)
- Sicilian (Canis lupus cristaldii (†)
- Kubva kuHokkaido (Canis lupus hattai = Canis lupus rex) (†)
- Honshu (Canis lupus hodophilax)(†)
Mapere ekuNorth America
Mundima dzinotevera tichapa tsananguro yemhando idzi dzemhumhi dzinogona kuwanikwa munharaunda yeNorth America:
Arctic Wolf
Mhumhi yeArctic (Canis lupus arctos), inozivikanwawo semhumhi chena kana polar wolf, imhando yegrey wolf inozvarwa kuQueen Elizabeth Islands yeCanada, kubva kuMelville Island kuenda kuEllesmere. Iyo idiki diki ine saizi yepakati, uye iyo inosiyana kubva kumawodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwemhumhi nekuve diki, kuchena muruvara, ine cerebral cortex shoma uye ine carnassials (mazino enyama) akakura. Kubva 1930, pave nekudzikira zvishoma nezvishoma kwehuwandu hwematehenya emuenzaniso uyu, ungangove chibereko chekusanganiswa pakati pemhumhi nembwa.
Muna 1935, nyanzvi yemhuka yeChirungu Reginald Pocock akapa shiri duku zita rokuti Canis lupus arctos (Arctic wolf) kumuenzaniso unobva kuMelville Island muQueen Elizabeth Islands, Canada. Akataura kuti mapere akafanana anogona kuwanikwa paEllesmere Island. Akatumidzawo rimwe mhumhi reGreenland kubva kuCape York, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweGreenland, nezita rekuti Canis lupus orion. Mapere maviri aya anozivikanwa seakasiyana subspecies eCanis lupus mune taxonomic chiremera "Mammal Species of the World" (2005).
Mexican wolf
Mhumhi yeMexico (Canis lupus baileyi), inonziwo mhumhi neavo vari pedyo nayo, imhando yegrey wolf yaimbove yakaberekerwa kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweArizona, kumaodzanyemba kweNew Mexico, kumadokero kweTexas, uye kuchamhembe kweMexico. Pakati peNorth America grey mhumhi, ndiyo idiki uye yakafanana neCanis lupus nubilus, kunyangwe ichisiyana nedehenya rayo diki uye nhete uye yakasviba, yero-grey makushe, akanyanya kunyura nerima kumusana uye Muswe.
Madzitateguru avo angangove ekutanga mhumhi grey kupinda muNorth America mushure mekufa kweBeringian wolf, sezvairatidzwa nehunhu hwavo hwekutanga uye hunhu uye hwekumaodzanyemba. Kunyangwe yaimbokosheswa zvakanyanya mupre-Columbian Mexico, ndiyo mhumhi yakatyisidzirwa zvakanyanya muNorth America, iyo yakatsakatika musango pakati pezana ramakore rechiXNUMX nekuda kwemusanganiswa wekuvhima, kuteya, chepfu uye kubviswa kwembwanana. .
Pashure pokunge yapinzwa muEndangered Species Act muna 1976, United States neMexico dzakashanda pamwe chete kuteya mapere ose akanga asara musango. Uyu murairo wakanyanyisa wakadzivirira kutsakatika kwemapere. Mienzaniso mishanu yerudzi urwu (varume vana uye mukadzi mumwe ane pamuviri) vakabatwa vari vapenyu muMexico kubva muna 1977 kusvika muna 1980 uye vakashandiswa kutanga chirongwa chekuberekesa.
mhumhi yebaffin
Baffin Island wolf (Canis lupus manningi), inozivikanwawo seBaffin Island tundra wolf, imhando yegrey wolf inogara paBaffin Island uye zvitsuwa zvakati zviri pedyo. Yakanga isiri kusvika 1943, payakazivikanwa zviri pamutemo se subspecies, kuti Anderson akapa iyo taxonomic classification. Uyu muenzaniso unobvumirwa sechikamu cheCanis lupus muchiremera chetaxonomic "Mammal Species of the World" (2005).
Baffin Island mapere anozivikanwa seakareruka muvara, dzimwe nguva achena, uye asina kujairika madiki kana achienzaniswa nemamwe mawolf subspecies. Inonzi idiki pane ese mapere eArctic. Zvinyorwa zvekutanga uye humbowo hunoratidza kuti mapere ekumadokero kweGreenland akabva kuBaffin Island uye nekudaro vazukuru veBaffin Island subspecies yemhumhi. Muna 1966, chidzidzo chakaitwa pamuenzaniso uyu, paive nekuongororwa kwegore rapfuura, muWordie Bay, neYunivhesiti yeToronto. Yakapindwawo nevadzidzi vekuyunivhesiti.
Yukon Wolf
Yukon Wolf (Canis lupus pambasileus) imhumhi yakasiyana siyana inowana zita rayo kubva kuAlaskan Interior wolf muUnited States uye Yukon wolf muCanada. Ikoko inowanzowanikwa munzvimbo dziri pedyo dzeBritish Columbia neNorthwest Territories. Iyi subspecies inowanikwa kuInterior Alaska neYukon, ichigadzira kuchengetedza kune arctic coastal tundra zone.
Mhumhi iyi inozivikanwa se subspecies yeCanis lupus muchiremera chetaxonomic Species of Mammals of the World (2005), apo yakatanga kutaurwa muna 1905 neAmerican zoologist Daniel Elliot seCanis pambasileus uye nesangano re "timber wolf". autocrat", maererano nemuenzaniso kubva kuRwizi rweSusitna, mudunhu reMount McKinley, Alaska.
Elliot anosiyanisa muenzaniso uyu nemazino ari mushaya dziri mbiri dzakakura uye dzinorema, uye pamwe chete nedehenya rinopfuura reCanis lupus occidentalis (wolf yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero) yehukuru hwemuviri hunofananidzwa. Muna 1944, muAmerican zoologist Edward Goldman akasarudza mhumhi iyi Canis lupus pambasileus ine zita rokuti "Inland Alaskan wolf".
Vancouver Island Wolf
Vancouver Island wolf (Canis lupus crassodon) imhumhi yakasiyana-siyana inoumba chikamu chemhando yegrey wolf, yakafanana nechitsuwa chiri muBritish Columbia, Canada, iyo inowanzoshamwaridzana nemamwe mapere, uye inoungana mumapoka ari pakati pe5 ne35 vanhu. Irudzi rwuri kupera basa uye harina kumboonekwa nevanhu. Mapere ari munzvimbo yePacific Rim National Park Reserve anozivikanwa kurwisa nekuuraya imbwa dzemumba dzisina anotariswa.
Mhuka iyi inozivikanwa senge subspecies yeCanis lupus nechiremera chetaxonomic "Mammal Species of the World" (2005). Zvidzidzo zvinoshandisa mitochondrial DNA zvakaratidza kuti mapere ari mumhenderekedzo yegungwa kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAlaska ane masikirwo akasiyana kubva mukati menyika grey mapere, humbowo hwepateni yakaonekwa mune imwe taxa zvakare. Vanoratidza hukama hwe phylogenetic nemhumhi dzakaparadzwa kubva kumaodzanyemba (Oklahoma), zvichiratidza kuti vanhu ava ndevekupedzisira kwegungano rakambopararira iro rakanyanya kubviswa muzana remakore rapfuura.
Chidzidzo ichi zvakare chinoburitsa kuti mhumhi kuchamhembe kweNorth America yakatanga kupararira kubva kumaodzanyemba kwakadzika pasi pechando cheWisconsin mushure mekunge chando chanyunguduka pakupera kwekupedzisira kweGlacial Maximum. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinomutsa kusahadzika pane taxonomic classification yeCanis lupus nulibus yakatsanangurwa naNowak. Imwe tsvakiridzo yakawana kuti mapere eBritish Columbia emumhenderekedzo yegungwa akanga akasiyana nemajini uye nemagariro akasiyana nemapere emukati menyika, aisanganisira mamwe mapere emuBritish Columbia.
Mackenzie Valley Wolf
Mhumhi yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva (Canis lupus occidentalis), inozivikanwawo seMackenzie Valley wolf, Alaskan timber wolf, Canadian timber wolf, kana wekuchamhembe timber wolf, imhando yegrey wolf kubva kumadokero kweNorth America. Vanogona kuwanikwa kubva kuAlaska, mupata wepamusoro weRwizi Mackenzie; kumaodzanyemba kumatunhu eCanada eBritish Columbia, Alberta, neSaskatchewan, pamwe nekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweUnited States.
Uyu muenzaniso unozivikanwa sechikamu cheCanis lupus muchiremera chetaxonomic "Mammal Species of the World" (2005). The subspecies yakaongororwa neScottish naturalist Sir John Richardson muna 1829. Maererano nerimwe bhuku, zvidzidzo zvephylogenetic zveNorth America grey wolves zvinoratidza kuti kune mapoka matatu anoenderana neCanis lupus occidentalis, Canis lupus nubilus uye Canis lupus nubilus. , imwe neimwe ichimiririra kusvika kwakasiyana muNorth America kwemadzitateguru akasiyana eEurasia.
Canis lupus occidentalis, iyo yakanyanya kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero subspecies, inobva kune yekupedzisira grey mhumhi kuti itore North America. Inogona kunge yakayambuka North America kuburikidza neBering land bhiriji mushure menguva yekupedzisira yechando, ichibvisa Canis lupus nubilus populations sezvayaifamba, maitiro akaenderera mberi nanhasi. Pamwe chete neCanis lupus nubilus, Canis lupus occidentalis ndiyo nhengo yakapararira kwazvo yevashanu grey wolf subspecies muNorth America, ine anokwana matanhatu akasiyana anoreva zvakafanana.
Eastern United States Wolf
Imwe kirasi yemapere iEastern wolf (Canis lycaon), inogara kubva kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweCanada kusvika kuFlorida. Inoratidza jasi rakasimba uye rakakura mumavara matema uye akareruka anogovaniswa nenzira isina kurongeka pamuviri wayo. Mhumhi idzi dzakasiyana-siyana dzinogara munzvimbo dzine matanda dziri kumabvazuva kweNorth America, uko dzinodya tumhuka tuduku uye dzinoungana mumapaketi. Iriwo mhuka iri panjodzi yekutsakatika nekuda kwekuparara kwenzvimbo yairi kugara uye nekutsemuka kwevanhu izvo zvakakonzera mumapoka ayo.
Red Wolf
Kusiya parutivi subspecies yegrey wolf, iyo Canis rufus kana red wolf iriwo chikamu chemhando dzemhumhi. Inogara chete mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeMexico, United States neCanada, sezvo iri munjodzi huru yekutsakatika nekuda kwekuvhima kwemarudzi ayo anowanzo dyisa nawo, kuunzwa kwezvimiro zvisinganzwisisike kunzvimbo yaanogara uye mhedzisiro yezvifambiso. nzira dzakavakwa ipapo. Mhumhi tsvuku inowanzoonekwa nehuremu hunenge 35 kilos uye inoratidzira jasi rine mavara, umo nzvimbo dzakatsvuka, grey uye yero dzinoonekwa. Chikafu chavo chine mhembwe, makonzo nemakonzo.
Mamwe maNorth American Wolf Breeds
- Hudson's Bay (Canis lupus hudsonicus)
- Northern Rocky Mountain (Canis lupus irremotus)
- Labrador (Canis lupus labradorius)
- Kubva kuAlexander Archipelago (Canis lupus ligoni)
- Mackenzie River (Canis lupus mackenzii)
- Prairie (Canis lupus nubilus)
- Greenland (Canis lupus orion)
- Alaskan (Canis lupus pambasileus)
- American tundra (Canis lupus tundrarum)
- Giant Kenai (Canis lupus moose) (†)
- Newfoundland (Canis lupus beothucus)(†)
- Bernard's (Canis lupus bernardi) (†)
- British Columbian (Canis lupus columbianus)(†)
- Florida (Canis lupus floridanus) (†):
- Cascade Range (Canis lupus fuscus) (†)
- Manitoba (Canis lupus griseoalbus) (†)
- Mogollon (Canis lupus mogollonensis) (†)
- Texan (Canis lupus monstrabilis) (†)
- Southern Rocky Mountain (Canis lupus youngi) (†)
imbwa yemumba
Imbwa yemumba (Canis lupus familiaris) ndeimwe yemhando dzemhuka dzakapararira pasirese uye ndeimwe yemhuka dzinofarirwa. Hunhu hwavo hwepanyama hunosiyana pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzinozivikanwa dziripo, dzinoratidza misiyano yakawanda muhukuru, ruvara uye rudzi rwemvere, hukasha uye tarisiro yehupenyu, pakati pezvimwe.
Iyo yakarongedzerwa seyakasiyana subspecies, mukutanga kwayo, maererano neachangoburwa fungidziro, imbwa yatinoziva nhasi yaive chigadzirwa chemichinjikwa pakati pemhumhi dingo, basenji mapere uye hunguhwe. Zvisinei, makore anenge 14.900 XNUMX apfuura dzinza reimbwa namapere rakaparadzana, kunyange zvazvo zvichiri kuzivikanwa kuti madzitateguru adzo akajairika. Kubva pakuparadzana uku, rudzi rumwe norumwe rwakaenderera mberi nekukura kwarwo rwakazvimiririra uye imbwa yaigona kuchengetwa.
Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinonakidza zvatinokurudzirawo ndezvi: