Zvisaririra zvinotorwa kubva kune chero zvisaririra zvakasara, zvinoonekwa kana kucherechedzwa kwechero chisikwa chipenyu kubva zera rekare re geological, mienzaniso inosanganisira mapfupa, makungu, exoskeletons, mhuka kana microbial dombo stamping, zvinhu zveamber, bvudzi, matanda akaomeswa, mafuta, marasha uye masara eDNA. Sangana mune ino post the Mhando dzeMafossils!
Chii chinonzi Fossil?
Pakutanga, izwi rekuti fossil raive nerevo yakafara, raireva zvese zvakabuda pasi, izwi iri nhasi rinobata zvipupuriro zvese zvakasiiwa nezvisikwa zvekare zvakararama uye zvinonyanya kuchengetedzwa nekuita sedimentation, saka kune skeleton dzedinosaur, zvakare. semashizha kana tsoka.
Zvisaririra zvinowanzochengetwa mumatombo eraimu uye mujecha sedimentary matombo, asi hazviwanzoitiki, maitiro efossilization anotora nguva yakareba, uye mukana wekuti shizha rimwechete richengetwe mudiki.
Paleontology ndiyo yekuongorora zvisaririra, inodzidza zera radzo, nzira yekugadzira uye kukosha kwekushanduka-shanduka, sampuli dzinowanzoonekwa sezvisaririra kana zvave nemakore anopfuura 10,000, zvisaririra zvekare zvine makore 3,48 bhiriyoni uye 4,1 bhiriyoni yemakore.
Kuferefeta muzana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe kuti zvisaririra zvakasiyana-siyana zvaiva nechokuita nezvimwe Rock Types, izvo zvakatungamirira kukutenda kwezvisaririra munguva yejoji uye mazera akasiyana ezvisaririra zvakawanda zvakasiyana-siyana.
Zviratidzo
Hunhu hwezvisaririra hunoenderana nerudzi rwezvisaririra. Zvisaririra zveMould zvisaririra zvinogadzirwa mu substrate (kazhinji sedimentary rock), trace fossils yakafanana nefossils yefossils pakuti iwo maratidziro.
Nekudaro, zvisaririra zvekutsvagisa hazvimiriri chipenyu pachacho, pachinzvimbo chekutsvagisa zvisaririra zvinomiririra hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwechipenyu senge tsoka, matendere kana maburi, mafossils akakandwa mafossils akazadzwa nedhipoziti kuti aite matatu-dimensional chimiro.
Zvicherwa zvechii?
Zvisaririra zvinobatsira zvikuru pakudzidza nezvetectonic history, kana chisaririra cheimwe rudzi chinowanikwa mumakondinendi emazuvano akati wandei, zvinopa chiratidzo chakasimba chekuti makondinendi aya aimbobatana.
Mafossils anoshandiswawo kudoma sedimentary rocks, mamwe marudzi ane kupararira kwakakura paPasi uye nehupenyu hupfupi (semuenzaniso, ammonites) zviratidzo zvakanakisa zvekuziva dzimwe nguva dze geological.
Marudzi mangani ezvisaririra aripo?
Zvisaririra, zvisaririra zvezvipenyu zvekare kana humwe humbowo hwehupenyu hwekare, hunotaura zvakawanda pamusoro pezvakanga zvakaita nyika mamiriyoni kana mabhiriyoni emakore apfuura.Muna 2017, vatsvakurudzi vakatsigira kuti zvisaririra zvekare, zvakawanikwa mudombo kuWestern Australia, zvinoratidza kuti hupenyu hwaivepo paNyika makore anopfuura mabhiriyoni 3.500 apfuura.
zvisaririra zvemuviri
Mese fossils yemuviri yese ndiyo yese yasara ye prehistoric entities, pamwe neakapfava matishu akadai tumbuyu mummified mumuti muto anosimbiswa kuseta amber.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti nyama dzakapfava dzakaita seganda, tsandanyama, uye nhengo dzemuviri dzinoputsika mushure mekufa, zvichisiya chete goko rakaomarara kana bhonzo; mhuka dzine skeleton dzisina kusimba, senge tumbuyu uye shrimp, hadzina kufa. , mienzaniso miviri yezvisaririra zvemuviri, mapfupa nemazino, ndiwo anowanzogara marudzi ezvisaririra.
tsvaga zvisaririra
Zvisaririra zvinoramba zviri mumigwagwa nemumakomba, asi zvakare zvine coprolites (fossil feces) uye zvinosara zvasara panguva yekudyisa, kutsvaga zvisaririra zvinonyanya kukosha sezvo zvinosanganisira dura re data risingaganhurirwe kumhuka dzine nhengo dzakaoma dzinogona. kuve nyore fossilized uye kuratidza maitiro emhuka.
Mazhinji anoteedzera mafossils anotanga kare kupfuura zvisaririra zvemuviri zvemhuka dzinotendwa kuti dzakazviita, asi kudzoreredza chaiko kwezvisaririra kune vagadziri vazvo kazhinji hazvigoneke, zvisaririra zvinogona, semuenzaniso, kupa humbowo hwekutanga hwemuviri hwekuonekwa zvine mwero. mhuka dzakaoma (dzinofananidzwa nemakonye).
macrofossils
Macrofossils inobata zvipenyu zvakachengetedzwa zvinogona kucherechedzwa pasina kudiwa kwemaikorosikopu, chirimwa macrofossils chinosanganisira mashizha, tsono, makoni, uye hunde zvakasara, uye zvinogona kushandiswa kuona mhando dzezvirimwa zvakambokura munzvimbo iyi.
Yakadaro botanical macrofossil data inopa yakakosha mubatsiri kune mukume uye data remhuka rinogona kushandiswa kuvakazve prehistoric yepasi nharaunda, macrofossils ealgae (semuenzaniso, brown algae, sea lettuce, uye hombe stromatolites) ari kuwedzera kushandiswa. ecosystems.
Mhuka macrofossils dzinosanganisira mazino, madehenya, uye mapfupa emhuka dzine vertebrates, uyewo invertebrate inosara yakadai sehombodo, miedzo, zvombo zvehondo, uye exoskeletons, fossilized ndove (kureva, coprolites) zvakare macrofossils.
microfossils
Microfossils ndiwo masara madiki ebhakitiriya, maprotist, fungi, mhuka nezvirimwa, microfossils iboka rakasiyana-siyana rezvisaririra zvakasara zvine ruzivo senzira imwe chete, nekuti mhando dzematombo dzinofanirwa kugadziriswa neimwe nzira kuti dzibvise uye maikorosikopu inofanira kushandiswa kuzvidzidza. .
Saka, microfossils, kusiyana nemamwe Mhando dzeMafossils, hazvina kuiswa muboka maererano nehukama hwavo kune mumwe nemumwe, asi nekuda kwehukuru hwavo hushoma uye nzira dzekudzidza, semuenzaniso, zvisaririra zvebhakitiriya, foraminifera, diatoms, magoko kana skeleton ezvipembenene zvidiki zvisingaite, mukume, uye mapfupa madiki. uye mazino ezvipembenene zvakakura, pakati pezvimwe, zvinogona kunzi microfossils.
Zvisaririra zvinogadzirwa sei?
Mafossils anoumbwa nenzira dzakasiyana, asi mazhinji anoumbwa kana chirimwa kana mhuka yafa munzvimbo ine mvura uye yakavigwa mumadhaka nemarara, matishu akapfava anokurumidza kuputsika achisiya mapfupa akaomarara kana mateko, nekufamba kwenguva, mavhu anoungana pamusoro uye. inoomesa mudombo.
Sezvo mapfupa akavharirwa achiora, zvicherwa zvinobuda nekutsiva organic sero nesero nenzira inonzi "petrification", neimwe nzira, mapfupa anogona kuora zvachose achisiya chitubu chemuviri, nzvimbo yakasara kumashure inogona kuzadzwa nemamineral uye kuita dombo replica yezvisikwa.
Nhengo dzemukati dzakapfava, mhasuru, uye ganda zvinoputsika nekukurumidza uye hazviwanzo chengetedzwa, asi mapfupa emhuka nemateko ndizvo zvakanaka kugadzirira fossilization. Fossilization inogona kuitika nenzira dzakasiyana:
Mineralization
Zvicherwa zvishoma nezvishoma zvinotsiva nhengo dzemuviri kudzamara chasara chave chisaririra chakagadzirwa nesimbi yakasimba, iyi imhando yakakosha yekukanda uye kuumbwa kwe mold, kana chemistry iri chokwadi muviri unogona kuita senucleus yekudonhedza zvicherwa se siderite, zvichikonzera gunduru rakaitenderedza.
Molds uye Molds
Iyo mold uye molds ndezvimwe Mhando dzeMafossils muviri, mold iratidziro yakasiiwa negoko reskeleton yakaoma mudombo rakapoteredza, semabhonzo edinosaur akavigwa pasi pezvikamu zvakawanda zvevhu, mold inogona kuva yemukati kana kunze.
Pazasi pegoko pane chiumbwa chemukati chakasiiwa pamusoro pedombo chakaumbwa apo jecha kana madhaka akazadza mukati megoko, chiumbwa chekunze chiri kunze kwegoko, nguva imwe neimwe goko kana bhonzo parinotsemuka kubva. dombo, richisiya chiumbwa chekunze kumashure.
Replicas of molds inozivikanwa se molds, izvo zvinogona kuitika zvakasikwa kana nzvimbo yakasara mushure mekubviswa kwe mold ichizadza ne sediment, paleontologists inogonawo kugadzira molds kubva muhutu ne latex rubber kana plasticine kuti vadzidze zvakawanda pamusoro pezvisaririra.
Kutsiva
Kutsiviwa kunoitika kana goko, bhonzo kana imwe matishu inotsiviwa neimwe chicherwa, mune dzimwe nguva iyo mineral inotsiviwa yeyakatanga layer inoitika zvishoma nezvishoma uye padiki diki zvekuti hunhu hwemicrostructural hunochengetedzwa, zvisinei nekurasikirwa kwese kwekutanga zvinhu.
Iyo yekuputira inonzi inodzokororwa kana imwe skeletal aggregates ichiripo, asi mune imwe crystalline fomu kunze kwearagonite ku calcite.
Kudzvinyirira
Kudzvinyirira zvisaririra, senge mafossil ferns, anogadzirwa nekuderedzwa kwekemikari yeakaomesesa organic mamorekuru anoumba matishu emuviri, mune iyi nyaya fossil ine yekutanga zvinhu, kunyangwe mune geochemically yakashandurwa mamiriro, iyi shanduko kemikari chiratidzo che diagenesis. .
Kuchengetedza misungo
Nekuda kwezera rayo, chinhu chisingatarisirwi chekuchinja matishu emuviri nekudzikisa kemikari yakaoma organic mamorekuru panguva yepetrifaction kwaive kuwanikwa kwematishu akapfava muzvinyorwa zvedinosaur, kusanganisira tsinga dzeropa, pamwe nekuparadzaniswa kweprotein uye humbowo hwezvimedu. DNA chimiro, zvaiita sokuti hapana kuwirirana pakati pezera re geological uye kunaka kwekuchengetedza panguva iyi.
Tingadzidzei pazvicherwa zvematombo?
Kuunganidzwa kwezvisaririra kunobva kubva pakutanga kwenhoroondo, zvisaririra pachazvo zvinozivikanwa sekuongorora zvisaririra, fossil yaive imwe yekutanga masosi edhata iri pasi pechidzidzo chekushanduka-shanduka uye inoramba ichishamisa munhoroondo yehupenyu Panyika. , nyanzvi dzezvakaitika kare dzinoedza nechinyorwa chezvicherwa kuti dzinzwisise muitiro wokushanduka-shanduka uye kushanduka-shanduka kwemarudzi azvo.
Biostratigraphy
Iyo fossil rekodhi uye kutevedzana kwezvisikwa zvinoumba hwaro hwesainzi yebiostratigraphy kana fossil-based rock kuchembera yakabatanidzwa, kwekutanga 150 makore, geology, biostratigraphy uye superposition ndiyo chete nzira Kuziva zera rematombo, iyo geologic nguva yakatarwa yakagadzirwa. zvichibva pazera rehukama hwematombo edombo, sekutsanangurwa kwazvinoitwa nevekutanga paleontologists uye stratigraphers.
Evolution
Vachishandisa zvisaririra zvakadzokororwa, nyanzvi dze paleontologist dzakavakazve mienzaniso yekushanduka-shanduka kukuru muchimiro uye kushanda, semuenzaniso, shaya yezasi yezvinokambaira ine mapfupa akati wandei, asi iyo yemhuka inoyamwisa imwe chete, mamwe mapfupa ari murushaya rwezvinokambaira akashanduka zvisingaite mumabhonzo anowanikwa zvino nzeve inoyamwisa.
fossil DNA
Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, kudzoreredza uye kuongororwa kweruzivo rwemajini rwakavharidzirwa mumitsara yekare yeDNA kubva kuPleistocene fossils zvaisakwanisika, kufambira mberi kwemolecular biology kwakapa maturusi ehunyanzvi ekuwana kutevedzana kweDNA yekare kubva kune akachengetedzwa akachengetedzwa eQuaternary fossils uye akavhura mikana yekudzidza zvakananga genetic. kuchinja muzvisaririra zvemarudzi kugadzirisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvipenyu uye paleontological mibvunzo.
Zvidzidzo zveDNA yekare zvinosanganisira Pleistocene fossil zvinhu uye kuderedzwa uye kuchengetedzwa kweDNA yekare muQuaternary deposits inoongororwa.
Zvicherwa zvinounganidzwa sei?
Kuunganidza zvisaririra dzimwe nguva nenzira isiri yesainzi, kuvhima zvisaririra muunganidzwa wezvisaririra zvekutsvagisa, zvekuzvivaraidza nazvo, kana kuita purofiti, kuunganidza zvisaririra, setsika yevaraidzo, ndiyo inotangisa paleontology yemazuva ano uye vazhinji vachiri kuunganidza zvisaririra uye kudzidza zvisaririra sevanozvivaraidza. , nyanzvi uye vanoita zvekuzvivaraidza vanounganidza zvisaririra zvekukosha kwavo kwesainzi.
mienzaniso yezvisaririra
Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinochengeterwa zvipenyu dzinopa zvisaririra hunhu hwakasiyana, ngationgororei mimwe mienzaniso yekuti zvisaririra zvingaumba sei.
Lucia
Iri ndiro zita renguva yeUpper Paleolithic skeleton muPaleoindian mukadzi akawanikwa mubako muBrazil, skeleton yemakore 11500 yakawanikwa mubako muBelo Horizonte, Brazil, muna 1974 neanochera matongo Annette Laming-Amperer. Zita remadunhurirwa rokuti "Lucia" rinopa rukudzo kuAustralopithecus fossil "Lucy".
Triceratops
Triceratops yaive dinosaur hombe kubva ku Nguva yeMesozoic, iyo yakasvika mamita gumi kureba uye mamita mana pakukwirira uye yairema matani gumi nemaviri, uyewo kudzivirira kukura kwayo kukuru, triceratops yakanga ine nyanga dzemamita maviri uye muromo wakapinza, wakaita separrot, iyo palpably yakanga ine simba guru rokuruma, maFossils of iyo "chiso chine nyanga nhatu," sezita rayo rechiLatin rinowanzoshandurwa, kubva pamamiriyoni matatu emakore apfuura eCretaceous period.
Archeopteryx lithographica
Ishiri yechidiki prehistoric shiri, yaivepo kubva makore angangoita zana nemakumi mashanu emakore apfuura panguva yeJurassic, nekudaro, inoonekwa nevakawanda seshiri yekare inozivikanwa.
Archeopteryx inogovera maitiro e theropod dinosaurs uye shiri dzemazuva ano, saka, inofungidzirwa kuva fossil inoshanduka pakati peshiri nezvinokambaira, zvakabatana zvakanyanya nediki theropod dinosaurs pane shiri dzemazuva ano.
Zvisinei, nhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka kweArcheopteryx haina kumbove yakapusa, yakagara ichipokana zvakanyanya munguva yakapfuura, uye inoramba iri chikamu chegakava resainzi zhinji nezvekwakabva nekushanduka kweshiri.
Gondwanagaricites magnificus
Inosanganisira iyo yekare fossil fungus kusvika parizvino uye yekutanga fossil fungus kubva kune yekare Gondwana supercontinent, yakamira ingangoita masendimita maviri nemasendimita maviri kureba uye ichikura zana nemakumi mashanu emamiriyoni emakore apfuura (kutanga kweCretaceous epoch) mune zvino yava kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kubva kuBrazil.
diploria strigosa
Iyo Pleistocene fossil reef yakachengetedzwa uye yakanyatsoratidzwa, inosanganisira isina mibhedha kana mibhedha isina kunaka, isina kurongeka, yakaoma kwazvo, yakaoma-grained aragonitic fossiliferous limestones (grained and grading), inomiririra madhipoziti asina kudzika emugungwa mumareef facies nematombo.
Cockburn Town nhengo yereef facies matombo anosvika kuchiitiko chegungwa (Early Late Pleistocene), ane mazuva emakorari paCockburn Town fossil reef reef muzera kubva 114 kusvika 127 ka.
Trilobite Ellipsocephalus hoffii
Imwe yemhando dzakajairika muBohemian Cambrian iEllipsocephalus hoffii, yakatanga kutsanangurwa uye kuratidzwa muna 1823, inoratidzika kunge iri nyore-inotaridzika trilobite ine zvine mwero yakadzima cephalon, exoskeletons akazara eiyi trilobite akawanda mune dzimwe nguva dzeJince Fm, trilobites pano. anochengetedzwa semaforoma emukati, kazhinji akasvibiswa zvakanyanya neyellowish limonite, mugirini-grey mudhaka shale.
Zvisaririra zvenhema kana pseudofossils
Pseudo fossils zvinhu zvechisikigo zvinoita kunge zvisaririra asi zvisiri zvisaririra, mamwe maconcretions nemaminerari anowanzo kukanganiswa sezvisaririra.
Zvinosuruvarisa kuti mamwe mafossils haana kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka uye zvimwe zvinhu zvatinodaidza kuti zvisaririra hazvisi zvisaririra zvachose, kufarira kwedu zvisaririra uye zvazvinomiririra dzimwe nguva zvinogona kuita kuti "tione" zvatinoda kuona pane izvo chaizvo zviripo.
Dzimwe dzehondo dzakasimba zvikuru dzesainzi dzave dziri pamusoro pekuzivikanwa kwakakodzera kwezvinhu izvo zvinonzi nevamwe zvisaririra zvepachokwadi uye nevamwe sezvicherwa zvemanyepo. zvinhu izvo, zvisinei nezvirevo zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinogona kana kusave zvisaririra chaiwo.
