Chinyorwa chino chicharatidza ruzivo nezve mudziyo unoshandiswa kuona zvinhu zviri kure kure, zvakaoma kuona nemaziso, zvinonzi. teresikopu. Zvatinogona kuona mhando dziripo, maitiro avo, magadzirirwo avakazvigadzira uye nezvimwe zvakawanda.
Chii chinonzi Telescope?
Icho chishandiso chemaziso chinoshandiswa kuona chimwe chinhu chiri kure kure zvakadzama, chisingaonekwe chete neziso, kana uchigamuchira simba remagetsi, sechiedza.
Icho chiridzwa chakakosha munharaunda yezvenyeredzi, nekushanduka uye kuvandudzwa kwechishandiso zvave zvichiita kuti unzwisise zviri nani Universe.
chigadzirwa chikuru
Nhoroondo inotaura kuti chiridzwa ichi chakagadzirwa naHans Lipperdhey aive mugadziri wegirazi reGerman uye Galileo Galilei muna 1608.
Mune kumwe kutsvakurudza kwakaitwa nguva pfupi yapfuura nenyanzvi yekombuta anonzi Nick Pelling yakabudiswa mumagazini yeBritish mavambo History Today, kugadzirwa kwacho kwakapiwa kuna Juan Roget wokuGirona, mugore ra1590, maererano nokutsvakurudza kwakatevedzerwa naZacharias Janssen. nemusi waGumiguru 17, 1608 (izvi zvaive mushure mekunyora kwaLipperchey) uyo aida kupa patent.
Mazuva apfuura, chaizvo muna Gumiguru 14, Jacob Metius akaedza kuita patent. Zvese izvi zvakabata pfungwa dzaNick Pelling, akazvimisira pamibvunzo yakati wandei yakaitwa naJosé María Simón de Guileuma (1886-1965), achisimbisa kuti munyori wechokwadi aive Juan Roget.
Munyika dzakasiyana zvakataurwa zvisiri izvo kuti muvambi aive Christiaan Huygens wekubva kuDutch, akazvarwa makore mazhinji gare gare.
Galileo Galilei paakaziva nezve chigadzirwa ichi, akada kugadzira. Mugore ra1609 akapa teresikopu yekutanga yenyeredzi yakanyoreswa. Galileo anotendwa nezvakawanda zvakawanikwa munzvimbo yekuongorora nyeredzi, imwe yeakanyanya kukosha yaive yaakaita muna Ndira 7, 1610, paakaona mwedzi mina yeJupiter ichitenderera Orbit kumativi enyika.
Kubva payakagadzirwa vakaidaidza kuti "spy lens", nyanzvi yemasvomhu kubva kuGreece inonzi Giovanni Demisiani yakaitumidza zita rekuti "teresikopu” Pana Kubvumbi 14, 1611, pakudya muguta reRoma kwavakakudza Galilei, vaenzi vose vakava nerukudzo rwokuona masatellite eJupiter kupfurikidza nechiridzwa chakatakurwa nomuzivi mukuru wenyeredzi.
Pakati pe Mhando dzeTeresikopu ndivo:
- The Refractors: vanoshandisa magirazi.
- The Reflectors: Vanoshandisa chionioni chakaita concave chinotsiva lenzi yechinangwa.
- Retroreflectors: ine concave mirror uye inogadzirisa lens inonamatira kune yechipiri girazi.
The Reflecting Telescope. Yakagadzirwa naIsaac Newton muna 1688 uye yaive kufambira mberi kukuru maererano neteresikopu yenguva iyoyo apo yakavandudza zviri nyore kukanganisa kwechromatic kunoratidza teresikopu inofefetera.
Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa kuti, kuburikidza nechiridzwa ichi, Galileo Galilei akakwanisa kuona Planet Jupiter, satellite, Mwedzi uye nyeredzi kekutanga. Murume wacho akakwanisa kubvisa kusava nechokwadi kwakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pemitumbi yomudenga inowanikwa muChadenga.
Zvimiro zveTeresikopu
Chinhu chine kukosha kukuru muchimbo ichi dhayamita inotakura "lens yechinangwa".
Idzo dzinoshandiswa nevanodzidzira zviridzwa zviri kutenderedza (76 kusvika 150 mm mudhayamita) lenzi yavo inotsigira kucherechedzwa kwemapuraneti nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinowanikwa muUniverse (nebulae, zvikwata uye mamwe magalaxi).
Malenzi akakura kupfuura (200 mm mudhayamita) mazviri anogona kucherechedzwa ma satellite akanaka, mamwe maficha emapuraneti, nebulae, akawanda masumbu uye akajeka enyeredzi.
Hunhu, zvishongedzo uye maparamendi ayo teresikopu inofanirwa kuve nayo kuti ishandiswe zvakakwana:
- Focal distance: ndiyo chinhambwe icho chinotariswa neteresikopu, chinozivikanwa senzira inoenda kubva kune main lens kuenda kune iyo yakatarisa kana pakati iyo yeziso inoiswa.
- Chinangwa Diameter: kuyerwa kwegirazi huru kana lenzi yechiridzwa.
- Ocular: diki yekuyera chishandiso chiri pakatarisana neteresikopu, ichibvumira mifananidzo kuti igadziriswe.
- Barlow lens: lenzi inowanza tarisiro nembiri kana nhatu, kana chinhu chichionekwa muchadenga.
- firita: Icho chinhu chiduku chiduku chine basa rekuvhara mufananidzo wenyeredzi kana chinhu chinopenya, zvose zvinoenderana nemuvara uye zvinhu, zvichibvumira kuti mufananidzo uvandudzwe. Chinzvimbo chayo muteresikopu chiri pamberi peziso, iyo inoshandiswa kazhinji inonzi lunar (girinhi - bluish, inoita kuvandudzwa mukusiyana kana Mwedzi satellite ichionekwa), imwe yacho izuva, ine simba rekudzikisa. chiedza cheZuva kuitira kuti mucherechedzi asakuvare.
- Focal Ratio: ndiyo quotient pakati pe "nzira yakatarisa" (mm) nedhayamita (mm). (f/ratio)”.
- Limit Makuru: isimba iro mudzidziso rinogona kuoneswa ne periscope, mune yakanaka mamiriro. Kuiverenga kune fomula: apo "D" ndiyo nhambwe yakayerwa mumasendimita, kubva pagirazi kana girazi remudziyo.
m(muganho) = 6,8 + 5log(D)
- Inowedzera: nhamba yenguva iyo mufananidzo unokudzwa pamidziyo iyi. Ndiko kuenzana kwereshiyo yehurefu hwekutarisa kweteresikopu uye kureba kwakatarisana kweyeziso (DF/df). Muenzaniso ungave, kana uri muteresikopu ye (1000 mm) musiyano wekutarisa, ziso re (10 mm) df. Iyo ichapa kukura kwe (100) iyo inogona kuverengwa se100XXX.
- Tripod: Aya makumbo matatu anowanzo simbi anoshanda sechigadziko uye kupa kugadzikana kune teresikopu.
- eyepiece holder: nzvimbo inoiswa iyo optical system, iyo inoburitsa kana kuwedzera zvinoonekwa, semifananidzo yemifananidzo.
Mounts
Mune zvinotevera, ma mounts akati wandei anoshanda serutsigiro rwekutora mufananidzo achatsanangurwa.
Altazimuth inokwira
Gomo re "teresikopuIyo yakapusa ndeye Altitude-Azimuth kana Altazimuth gomo. Yakafanana neye theodolite. Chimwe chikamu chinotenderera mundege yakatwasuka kana azimuth, imwe yacho inopa sarudzo yekurerekera panzvimbo imwe chete painotenderera, zvichibva zvachinja ndege yakamira kana urefu.
Gomo reDobsonia
Ndiyo "altazumutal gomo" iro rinonyanya kufarirwa nemutengo wakaderera uye riri nyore kuvaka.
Equatorial mount
Paunenge uchishandisa "altazimuth gomo" pane dambudziko, iri kugadzirisa matemo kugadzirisa kutenderera kwepasi. Iye zvino yava yemazuva ano nerutsigiro rwekombuta, mufananidzo wacho unotenderera pamwero unochinja, zvinhu zvose zvinoenzana nekona iyo nzvimbo yenyeredzi ine danda rokudenga.
Izvi zvinozivikanwa sekutenderera kwemumunda, ndizvo zvinoita kuti gomo re altazumuthal risanzwe kugadzikana kutora mifananidzo yekufumurwa kukuru nemidziyo midiki iyi.
Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri nemateresikopu madiki, gomo rinofanirwa kukotamiswa kuitira kuti "azimuth" nheyo inoiswa munzvimbo inofananidzwa neiyo spin nheyo yepasi; iyi inotsigira equatorial.
Kune akati wandei marudzi eequatorial mounts, iwo makuru ari eGerman gomo uye forogo gomo.
Mamwe Makomo
Materesikopu makuru uye azvino ari kushandisa altazimuth mounts, iwo anotyairwa nekombuta, paanenge achiita maonesheni ane nguva yakareba, kana kutenderera chiridzwa, vazhinji vane mifananidzo inotenderera iyo inoshanduka-shanduka, mumufananidzo wepupil yemudziyo.
Sezvo kune zvakare zvikwiriso zviri nyore kwazvo, zvinotopfuura gomo realtazimuth mukureruka, kazhinji kune zvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi. Zvakawanda zvacho ndezvi:
- Iyo yemeridian transit iyo ndeyekukwira hapana chimwe.
- Iyo yakagadziriswa ine girazi rakatsetseka rinofambiswa kuti rione zuva.
- Bhora rinobatanidza rakatomiswa uye harina kunyanya kushandiswa kumunda wekuongorora nyeredzi.
Mhando dzeTeresikopu
Tsanangudzo yemhando dzeteresikopu uye mhinduro ye ¿chii chinonzi telescope?,Chii Telescope Kutenga?
Refractory Model
Iyi mhando ye periscope inotora mapikicha ezvinhu zviri kure kure, uchishandisa yakanangidzirwa, nerubatsiro rwemakristasi akafanana uye kupenya kunoshandurwa mairi.
Uku kuchinjwa kweruvheneko mugirazi regirazi kunoita kuti mwaranzi inofananidzira, iyo inotangira kubva kune chinhu chiri kure (chingave chiri pakusingaperi) kuti chienderane pane imwecheteyo "nzvimbo yepakati ndege". Neizvi unogona kuona zvinhu zviri kure kure uye kupenya.
Reflector Model
Isaac Newton ndiye akatanga rudzi urwu rwekuona maonero muzana remakore rechiXNUMX.
Rudzi rwe "Newtonian" iteresikopu inoonekwa isingashandisi lenzi asi magirazi kutora chiedza uye kuratidza mifananidzo. Iyi mhando ye periscope ine magirazi maviri, imwe pamagumo emugero (yekutanga) iyo inobata radiation iyo inotumirwa kune yechipiri girazi uye kubva ipapo inoenda kune eyepiece.
Zvakanakira "iyo Newtonian periscope" maererano neaya evanopikisa, kusavapo kwekukanganisa kwemavara nehuremu hushoma hwenzira imwechete yemaziso.
Iwo marefractors ane hutsika husina kunaka (nekuda kwezvionioni zvakatenderera) Kudiwa kwegirazi rechipiri kuti ritungamirire mwenje kune lens kunokanganisa musiyano uri mumufananidzo wakashata.
Zvakanakira nekukosha kwepamusoro zvinogona kupihwa zita: kunaka kwayo, hutsva uye mutengo. Iyo Newtonian reflector ndeyepakati-yemhando yepamusoro, iri nyore kugadzira, uye yakaderera bhajeti pane refractor yemhando yakaenzana uye hunyanzvi.
Catadioptric Model
Icho chaicho chiridzwa chekucherechedza kubva kure, chakanyatsokwana, chinoshandisa girazi regirazi nenzira imwechete sezvainoshandisa lenzi.
Kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Muchiitiko ichi tichataura nezve Schmidt-Cassegrain System. Kubwinya kunounzwa kuburikidza negomba nenzira yegirazi yekururamisa, inofamba kusvika kumagumo emugero, uko mufananidzo unoratidzwa mugirazi, uchidzokera ku "muromo" wegumbo.
Kuti zvino inoratidzwa mune imwe girazi uye inopfuura kusvika kuzasi kwegomba. Kuburikidza nekuboora uko girazi rekutanga riripo uye rinopfuura kune girazi, iro riri kumashure.
Kubatsira kwechiridzwa ichi chiri muhukuru hwayo, idiki kana ichienzaniswa neiyo nzira.
Cassegrain modhi
Ndiyo modhi ine makristasi matatu ekuratidzira.
Yokutanga iri kuseri kwechiridzwa. Kazhinji ine concave paraboloid chimiro, ndipo panoungana mwenje wese unobva kunzvimbo inonzi tarisiro. Zvichida ndiyo nzira yakarebesa yechiridzwa.
Girazi rechipiri rinopa kuratidzwa rakakomberedzwa, riri pamberi pechiridzwa, chimiro chayo chiri hyperbolic uye basa rayo ndere kuratidza mufananidzo wacho zvakare uchitungamira kune girazi rinopa ratidziro kumashure kana chikamu chikuru, uko mufananidzo unova pachena, mukristaro yechitatu inotumira kuratidzwa. Iyo ine kurerekera kwe (45 °), ichifambisa mwenje ichienda kuchikamu chepamusoro chegomba, panzvimbo inoiswa chinangwa.
Iyi midziyo yakagadziridza shanduro, mune idzi kristaro yechitatu inotevera kristaro huru, iyo iyo perforation inowanikwa mukati mepakati inopa nzira yekuvhenekera. Iyo yakatarisa ine nzvimbo kunze kwekamera iri pakati pemakristasi maviri, kuseri kwemuviri.
materesikopu anozivikanwa zvikuru
- Iyo Hubble Space Telescope. Inowanikwa inotenderera muchikamu chekunze chemhoteredzo yepasi, nenzira iyi mifananidzo yakatorwa ine kujeka kukuru. Nenzira iyi chiridzwa ichi chinoshanda zvachose pakupera kwe "diffraction" uye kushandiswa kwayo kunowanzo kucherechedzwa mu infrared kana ultraviolet.
- The Very Large Telescope (VLT): nokuda kwegore ra2004 rakanga riri gurusa, rakaumbwa nama<em>periscope ane radius ye (8 m) imwe neimwe, anokwana mana. Iri mu "Southern European Observatory" kuvakwa kwayo kwakaitwa kuchamhembe kwenharaunda yeChile. Inogona kuita basa rezviridzwa zvina zvakasununguka kana kuti inogona kushanda pamwe chete, ichiita musanganiswa nemakristasi mana anopa kuratidzwa.
- Iyo Great Canary Telescope: Iine girazi rine girazi hombe, kuyerwa kwayo i (10,4 metres). Uye inoumbwa nezvikamu zvidiki makumi matatu nematanhatu.
- Teresikopu Yakakura Yakanyanya: vanongoti OWL, ndeimwe yemapurojekiti makuru. Iine makristasi anoratidza anenge (100 m) kureba, yakatsiviwa neEuropean Extremely Large Telescope "E-ELT", ine zviyero zve (39,6 m).
- Iyo Hale Telescope: Yakagadzirwa paGomo rePalomar, ine girazi rinoratidzira re (5 m) pakureba, pane imwe nguva yakamira pekutanga nehukuru hwayo. Iro girazi chete raanofanirwa kuratidza iboron silicate (Pyrex tm), kuvakwa kwayo kwaive kwakaoma.
- Mount Wilson Telescope. Kureba kwayo (2,5 m), Edwin Hubble akaishandisa kuratidza kuti mapoka enyeredzi aivepo uye kudzidza nezvekutanga kuMars kwavanoda.
- Teresikopu paYrkes Observatory: Iri mudunhu reWisconsin, United States, muchina uyu une kuyerwa kwe (1 m) ichiva midziyo yakakura kwazvo yakanangana nepasi.
- Iyo SOHO Space Telescope: Iyo "coronograph" basa rayo nderekuramba uchiongorora Zuva. Nzvimbo yaro iri pakati peNyika neMambo Nyeredzi.
- The German Company G. & S. Merz (Georg naJoseph Merz): uyo akanga achishanda pasi pemazita akasiyana-siyana, pakati pemakore (1793-1867), akanga akazvipira pakuvaka materesikopu. Midziyo yakanakisa yakagoverwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana papasi:
- Refractor Telescope (24 cm), paNational Polytechnic School Iyo Astronomical Observatory yeQuito.
- (27.94 cm) refractor, yakaungana muna 1845. PaCincinnati Observatory.
- Iyo 31.75 cm Refractor iri kushanda kubvira 1858 paRoyal Observatory muGreenwich.
- Iyo Refractor (218 mm) kubva 1862 iri paBrera Astronomical Observatory.
