Makarwe imhuka dzinokambaira dzine mazai emhuri yeCrocodylia, imhuka dzinogara mumvura. Kureva crocodile taxonomy, pane shanduko shoma dzakaratidzwa muchimiro chayo.
Makarwe akaonekwa panyika makore anopfuura mamirioni mazana maviri apfuura uye kushanduka kwavo kwechimiro kwave kushoma. Iyo yekunze morphology yakachengetedzwa nekufamba kwenguva maererano nekushanduka-shanduka. Izvo zvinokambaira izvo parizvino zvinoumbwa nemhuri, dzakakura sezvikara uye dzinobatanidza cheni yechikafu mukati megungwa-yemahombekombe ecosystem.
Rudzi urwu runotyisidzirwa nemunhu, zvichikonzera kusvibiswa kwekugara, kutengeswa kwematehwe ayo, kuvhima mazamu ayo. Tsvagiridzo pamusoro pegarwe taxonomy inogona kukanganisa zvirongwa zvekuchengetedza. kuchengetedza yemarudzi ari kutyisidzirwa mu njodzi de kunyangarika, se kubereka en kutapwa and the kuwanikwa zvemahybrids; saka show taxonomy yemakarwe nezvavanoda.
Crocodile taxonomy nhasi
Chirevo chinokonzeresa kusawirirana mukuferefeta kwemaitiro emhando. Zvinoenderana neazvino kudzokororwa kweiyo crocodile taxonomy, ichangoburwa taxonomic kudzokororwa kwemakarwe anhasi akaronga kugadzikana systematization nezve Taxonomic classification yemhuka.
Kune akati wandei genera reMakarwe, ayo akakamurwa kuita mana, Nile Crocodile - C. Niloticus, Alligator kana alligator imhando ye sauropsids, genus iyi inosanganisira mana emarudzi eNyika Itsva ngwena, genus Oopholis yeAsia, Australia neAfrica ngwena marudzi. O.Suchus iyo genus Oxycrocodylus.
Iwo mana genera ataurwa akaunganidzwa mudzinza reCrocodylini. Kurudzi rweMecistopsini kune genera Osteolaemus, Mecistops. Murudzi Gavialini, genera Gavialis uye Tomistoma.
El mukadzi oopholis mu presente yakakamurwa kuita subgenera, ine subgenus Philas yemakarwe emvura yakachena ye chitarisiko menor dentro of Oopholis. Iye zvino, marudzi matsva emakarwe emvura yakachena kana emvura yakachena akarondedzerwa, kusanganisira nguruve O. Adelynhoserae akawana for the Sur de Nyowani Guinea, iripo kumashure kwaive kupi akakodzera kunge a musiyano wezvinyorwa yerudzi rweO. Novaeguineae.
Zvimwe itsva kunge garwe remvura yakachena ndiye mhando O. Jackyhoserae, iri kuchamhembe kwe ndima yeAustralia uye yakatariswa Kutanga kunge a musiyano wezvinyorwa naO. Johnstoni.
Classification yeTaxonomy yayo
In the presente, taxonomy ye crocodilians inobva pane a systematization yezvinyorwa gadzikana, nemapoka avo epamusoro. Mhando makumi maviri nenomwe (27) dzinoratidza mazuva ano emakarwe, akaiswa mumapoka emhuri dzeCrocodrylidae neAlligatoridae dentro Del kurongeka Crocodylia.
El boka Crocodrylidae yakakamurwa kuita kolme Crocodylini, Mecistopsini uye Gavialini mhuri, uye mune yavo chizere iwo ane mazera masere adudzwa mundima dzapfuura. The mhuri alligator yake parte, yakakamurwa kuita dos subfamilies, Alligatoridae pamwe ne mukadzi Alligator naCaimaninae vane genera Paleosuchus, Caiman naMelanosuchus.
Iyo taxonomy ye nguruve Nile Crocodylus Niloticus ndomumwe we zvimwe kukakavara mumhando iyi. The nhau taxonomy yeC. niloticus inosanganisira kamwe (11) zvipenyu zvakaderedzwa, zvinorehwa munhoroondo uye zvinomwe (7) zvinokurudzirwa subspecies pakutanga.
En zuva razvino mhando yacho yakanyorwa seC. niloticus chete, chitadzo Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvemamorekuru zvinoratidza zvinopesana achikurudzira C. niloticus se a mharaunda iyo inobatanidza tateguru wayo yakasanganiswa kumarudzi asinganzwisisike. Pamusoro pezvo, zvakaratidzwa kuti vanhu vemuAfrica vakasiyaniswa nenzvimbo.
General maitiro egarwe
Makarwe anonyanya kusiyanisa maitiro anotevera:
- Muviri wake wakareba.
- Ruvara runosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi. Inosiyana kubva kune yakasvibirira kusvika kune yakasviba kana ese ari maviri akabatanidzwa pamwe chete.
- Shaya dzayo dzinotyisa, dzine zino rechina rezasi rinobuda rakavharwa muromo. Iwo makuru uye akareba kupfuura mamwe.
- Makurwe haafambise rurimi nekuti rwakanamira pamuromo.
- Muviri wake wose wakafukidzwa namakwande.
- Vanomedza matombo kuti vabatsire mukugaya. Inoshandawo se ballast kunyura nyore nyore.
- Pahunde yemuswe ine ice yebhoni plates.
- Makumbo engwena mapfupi uye ane dandemutande, izvo zvinobatsira kuti akwanise kushambira.
- Mumvura, makarwe anogona kusvika pakumhanya kuri pakati pe10 ne15 km paawa.
- Panyika dzinokambaira nedumbu kuti dzitsvage zvokudya kana kusangana nemamwe makarwe. Kunyangwe vasinganyanyi kunyahwaira pasi, vane mhatsa yemafambiro ehunyanzvi ekutiza, kurwisa nekusvetuka zvipingamupinyi zvidiki.
Zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa mune yako taxonomy
Iyo taxonomy ye crocodilians yagara ichipokana mu kumeso chaiyo morphological sevamwe osteological mavara, angave ari iwo cintura uye magumo. The methodical kuongorora skeletons cranial uye appendicular, dzakadzidzwa se zvakabva yetaxonomic mavara anogona natsiridza idzo dzaigaro shandiswa munhoroondo yemhuri yengwena.
El kudzidza zvakanangana kuitwa mukati mutsauko all vertebrae presacral, yakagadzirwa ne vertebrae cervical, thoracic uye lumbar tsandanyama ngwena, akaratidza high kusiyana taxonomic, inoshanda mumavara aya nezvawo kumeso mune crocodilian taxonomy.
El nguruve kubva kuIndia Gavialus gangeticus anopa vertebrae zvinoonekera presacrals izvo zvinogona nyasha mune rake kuzivikanwa. The vertebrae presacral masero anotsanangurwa nenharaunda, kupindirana kwe intervertebral mumhuka iyi kunobvumira wega una Mukuru kufamba Del mutsipa, kugadzirisa zvakare nzira dzavo dzokutsvaka zvokudya kana dzanyura mumvura.
Molecular midziyo yakadai code barras nhaka yava una tool yekudzidza uye manejimendi data rebiology, rinoitwa muzvidzidzo zvetaxonomy yemakarwe. Pamusoro pezvo, mamwe mamorekuru anocherekedza, senge kutevedzana kweDNA muchidimbu, akashandiswa mukugadzika kwemhando dzemhando dzakafanana muchimiro chadzo che morphological uye nekudaro kuwanikwa zvemahybrids.
Zvishandiso zvemamorekuru izvi zvinobatsira mune taxonomy yemhuri, iyo inogona simbisa mazano a kupona zvemakarwe nhasi. Iwo mitochondrial majini Cytochrome Oxidase I uye Cytochrome B anogona kunge ari mamolecular mamaki. kushandiswa mune zvidzidzo zvetaxonomic kuziva ngwena.
Taxonomic zvinodiwa muboka
La zvinodiwa mune crocodilian taxonomy yakavakirwa pa kuongorora yezvimwe zvinhu, izvo zvinogona batanidza taxonomic zvidzidzo mu mhuri yekare iyi zvezvinokambaira.
Zvimiro zvechimiro, senge chikero morphology uchishandisa yakaraswa maelectron microscope midziyo, mwanakomana zvinogona morphological mavara, izvo zvinogona kukwana la Zita zverudzi rwazvino. Kwazvo nguvala anatomi zvemukati chinhu chinokosha fuente ye morphological mavara e munhu , que zvichiri haina kuongororwa.
Zviri pachena molecular biology zvidzidzo, mwanakomana zvakakosha kuti ukwanise kuwedzera mamorekuru macherechedzo achiaitisa mucrocodilian taxonomy, nenzira iyi. nzira yekuva nemhedzisiro yakanaka mukati Zvirongwa zve kubereka en kutapwa zvezvipenyu mu peligro de kutsakatika. Iyo isiriyo taxonomic identity yegarwe inogona kukanganisa zvirongwa zvekuchengetedza. kuchengetedza kunyanya mune morphologically vanhu vakafanana.
makarwe akapera
Nezve taxonomy yemakarwe akatsakatika, ndizvo zvakanaka simbisa kupfuura ngwena, ndicho chiratidzo chazvino che a zvakasiyana-siyana boka yezvinokambaira, mhandu dzemadinosaurs enguva yeTriassic (Pseudosuchia). Mhuri yengwena yakatsakatika kubva ku dzinza Crocodylidae yaive Tomistominae. Pakati pe2008, mafossils emhando yeGavialosuchus americanus akanyorwa pa Sur de Costa Rica (Miocene uye Pliocene temprano) ngwena yerudzi urwu Solo anga akanyoreswa ne kutanga muSouth America pamusoro uye Africa, nokudaro kuwedzera kwayo kugoverwa yekare.
Kupesana Kwevanhu-Garwe
Kurwiswa kwegarwe kuvanhu hakuwanzoitiki, asi kurasikirwa kwehupenyu kunonyorwa gore negore, kunyanya kana vakaswedera pedyo uye kunyanya kunzvimbo dziri kure kunogara chikara ichi. Garwe remugungwa (Crocodylus porosus) inoonekwa seyakanyanya njodzi, ichiteverwa nengwena yeNairi (Crocodylus niloticus), iyo yekupedzisira inodya marudzi ese ehove uye kunyangwe mvuu, mhando iyi inogonawo kurarama mugungwa.
MuMexico muma 80, kuvhima zvisiri pamutemo kwakaguma nokutsakatika kwemhuri huru mune dzimwe nharaunda; asi nekuda kwebasa remapoka akarongwa evanochengetedza mhuka, vezvezvakatipoteredza, nharaunda nevanochengetedza mhuka dzesango vakakwanisa kudzoreredza mhuka idzi munyika yose, pari zvino huwandu hwemhando dzaivepo hwakapfuura uye zvagara zvichingoitika kuona makarwe achifamba mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura. nzvimbo dzemumaguta.
Kuvhima ngwena kwatekeshera nekuda kwekukosha kweganda rayo iro rinoshandiswa kugadzira mabhande, wallet nemasaga ekufambisa, nenyama yaro iyo inonzi inonaka munzvimbo dzakawanda.
Chiyero chinoshanda ndechekudzivirira nzvimbo yadzinokandira mazai kuitira kuchengetedza mhuka. Kana, somuenzaniso, makarwe eNile akanyangarika, paizova nokusaenzana kwakadaro mugadziriro yezvipenyu zvokuti nzizi dzaizopwa.
Kufanana nemhuka ipi neipi yesango, kana ichityisidzirwa, chido chayo ndechekuzvidzivirira, saka zviri nani kuti urege kuitsamwisa, kutiza mumutsara wakatwasuka uye usamboita zigzag, nokuti ndiyo nzira iyo muvhimi ane unyanzvi. Zviratidzo zvinonyevera nezvekuvapo kwemakarwe, kunyanya mumvura, pasinei nehukuru hwemhuka, haifaniri kumbofuratirwa.
MuUnited States Florida, inzvimbo inogara Mangwenya kuAmerican (Ikomississippiensis gator) yakawanda uye inogara munzvimbo dzinogara vanhu; Mhosva shanu dzetsaona dzekurumwa negarwe dzinonyorwa gore rega rega.
Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti kunetsana pakati pevanhu negarwe kuchavepo nekuda kwechimiro chayo, sezvo vanhu vari ivo vakagara pahugaro hwayo, chasara kutora. Kuziva kwezvakatipoteredza uye matanho akakodzera ekudzivisa njodzi.