Shumba pasina mubvunzo imhuka inoshamisa, ndeimwe yemhuka dzacho Mhuka dzemusango inonyanya kuzivikanwa munyika nekuda kwe physiognomy uye hunhu hunoita kuti ive alpha murume pakati pekudada kweshumbakadzi, ndosaka uchifanira kuziva zvakadzama Shumba Taxonomy Uye pano tinokusiira iwe zvese zvaunoda kuziva nezvazvo.
Kutenda kune taxonomy yeshumba, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvekushanduka-shanduka zvakafambiswa izvo zvinoshanda kuona subspecies uye kukwanisa kugadzira zvirongwa zvinobatsira kuchengetedza vanhu vari kutyisidzirwa. Mazuva ano, zvidzidzo zvemajini uye morphological zvinoiswa mukuita izvo zvinobvumira kurongedza uye kuziva mamwe marudzi ehadzi, seshumba.
Chaizvoizvo, shumba inhengo yehurongwa hwemammalian hunobva ku "Carnivores", idzi dzinobva dzananga kune genus yemhuri yeFelidae uye yePantherinae subfamily. Saizvozvowo, pane boka mukati memhuri ye "Panthera spp" umo ingwe, jaguar uye Tiger asi shumba inhengo dzomukati panthera leo, kufanana nemarudzi eshumba atsakatika.
Kuburikidza nedzimwe phylogenetic nature, rubatsiro runogona kuitwa runosanganisira taxonomic classification yehadzi dziri chikamu chePantherinae subfamily, iyi iri iyo inopoteredza shumba yatinoziva nhasi uye, sezvakambotaurwa, shumba dzine yakatotsakatika.
Zvino, maererano neshumba pachadzo, dzinomiririrwa zvakanyanya pasi pemufananidzo wePanthera leo. Kuti tinzwisise zvishoma nezve zvipenyu zvakatsakatika, zvinozivikanwa kuti chikamu cheyainzi "Panthera leo fossilis", mhuka yaigara mukutanga Middle Pleistocene mukati memapako mazhinji eEurope.
Zvakakoshawo kucherechedza mamwe masubspecies akadai se "Panthera leo vereshchagini", iyo yaigarawo muPleistocene kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo yaro yaiva mapako eEastern Siberia neBeringia.
Kuenderera mberi nemuenzaniso weshumba dzakaparara, pakanga pane subspecies ye "Panthera leo atrox" yaigara muPleistocene uye yainzi North America cave lion; Izvo zvakati, ma subspecies e "Panthera leo spelaea" aigara muUpper Pleistocene epoch anouyawo mumamiriro ezvinhu.
Zvinoenderana nemitero yeshumba, zvinofanirwa kuratidza "Panthera leo persica" inoshanda senge subspecies yeshumba inogona kugara kumaodzanyemba kweAsia. Kune rimwe divi, "atlas shumba" dzakagara muNorth Africa pasi pechirevo chesainzi che "Panthera leo leo.". Kutitsvaga kumadokero kweAfrica, iyo "Panthera leo senegalensis" yaizivikanwa.
Iyo "Panthera leo azandica" yaive imwe subspecies yerudzi rweAfrica iyo yakapera makore mazhinji apfuura, yaigara kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweCongo kunenge pedyo negungwa. Panthera leo nubica vaigara mukondinendi imwe chete asi iri kure kumabvazuva.
Saizvozvo, mukondinendi yeAfrica, Panthera leo bleyenbergh yakazvimisikidza muSouthwest Africa uye Panthera leo krugeri kuSoutheast. shumba domain kubva prehistoric nguva. Idzi dzese dzaive mhando dzeshumba dzakatsakatika sekutaura kunoita shumba taxonomy, tisingarevi kuti shumba yekuCape yaivewo imwe mhuka yaigara kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweSouth Africa.
Ndeapi mavara e morphological ari mu taxonomy yeshumba?
Maererano nezvidzidzo zvakaitwa pamusoro pemaitiro ehupenyu hweshumba kubva panzvimbo inoparadza yekuona, kusimbiswa kwakaiswa pamumiririri wayo wetaxonomy ye morphology yedehenya; asi maererano nevasina-invasive characters, chidzidzo chakatsaurirwa kune taxonomy yefelines.
Mazuva ano, ongororo dzakaitwa dzekucheka kwemvere dzeshumba dziri dzemhando dzePanthera, senge Panthera leo inomiririra shumba yatinoziva nhasi.
Zvinonzi iyo morphology yemvere dzeshumba inogona kubatsira kuve nemhedzisiro chaiyo maererano netaxonomy yeshumba, iyo inogona kunge iine imwe mumiriri tsime re morphological characters izvo zvisiri hazvo osteological, chikonzero cheichi chokwadi ndechekuti inogona kufambisa kuzivikanwa kwe mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinosanganisira genus yePanthera spp.
Tichitevera muenzaniso wekudzidza kwekunze morphology yebvudzi reshumba pari zvino, tine kuti ine inopindirana cuticular scales, iyo inoumba wavy uye irregular mosaic pattern, pamusoro peizvi zvinogona kusimbiswa kuti kunze morphology ye cuticle ye. Mvere dzeshumba dzakangofanana nemaitiro etiger yerudzi rwe "Panthera tigris".
genetic characters
Kutenda kune tekinoroji yatinoziva nhasi, zvave zvichigoneka kuita ongororo dzakasiyana dzemamorekuru kugadzirisa akasiyana genetic mamaki kuti awane chaiwo mhedzisiro nekudzidza taxonomy yeshumba, pamwe nekuparadzaniswa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzehadzi uye subspecies dzeshumba. Kuti udzidze zvakadzama genetics yeshumba nenzira isiri-invasive, sampuli yetsvina yayo inounganidzwa uye DNA yayo inotorwa.
Chinhu chakakosha mumajini eshumba ndeye Cytochrome B inova mitochondrial genetic marker iyo nekufamba kwemakore yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuparadzanisa mamwe marudzi ehadzi senge White Tiger. Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti ma microsatellites anoshandiswa kutevera genetic pattern anogona kubatsira zvikuru kuzadzisa zvidzidzo zvetaxonomy yeshumba uye kurongeka kwemarudzi ayo kunyanya.
Tichidzokera kumashure makore akati kuti muna 2001, ongororo yakakwanisa kuona kuti kuburikidza nemitochondrial marker Cytochrome B, mhando ine Hunhu hwekatsi katsi, ingwe neshumba. Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, jena iri rakatanga kutorwa sechishandiso chikuru chakabvumira masayendisiti kuita imwe genetic nhanho yekuongorora uye nekudaro kukwanisa kusiyanisa marudzi angave anobatsira muzvidzidzo zvetaxonomic kumhuri ye Felidae.
Taxonomy yeshumba nhasi
Mazuva ano, nekuremekedza nzira dzisiri dzekudzivirira dzekudzidza taxonomy yeshumba, DNA yayo inotorwa kuburikidza nebvudzi rayo, mate, tsvina uye weti, izvo zvinonakidza kune vesainzi nekuti inowanikwa nyore uye haina njodzi kune mhuka dziri kutaurwa.
Kuburikidza nekuongorora uku kwemavara okugara nhaka, mamwe marudzi emhuka akaonekwa, ayo anokosha zvikuru kuti pave nebudiriro yesayenzi muurongwa uhwu pasina kukuvadza rudzi rupi norupi kushumba.
Kupedzisa, zvinodikanwa kuti zvidzidzo zvakabatana ne Taxonomic classification yemhuka dzinoumba nzvimbo dzokugara nhaka dzemarudzi akawanda, uye sezvazvinoita kumhuka dzemhuka, dzinoshanda kukudziridza zvirongwa zvokuchengetedza uye kutarisira kwakarurama kwemarudzi ari mungozi yokutsakatika.