Hushe hweRoma chirevo chakajeka munhoroondo yepasirese, riri guta Roman weTarraco pfungwa inokosha yekukurukura. Inomiririra guta rakanyanya kukosha mukati meHispania Citerior kana Tarraconensis. Ziva nhoroondo yake yese nerubatsiro rwechinyorwa ichi.
Roman yeTarraco, prehistory uye Second Punic War
Guta reRoma reTarraco raigarwa nenzanga yapamberi peRoma yavaIberia, boka raichengeta ukama hwakanaka hwokutengeserana nenzanga yechiGiriki. Gare gare, vaFenikiya vamene vakagara munzvimbo yacho kuti vaunze kubata kwakanaka kwaizobetsera munhu ari wose. Mushure meizvozvo, kuve mugari weIberian kwakagadzwa muEbro Valley.
Mutaundi reTarragona kune zvipupuriro zvevagari vemo zvakawanikwa kubva muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX BC Sezvaungafungidzira, tsvakiridzo yekuona kwakabva vagari vayo vekutanga yakati wandei yakaoma. Tito Livio anotaura nezvokuvapo kweCissis, boka kana kuti nhare duku yaibatira nokuda kwemisangano yavagari vemo. Imhando yenzvimbo iyo mumwe nemumwe wavo ainzwa akachengeteka kubva mukurwiswa nevagari vepedyo. Polibio inojoinha iyi pfungwa, asi ine zita reKissa.
Hondo Yechipiri yePunic yakatanga nekusvika kwemukuru wezvematongerwo enyika Gnaeus Cornelio Escipión Calvo muEmporiae muna 218 BC Kubva muchiitiko ichi chezvakaitika kare Romana de Tarraco inooneka kekutanga mumabhuku ose anotsanangura nhoroondo yeRoma. Kune rumwe rutivi, iyo egyptian architecture zvakango pfuura pakudzidza kwako. Uri kufara here kusangana naye?
Tito Livio anoenderera mberi nenyaya yake achitaura kuti hondo yeRoma yakanga yakunda zvose zvePunic zvakarayirwa naHannibal, kusvika pakusvika kuCissis. Zvisinei, joko iri harina kugara kwenguva refu, nokuti vaRoma vakarwiswa munharaunda dziri pedyo muRomana de Tarraco. Ikozvino, imwe isingazivikanwe isati yaongororwa ndeyekuti Cissis neTarraco iguta rimwe chete here kana kuti ndezvenzvimbo dzakasiyana.
Gare gare, mari yakawanikwa muAmpurias ine runyoro rwunoratidza kuvepo kweIberian sechikamu chehupfumi muRoman Tarraco. Nzvimbo yemusangano kusvika pari zvino haisati yanyatsozivikanwa, asi hapana mubvunzo kuti mari yacho ndeyesirivha. Mari iyi ndeye 250 BC kana zvishoma kare. Pasina panikiro, mari iidi risati ramboitika rokuti vaRoma vakanga vasati vakunda idzi nharaunda.
Mugore ra217 BC, mukuru Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus akasvika muTarraco kekutanga. La Romana de Tarraco inzvimbo yakanaka yekuvanda kubva kune inclemencies yechando. El Africano akaita chinhu chimwe chete nemadzinza makuru eHispania. Tito Livio anotsanangura kuti madzinza aya aive mubatanidzwa wezvematongerwo enyika pamwe nevaRoma kana varedzi veTarraco. Iwe unogona zvakare kudzidza nezve zvakanyanya kukosha maficha e Zvivakwa zveRoma kudzidza zvakawanda.
Nhoroondo yeTarragona inogara ichibatanidzwa kune simba rezvematongerwo enyika rinoshandiswa neScipios, kubva kune yekutanga kusvika kune yekupedzisira. Pliny Mukuru anotsanangura kuti raison d'être yeTarragona neCártago ndizvo chaizvo zviito zveaya makuru ezvematongerwo enyika munharaunda yega yega.
Munguva yeRoma Republic
Sokutsanangura kunoita imwe yendima yapfuura, Romana de Tarraco yakashanda senzvimbo yekugovera kudzivirira vagari kubva muchando. Hondo nevaCeltiberian yakamiririra chimwe chezvikonzero zvakakosha zvekushandura Tarraco kuita nhare yekudzivirira. Nekuda kwechikamu ichi, nyaya inotsanangura chokwadi chemauto kudunhu.
Mugore ra197 BC, zvichitevera kukunda kweRoma, kwaive nematunhu maviri akaumbwa nenzvimbo idzi dzakaongororwa: Hispania Citerior neUlterior. Imwe neimwe yadzo yaiganhurana nemhenderekedzo dzeSpain. Guta guru reguta rekutanga ndiro Cartago de Nova. Strabo haana kufunga nenzira imwecheteyo, achiti Tarraco iguta rakakosha muHispania Citerior.
Kutaura nezvemutemo kana nyaya dzemutemo dzeRomana de Tarraco dzakaoma kwazvo, nekuti hapana humbowo chaihwo hwekuti Cissis neTarraco vakaita sei sechinhu chimwe chete. Chimwe chinhu chaicho chakasimbiswa nevanyori vezvakaitika kare ibasa reimba yemamongi (kana kuti musangano wevagari veRoma). Mumutauro wechiLatin inonzi conventus civium Romanorum.
Zvichakadaro, zviremera zvepamusoro zvenzvimbo idzi zvinozviona se "magistri" sezvakaitika kune mukuru Cayo Porcio Catón, mumwe wevamiriri vane mukurumbira akabata chigaro muna 114 BC Akambodzingwa, achisarudza Romana de Tarraco senzvimbo yekuenda. kupona . Izvi zvinojekesa kuti ndima yacho yakanga isina mari.
Hondo hadzina kumira munharaunda yeTarraco, apo Julius Caesar akaraira kurwiswa kwakasimba kwevatsigiri vose vaGnaeus Pompey Mukuru. Nharaunda yaitsigira vakashinga nechikafu kana chekurarama nacho apo mhepo yehondo yakaramba iripo. Nezviitiko izvi, Tarraco yakagamuchira zita rekoloni, ichiona dambudziko guru pakugadzira izwi iri, pasina kuziva kana Kesari akazviita panguva iyoyo kana Augustus.
Nguva yaKesari Agasto
Mambo weRoma Augustus akapinda zvikuru mumakwikwi eCantabria kuona kufamba kwevavengi kubva kuHispania. Zvisinei, sezvo hutano hwake hwakawedzera kuipa, akasarudza kuramba ari muTarraco kusvikira apora.
Pakati pezvinhu zvinokatyamadza zvenhoroondo yeRoma yeTarraco kuvakwa kweatari pakati peguta. Sezvo Augustus akaramba aine hutano husina kunaka kwenguva yakareba, simiti (yakafanana nemichindwe) yakakura pakati pezvigadzirwa, zvichiita kuti zvive pachena kuti atari iyi haina kushandiswa zvakasimba nevanhu.
Chimwe chiitiko chakakosha panguva yekutonga kwaAugustus isangano remapurovhinzi eSpain. Muenzaniso wavo ndewokugoverwa kwenyika dziri muHispania Ulterior kunharaunda dzeBética neLusitania. Kubva pachiitiko ichi ndipo apo Tarraco inova chikamu cheguta guru muHispania Citerior.
Pomponio Mela anotsanangura Tarraco serimwe remaguta ane ramangwana rakakura kwazvo muHispania yese, ane hupfumi husingafungidzike. Augusto naTibherio vakatanga hurongwa hwavo hwemari, nekuonekwa kwemitambo yakasiyana-siyana yechitendero sechikamu chenhaka yakawanikwa munharaunda.
Pashure pokunge atambura kwemakore akawanda nechirwere chake, Augustus anofa muzana remakore rechi14 AD, ane vanhu vakadzora chimiro chake. Nekuda kwechinhu chiri chose chakaitwa munguva yebasa ravo, vakarayira kuvakwa kwetemberi yokunamatira kwavo.
Guta panguva yeHumambo hwepamusoro
Vatongi vatsva vakatora zvitoro muRomana de Tarraco, sezvakaita Gaiba. Nemakore e8 ekutungamirira, akakwanisa kudzosa gaka rinokosha iro hupfumi hwenharaunda hwakanga hwava.
Nerubatsiro rwaVespasiano, kupora uku kwakaitwa munguva pfupi pfupi, kusvika pakupa hugari hweSpain kune vashanyi vese vechiLatin vaida kugara mudunhu iroro. Maguta ari pedyo anosangana neSpain akagamuchira pesvedzero iyoyo yemadhorobha yenzvimbo huru dzekugara kwevanhu vazhinji. Gare gare zvikamu zvevhu izvi zvakateedzera kugovaniswa kuita matunhu makuru emaguta.
Sezvo nzvimbo dzemumaguta dzichigara dzichishanda, miunganidzwa yekudzorera hupfumi hweTarraco yakasvika munguva isingatarisirwe. Chiitiko ichi chinopa chikonzero kumashoko aPomponius Mela nekuona kuti guta reRoma iri rakanga rakapfuma kwazvo munguva iyi yehurumende pakati peGaiba neVespasian. Nehupfumi hwakabudirira vakakwanisa kupedzisa basa rekuvaka reamphitheatre uye foramu yedunhu.
Trajan akatora chinzvimbo chemutsivi wamambo musimba reTarraco. Mutemo wekutanga waisanganisira kugadza Lucio Licinio Sura semutevedzeri mutsva wenharaunda. Kubva kuTarraconensis, akakwanisa kukwidziridza nzvimbo yakanaka muHurumende yake nemabasa akanaka kune vese vagari. Apo Hadrian anoshanyira iyi nyika munguva yechando, ane musha wamasista kuti avakezve tembere mukukudza Augustus.
Muzana ramakore rechipiri zviya zvipoko zvemari izvo Tarraco aifunga kuti akunda zvakadzoka. Chaizvoizvo, mari yakaderedzwa nekutonga kwakashata, kutozosvikira chokwadi chekuvaka zvidhori zvishoma zvezvinangwa zvekushongedza muguta. Clodio Albino aida kurwisana nehurumende yenguva iyoyo, achiikunda nyore nyore, sezvo akanga asina upfumi hunodiwa kuti akunde murwi uyu.
Zvese zvinyorwa zvine chekuita neProvidential Council zvinotanga kunyangarika kuita nzvimbo yenzvimbo yemauto. Kushambadzira kwakazvimirira kwakanyangarika kubva kuTarraco, zvichisiya hupfumi hwedunhu huchienderera mberi, zvisinei, varidzi veminda vakatora mari, sezvakaita vakuru vakuru vedunhu.
Kutambudzwa kwevaKristu hakunawo kumirira kwenguva refu. Bhishopi Fructuoso pamwe nevamwe vake Augurio naElogio vakaurairwa munhandare yeTarraco, sechiratidzo chesimba guru rinoshandiswa nehumambo hweRoma. Tichitaura nezvenyaya iyi, pane ngano dzechiRoman zvinonakidza kuwana. Unoziva here kuti zvisikwa zvayo zvikuru zvii?
pasi peumambo
Zvikamu zvakawanda zvakaitika mushure mekuurayiwa kwakatangwa muchechi yeRoma yeTarraco, kunyanya munhandare yayo. Munguva yehurumende yaishandiswa naDiocletian, akawedzera kupatsanura guta guru kuita madhiocesi matanhatu, aine ivhu diki pane zvakajairwa. Zvivako zvese zvakaputswa nemaFrank zvakavakwa patsva mukutarisira kwavo.
Mugore ra476, Humambo hweRoma hwakadonha zvine njodzi kubva hwavasina kuzombopora, zvichibvumira vaVisigoth kurara muTarraco pamwe chete naMambo Euric. Munguva ino yenguva pfupi, hapana humbowo hwechokwadi nezve kumwe kuparadzwa kweguta guru, zvichijekesa kuti mambo uyu aitaridzika kudzikama panguva yekugara kwake kuHispania.
Chinhu chakakosha ndiwo mudzi wevagari vakati wandei veVisigothic veboka repamusoro. Nekutsvaga mamwe makuva echiKristu, zvinoratidza nhoroondo kuti vari munzira chaiyo yekuratidza nzanga yakasarudzika panguva ino. Zvisinei, kuderera kwoupfumi kwakapfuurira kusvika kutambanuko yokuti vagari vakawanda vakamanikidzwa kuenda kune mamwe maguta.
Pakati pemakore 713 ne714, kupinda kweMuslim muIberian Peninsula kwakaitika, zvichibvumira kupinda kwenharaunda yeArab-Muslim muTarraco, kutora nyika dzavo. Hapana chinoratidza kuti vakasvika sei ikoko, kana kuti vavariro dzavaive nadzo. Chokwadi chinozvitaurira choga, chichisiya Tarraco yangova matongo.
Bhishopi Prospero, anoona nezvezvinamato muTarraco, akamanikidza kutizira kuItaly asati afa nemapoka aya aikunda. Nekupukunyuka uku, hapana mukana wemutungamiri anodzivirira zvido zveRomana de Tarraco.
Archaeological set
Ndiyo imwe yezviratidzo zvikuru zvekuchera matongo izvo zviri chikamu cheRoman Hispania, kana kutadza izvo, zvezvakavharirwa izvo Spain inochengetedza mukati mekare. Muna 2000 yakaonekwa seWorld Heritage Site neUNESCO. Kusvika ikozvino, guta reRoma reTarraco inzvimbo inoshamisa yekugara iri paIberian Peninsula, mavakavaka akati wandei maconvents kuti vazvidzivirire kubva muchando uye kuchengetedza zvavanoda.
Pazuva zvinokwanisika kusiyanisa akatevedzana matongo eRoma muTarragona sechinhu chakakosha chenhoroondo yayo. Somuenzaniso, mamwe masvingo achiri pedyo zvikuru nekwaigara Pirato mutemberi yake huru. Saizvozvowo, jeri rave richinyepa kubva muzana remakore rechiXNUMX ringangodaro raiva temberi yekare yekuremekedza Augustus.
Kunyangwe Tarraco yakatambura kuparadza kwakawanda munguva yega yega, parizvino inogarwa nemhuri dzinoverengeka. Kutenda kutemberi dzakaputswa, pamwe chete nenhare dzekare, vakapa mupiro sechinhu chisina kubikwa kuti vavake misha yavo. Kune chikamu chayo, iyo amphitheatre ikozvino inoshanda secheri, nechinangwa chekubvisa matombo emaindasitiri kana kufarira zviitiko zvemigodhi.
Chimwe chinokwezva chiri mumatombo akapararira muTarraco yose, sezvimwe zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa muchiLatin kana Foinike zvinoonekwa. Iwo akaponeswa akashanda kujekesa kusahadzika kwakawanda nezve nhoroondo yeguta guru iri muHispania Citerior.
Kuti titaure nezve zvimwe zvivakwa zvakaramba zvakamira, yave nguva yekutaura mugero weTarraco, uyo wakareba 217 metres, kuwedzera kune Torre de los Escipiones. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti vatongi vakawanda vakararama mumakore ekutanga muguta reRoma vakavigwa imomo.
Zvikonzero
UNESCO haina kuraira kuti ibatanidze guta reRoma reTarraco mune yaro runyorwa seWorld Heritage Site netsaona, nekuti mukuita kudaro, vaitungamirwa nemaitiro akati wandei akakosha kutaura:
- Iwo echiRoma anosara eTarraco inzvimbo yekutaura yekukurudzira ekutanga madhorobha eSpain. Pakupedzisira, yakashanda semuenzaniso wekusimudzira mamwe mapurovhinzi pasi rose.
- Tarraco inzvimbo inonongedza kutsanangura zvakadzama mafambiro akaita nhoroondo munzvimbo dzese dziri padyo neMediterranean.
nzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa
Pazasi pane ongororo pfupi yedzimwe nzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa neHurumende, yaimbova pfungwa huru yekunzwisisa kukosha kweguta reRoma reTarraco.
Masvingo eTarragona
Iro fence inokosha inopoteredza guta rose repakati peTarragona, iyo panguva imwechete ndeyeCatalonia, Spain. Inoonekwa seimwe yeakakosha zvivakwa muTarraco, sezvo yakatanga iine palisade yemapuranga kusvika yave madziro makuru.
Vatsvagiri havasati vasvika pachibvumirano kana Hondo Yechipiri yePunic ndiyo yakanakira mamiriro ekugadzira kuzvarwa kwemadziro aya. Izvo zvisina kupokana ndezvezana rayo (III BC) pakatanga kuvakwa kwayo.
Apo kupinda kwechiIslam kwaivapo, Tarraco yakatanga kurasikirwa nevagari vemo pakarepo, kuitira kuti irege kutambura nemigumisiro yekukunda kutsva. Ruparadziko rwakanga rwava pedyo, rwakaramba rwakadaro kutozosvikira pakurayira kwaRamón Berenguer IV, uyo akarayira kuvakwazve muzana ramakore rechigumi namaviri. Nguva gare gare kwakauya kugadziridzwa muchikamu cheNapoleonic.
nzvimbo yechitendero cheumambo
Inoonekwa seProvincial Forum yeTarraco, inzvimbo yakakura kwazvo yakagadziridzwa zvinangwa zvakasiyana: zvekutonga, zvetsika uye zvechitendero. Pasina kupokana, chimwe chezvivakwa zvakakosha muHispania Citerior. Vespasian akaveza dombo rekutanga nevanhu vake vechiRoma muna 73 BC kuti agadzire nzvimbo yekugara inogoneka kuti itore nzvimbo dzakati wandei muguta reRoma.
Sekisi yeRoma yeTarraco
Ndiyo imwe nzvimbo yakakosha munhoroondo yeguta iri, parizvino nderedunhu reTarragona kuSpain. Chinangwa chayo chekutanga kwaive kuzadzikiswa kwemakonti akati wandei enguva yegore kuti ataure nezve ruzivo zvine chekuita neHispania Citerior.
Muzana ramakore rokutanga, kuvakwa kwayo kwakapedzwa, kumutsa chisarudzo chokuronga mijaho yamabhiza nezvimwe zviitiko zvevaraidzo nokuda kwenzanga. Sekisi yakashanda neiyi nzira kusvika muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, pakamuka kudikanwa kwekuwedzera makamuri ayo kuti aite imba itsva yekugara, nekuda kwenzvimbo dzakakamurwa muHispania (iyo yakaderedza zvakanyanya geography yayo). Muchidimbu, kuzeza kweHumambo hweRoma kwakashandura kushandiswa kwenzvimbo iyi.
Chimwe chinhu chakatanhamara nezvesekisi yeRoma iyi kunaka kwekuvaka kwayo. Nechikonzero ichi, hurumende yakatora mukana wekuwedzera zvivako izvi kuguta guru reTarragona. Mashandisirwo ayo akasiyana-siyana, nedonzvo rokuwanazve hunhu hwayo mukuru kupfurikidza nemijaho yengoro (mutasvi anokweva ngoro ine mabhiza mana), mitambo yemitambo uye mafambisirwo ane chokuita nesekisi yakajairika. Hapana mubvunzo kuti inodzokorora nzvimbo inoshamisa inoda nhandaro, kuzorora uye kutiza kubva munzvimbo yekunyaradza.
Roman theatre kana foramu yekoloni
Kana mushanyi akauya kuzobvunza nezvezita, zvakakosha kujekesa kuti inzvimbo imwechete. Inotaridzirwa neUNESCO seWorld Heritage Site. Iyo theatre yakavakwa munguva yaAugustus muzana ramakore rekutanga BC kuitira kukwidziridza zvivakwa zvakati wandei muTarraco kukwezva kutarisa kwemataundi akavakidzana.
Kusvikira muzana rinotevera raishandiswa senhandare yemitambo, nekuti chivakwa ichi chaiitirwa mamwe mabasa zvichienderana nezvido zvehurumende. Moto wakaitika muzana remakore rechitatu wakanga uri nzvimbo yakaparadzana neimba iyi yemitambo, uchishanda sechinhu chokutsigira vagari vemo vakarasikirwa nezvose kuti vavakezve dzimba dzavo nebetsero yokuparadzwa.
Zvinoshamisa, kuumbwa seWorld Heritage Site, iyo mamiriro ekusiiwa umo iyo yemitambo inowanikwa ndeyechokwadi. Nekudaro, kumisikidzwa kwemaonero kwakabatsira kuona nzvimbo kubva kune imwe chinhambwe sechinhu chitsva chinokwezva, ivo vachishanda pakugadzirisa kwayo.
Kuvakwa kutsva kweiyi theatre kwaisanganisira kutora mukana wemateru eamphitheatre yekare kudzoreredza masitendi.
Kana vashanyi vakashanyira iyi theatre yekare yeRoma, vanozoona kuvepo mumasitendi mashanu chete. Sezvineiwo vamwe vose vari mumamiriro ezvinhu ekuderera kunofambira mberi. Chinhu chakanaka ndechekuwanikwa kwemaitiro ekare ekuvaka mumusoro, makoramu uye friezes.
Amphitheatre
Kana iri pamusoro pedzimwe nzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa, iyo amphitheatre ndeimwe yeanonyanya kuyeukwa muHispania Citerior. Yakavakwa pedyo negungwa, chiyeuchidzo ichi chaisanganisira kupemberera mhemberero dzemariro kana kuita kuvigwa kwevanhu vakatanhamara munhoroondo yeTarraco.
January wegore ra259 akanga ane ngwavaira zvakakwana nokuda kwokuva mugari wemo wechiKristu, achibatanidzwa muzvitambudzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvakagumisa upenyu hwavo. Bhishopi Fructuoso nevabatsiri vake vakaurayiwa munhandare sechimwe chiratidzo chenhamo kune vadziviriri vechiKristu.
Muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, zvishoma zvakasara zvemabasa ekutanga ayo nzvimbo iyi yakavakwa nayo, sezvakaitika neyakatsanangurwa kare yeRoma theatre.
Nekukunda kwechiKristu mushure mekurwa kusinganeti, neropa rakawanda rakadeuka, chivako chechiKristu chinokosha chakaberekwa kubva munhandare iyoyo kuti chirumbidze dzidziso dzakadzidzwa kubvira pakusvika kwaJesu Kristu.
Ikoko, kufira kutenda kwevatatu vakatanhamara mavara eTarraco kwakaitika, pamwe nekukunda kweChechi Dzvene pamusoro pezvikara zvayo.
Kupinda kwechiIslam kwaireva kunonoka munyika yese yakawanikwa nebasilica, nekuti vakatarisana nekutyisidzira kutsva kwekukunda, vakasiya nzvimbo iyi kusvika muzana ramakore reXNUMX.
Iine basa rakafanana neresekisi yeRoma, nekukakavadzana pakati pe gladiators, gladiators vs. mhuka dzesango, zviratidzo zvekuvhima kana zviitiko zvemitambo zvakafanana neOlympics.
Nzira yekuvaka amphitheatre pedyo negungwa inoreva kumhara kwevashanyi vanoda kunakidzwa nemitambo mikuru yechitendero kana varaidzo.
Dombo pamateru akabvumira nhandare yeamphitheatre kuti igovane kuti ibudise mitambo miviri panguva imwe chete. Pasina mubvunzo, yakanakisa yakachengetedzwa nzvimbo muRomana de Tarraco.